L'art greco-bouddhique du Gandhara: etude sur les origines de l'influence classique dans l'art bouddhique de l'Inde et de l'Extreme-Orient v1.c2.17

v1.c2.17

The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.