The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India: A Study of Indo-Aryan Civilisation c23: Index
The Ancient and Medieval Architecture of India: A Study of Indo-Aryan Civilisation c23
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Index
c23.1
Aihole, temple of, 67–9, 177 *Akâsha*, 149*n.*, 163*n.* *Akâsha-garbha*, 149*n.* Akbar, 80, 90, 165, 203, 206 *Amalaka*, 63, 72, 82, 103, 145, 158, 209 Amarâvatî stûpa, 47, 113 *Amrita*, 60 Ananta, the serpent, 53, 97 Andhra dynasty, 112–3 *Antarâla*, 37, 173, 179 Arches, 3, 55–6, 100, 121–2 Arjûna's Rath, 100, 104–6, 118, 151, 176, 179 Aryan immigrations, 5, 47 ,, inspiration, 45 ,, religion, 35, 48 ,, rites, 52, 58, 66 Asoka, 1, 6, 20, 36, 46, 47, 153, 166, 217 *Asrâma*, 13, 78 Assemblies, the Five, 170 Assembly-hall, 11, 23, 38, 179 Asuras, 97 Aurangzîb, xxvi Avalokiteshvara, 146, 151 Avalon, Arthur, 118*n.* Âbû, Mt., 175 *Âsana*, 118
c23.2
Babar, 18 Babylon, excavations at, 3 *Baradari*, 75 Barwar Sagar temple, 103
c23.3
Bâdâmi, temples at, 175–6, 177, 179 Bengali roofs, 21 Bhagavad Gîta, 114, 126, 139, 212, 213 Bharhut sculptures, 20, 51, 66 Bhîma's Rath, 89–91, 118 Bhuvanêshwar, 101 Birdwood, Sir George, xxviii Bodh-Gayâ, temple of, 43, 95–100, 119 Bodhi tree, 11, 51, 82, 116, 178 Bodhisattva, 146, 147 Brahmâ, 40, 43, 51, 55, 106, 107, 110, 138, 161 ,, shrines, 42, 103, 108, 122, 157–9 Brahmachârin, 186 Brahman, 162 Buddha, 48, 49, 50, 52, 55, 93, 96, 98, 114, 137, 138, 142, 161, 162, 186, 187 Buddhist worship, 65, 70, 146–7 Building bye-laws, 19–20 Bull, symbol of the, 81, 106–8, 122, 180, 182, 193, 195 Burgess, Dr., 99, 132, 156, 164, 177 Burial of the dead, 47
c23.4
Castes, 5, 14, 204 Cave temples, 69–70 *Chaitya*, 65*n.*, 66, 74, 92, 104–6, 111, 152 *Chaitya-griha*, 65–77, 78, 150–3, 189 Chalukyan dynasty, 168–9 ,, temples, 102, 103, 182, 215 Chanâkya, 140 Chanda, 197
c23.5
Chandêla dynasty, 208-9 Chandragupta Maurya, 1, 24-5, 112, 221, 222 Chandragupta I. (Gupta dynasty), 125-7 Chandragupta II. (Gupta dynasty), 128-32 *Chaumukh* temple, 103, 108 *Chhaja*, 23, 67, 146 *Chhattri*, 23, 47, 80 Chisholm, Mr., 88 *Chîtamâni*, 63 Chola dynasty, 167, 171 Churning of the Ocean, 97-8, 155 Chutterbhuj temple, 210 Colonisation, Indian, 128-9 Coomaraswamy, Dr., 44, 45, 149*n.* Cousens, Mr. H., 181 Creation, Hymn of, 161 Cross, the cosmic, 9, 10, 11, 53 Cunningham, General, 99, 132 Curzon, Lord, xxxviii
c23.6
*Dandâka* village plan, 10, 13 Dantivarman I, 193 Das Avatâra temple, Ellora, 200 Datura flower, 63-4 Davids, Professor Rhys, 51 Dawn-maiden. *See* Lakshmi Dârâsuram, temple at, 215 Delhi, the New, xxxi, 15*n.* *Devas*, 81, 82, 97, 110-11, 146 *Dharamsâla*, 19 *Dharma*, xxvii, 53, 126, 133, 162 Dharmarâja Rath, 86-9 *Dhwaja-stambhas*, 57, 61, 71 Domes, 39, 88, 123, 210-11 Doorways, 75, 151-2 Draupadi's Rath, 100 Dravidian style, 63, 67, 88, 89, 105, 169, 177 Drâvida, kingdom of, 168 Drâvida, plan of shrine, 89
c23.7
Dumar Lena temple, Ellora, 190, 192 Dûrgâ, 71, 81, 104, 111, 196 Dwâra-pâlas, 82
c23.8
Elephanta, temple of, 101, 156-65, 193, 203 Ellora, 186-202 Events, the Four, 51-2
c23.9
Fa Hien, 84, 131, 136 Fergusson, xxii-iii, 33, 34, 40, 41, 47, 48, 50, 67, 71, 82, 98, 101, 103, 119, 132, 156, 177, 182 Foucher, M. A., 50
c23.10
*Gajna-padma*, 62 Gandharan art, 115-7, 123, 165 *Gandharvas*, 148 Ganêsha, 96, 197 Gangai-konda-cholapuram, temple at, 214 *Garbha-griha*, 37 Gargoyles, 96 Garuda, Vishnu's eagle, 61 Gaur, 13, 207 Gautamî-putra monastery, Nâsik, 80-3, 144, 193 Gobharana, 140 Goloubeff, M. Victor, 150 *Gopuram*, or gateway, 31-2, 179, 183, 184, 195 *Gopuram*, symbolism of, 52-4 Gothic art, 75-7, 122, 152, 165, 220, 223 *Gramya-deva*, 35 Griffin, Sir Lepel, xxix, xxx Gupta dynasty, 125-34 Gupta style, 132
c23.11
*Hamsa*, 63, 147 Harsha Vardhama, 134-8, 156, 203 Hellenic art, 112, 164, 165, 181 Herringham, Mrs., 150
c23.12
*Hiranya-garbha*, 59 Hiuen Tsang, 84, 134, 136-8, 140-1, 156, 168, 174, 203 Hînayâna architecture, 70, 71-6, 77, 110-11, 144, 146 Hînayâna Buddhism, 50, 70-1, 81, 93-4, 110, 114, 147, 219 House planning, 12 Hun invasions, 133, 134, 136, 139, 154, 155, 212 Huvishka, King, 100
c23.13
Icons, 111, 116 Image-worship, 35, 41, 50, 51, 55, 117-9, 144, 219 Imperial Gazetteer of India, xxvii, xxviii, xxix, 177 Indo-Aryan style, 63 Indra, 97, 111, 146, 201 Indraprashta, 128 Indra Sabhâ, Ellora, 188, 190, 201-2 Irrigation works, 208, 209 *Ishta-deva*, 35, 44, 92, 132, 137, 187 Ishvara, 137, 162 Ittagi, temple at, 215
c23.14
Jagannath Sabhâ, Ellora, 188, 190, 202 Jahângîrî Mahall, 91 Jaina sect, 65, 174-5, 201, 208, 209 Jaina worship, 68, 174-5, 201 *Jâtakas*, 53, 146 Jerusalem, temple of, 57 *Jnana-yoga*, 126 *Jnâna-loka*, 62
c23.15
Kadphises I, 114 Kailâsa, 97, 194 Kailâsa temple, Ellora, 182, 193-200, 203 *Kalasa*, 91, 96, 105 Kali age, 154 Kalkin, 154
c23.16
Kâlî, 63 Kanauj, 134, 206-7 Kanârak, temple at, 44 Kandarya Mahâdeva temple, 209-10 Kanishkâ, 113 Karma-yoga, 126 *Kathaks*, 39, 53 *Kautilya-artha-sâstra*, 133*n.* *Kâma-deva*, 56*n.* Kârlê chaitya-house, 47, 71-7, 110, 115, 144, 145, 151, 152, 193 Kerala dynasty, 167 Khajurâho, temples at, 101, 103, 208-12 Khushrû II of Persia, 169 King's Road, 10, 25 *Kinnaras*, 148 Kirtivarman II, 193 Krishna, 50, 114, 126, 127, 188 Krishna I, 193-4, 203 Kshatriyas, 35, 50, 93, 134, 137, 179
c23.17
Lakshmi, 51, 57, 87, 96-8, 149 Lakshmi jar of, 60, 62*n.*, 87, 129, 153, 193 Lattices, 180 *Lât*, 57 *Lingam*, 106-7 Lion symbol, 81, 104 Lotus flower, 49, 51, 59-60
c23.18
Madura, temple at, 184 Mahâbhârata, the, 41, 187 Mahâ-deva, 182 Mahâ-Govinda, architect, 27 Mahâ-kâlî, 63 Mahâ-Nirvana-Tantram, 62, 118 *Mahâpadma*, 62 Mahâyâna architecture, 71, 77, 96 Mahâyâna Buddhism, 93-4, 113-4, 134, 147, 150
c23.19
Mahishâsura, 196 Mahmûd of Ghaznî, 204, 209, 212, 217 Maitreya, 152 *Makara*, 56, 151 Manâsâra, Silpa-sâstrâ, 7, 8, 9, 9*n.*, 12, 19–20, 40, 42, 58, 89 *Mandapams*, 11, 31, 37, 38, 39, 67, 109, 176, 179, 180, 210–11 Mandara, Mt., 18, 61, 163, 194 *Mangala-vîthî*, 10 Manu, 26 Mara, 98 Mauryan dynasty, 1–3 Mâmallapuram, Raths of, 86–91, 100–1, 104, 168, 177 Mârtând, temple of, 123–4, 183 Megasthenes, xxvi, 2, 24, 169, 170 Meru, Mt., 18, 61, 163, 194 Mihiragula, xxvi, 134, 151 Milky Way, the, 53, 97 Monasteries, 78–91, 92 Montagu, Mr., xxv Morley, Lord, xxiv Mritanga Mahâdeva temple, 210 Mudabidri, temple at, 121, 124 Muhammadan craftsmen, 46 *Mukuta*, 149, 160, 164
c23.20
Nair, Sir C. Sankaran, 172 Nandi, Siva's bull, 180, 182, 193, 195, 201 *Nandyâvarta*, plan of village, 14–15 Narasimha-gupta, 134 Narasinha incarnation, 42 *Naubat-khâna*, 29, 31, 73 *Nava-ratna* temple, 105 *Nâgara*, plan of shrine, 89 Nâgârjuna, 81, 113, 140 Nâgas, 166–7, 169 Nâlanda, 85, 140–1 Nâsik, monasteries at, 80–3, 110, 115, 144, 145
c23.21
*Nelumbium*, lotus, 60–1 *Nirvana*, 51 Nivedita, Sister, 150 *Nymphœa*, water-lily, 59, 60–1, 148
c23.22
Orientation of temples, 42, 44, 108–9, 142, 143, 154, 182, 188, 191, 192, 194, 201 Orissa temples, 133, 182
c23.23
*Padmâka*, plan of village, 15–16 Paintings, 147–50 Palitâna, 175 Pallava dynasty, 168 Panchâyat, 24 *Panch-ratna*, or five jewels, 49 ,, ,, collar of Vishnu, 163 ,, ,, temple, 84, 201, 210 Para-Brahmâ, 63 Parântaka I, 171 Pari-Nirvana, 52, 53, 82, 142 Parks, public, 24, 174, 184 Patanjali, 135 Pattadakal, temples at, 101, 176–83 Pâla kings, 207 Pândya dynasty, 167 Pânini, 140 Pârisnath, 175 Pârvatî, 101, 148, 149, 163, 197 Pâtaliputra, 2, 20, 24, 85, 125, 207 Persepolitan art, 2, 72, 82–3 Pillars, symbolism of, 52, 72, 74–5, 81, 87, 129, 145–6 *Pisâchas*, 82, 146 Pîpal tree, 56 *Pradakshinâ* path, 11, 52, 73, 93 *Prakriti*, 108, 162 Pulakesin II, 168, 193 *Purusha*, 108, 162 Pushyamitra, 112
c23.24
Railing of stûpa, 47-9 Rangaswami, temple of, 216 Rathas, 'or cars, 44, 86 Ravana, King, 197 *Râhu*, the eclipse, 56, 151 Râjapatha, or King's Street, 10 *Râjasic* quality (*Rajas*), 122, 126, 154, 162, 177 Râmanûja, 170 Râmâyana, 20, 167, 187 Râmêsvaram, temple of (Madras), 184 Râmêsvaram, temple of (Ellora), 193 Râm Râz, 7, 40, 58, 170 Rig Veda, 110, 112 Roofs, 21, 22, 55, 75, 86, 119, 120-1, 124, 175, 180
c23.25
Saivaites, 44, 90, 107 Saivism, 92-3, 102, 107, 175 Saka dynasty, 112-13 Samudragupta, 127, 128, 132 Sangha, the, 37, 49, 53, 111, 138, 149*n*., 154, 162, 187 Sangha, the, pillars of, 74-6, 142, 152-3 Sankarâcharya, 94, 139, 170, 212-14 Sannyâsin, 47, 79, 186-7 Sapta-Mâtris, 197 Saracenic architecture, 207 Sarnath, 96, 98, 111, 114 Sâdhu, 79, 187 Sâkiya Muni. *See* Buddha Sânchî, chaitya-hall at, 67 Sânchî, sculptures, 20, 50-2 Sânchî, stûpa, 47, 48, 113, 115 *Sâttvic* quality (*sattvam*), 56, 126, 154, 160 Sectarial marks, 102 Sena dynasty, 207 Sennacherib, palace of, 95, 100, 177 Siddhartha, Prince, 49, 148-9, 157, 165 *Sikhara*, 33, 42, 61, 63, 96, 98, 103-4, 118, 121, 209 *Silpa-sâstras*, 7, 25, 42, 58, 72, 78, 105, 118, 145 Sitala, goddess of small-pox, 19 Siva, 40, 41, 43, 53, 55, 56, 64, 71, 106, 148, 151, 163, 182, 194, 197 Siva, crescent of, 142, 143, 154, 186 Siva, shrines of, 42, 43-4, 88, 94, 101, 104-8, 120-1, 132, 146, 177, 178, 180-1, 194-200, 208 Smith, Mr. Vincent, 127, 169 *Smriti*, 134 Somnath, temple of, 204 Sri, or Lakshmi, 51, 57, 87, 96-8, 149 Sringeri Math, 213 Srirangam, temple at, 184 *Stapathi*, or architect, 7, 9, 9*n*., 208 Streets, village, 9-10 *Stûpa*, 29, 40, 43, 44, 46-54, 96, 97, 106, 107, 117 Styles, classifications of, 33, 96 Sun-windows, 31, 55-7, 74, 87, 152, 183 Sungha dynasty, 112-3 Suryâ, 137 *Sûtragrahi*, or surveyor, 7 Swastika plan of village, 16-17 Swastika sign of, 16-17 Symbolism, 46-64, 159-60, 161-3, 194, 196, 210, 211
c23.26
Tagore, Mr. Abanindro Nath, xxviii Takhsa-silâ, 140, 141 Tanjore, temple at, 183, 214 Tata, Mr. Ratan, 2 Tâj gardens, 18 *Tâmasic* quality (Tamas), 56, 151, 154, 160, 197, 201 Teli-ka Mandir, 118-9 Temple building, philosophy of, 119-21 122 Temple building, planning, 178-9, 209-10 Têr, chaitya-house at, 66
c23.27
Tiruvallûr, temple at, 183 Tîn Tal Cave, Ellora, 200 *Tîrth*, 175, 186–8 *Tîrthankaras*, 46, 201 Torans, or gateways, 28–9, 37, 48 Torâmana, 133 Town planning, 7–18 Trimûrti, the, 44–5, 101, 108, 149, 156, 157, 160–5, 195, 210 Trimûrti, Feast of the, 137–8 Trisula, 195
c23.28
Ummaga Jâtaka, 26, 60–1 Universities, Indian, 140–55 Upanishads, 160, 112, 212, 213 Ushas, 51, 59, 96–8, 146
c23.29
Vaishnavaites, 44 Vaishnavism, 92–3, 102 *Vajra*, 62 Vali, 24, 135, 136 Varnas, the four, 5 *Vâhan*, 81 *Vâyu*, 62 Vedic railing, 37, 48, 51, 146, 193 Vedic railing, ritual, 36, 48 *Vedikâ*, 20, 20*n.*, 136 Vesara plan of shrine, 89, 105 Viharas, 78–91 Vikramâditya (Gupta dynasty), xxv, 128–33, 154, 164 Vikramâditya II. (Chalukyan dynasty), 177 Village, the Indian, xxv, xxxi–ii, 4–32, 93, 142, 161–2, 179–80, 183, 200 Village, administration of, 24, 135–6, 171–4 Village, artisans, 24 Village, classifications, 12–13 Village, council, 11, 162, 169 Village, defences, 27–31 Village, dwellings, 19–23 Village, elections, 172–4 Village, federation of, 25, 130 Village, gateways, 48 Village, planning of, 7–18 Village, sites of, 8 Vimâna, 44 *Vinaya Pitaka*, 131 Virûpâksha temple, Pattadakal, 31, 176–83, 195, 196 Vishnu, 40, 41, 43, 53, 56, 97, 98, 122, 132, 137, 149, 162, 163, 177 Vishnu, Holy Mountain of, 18, 61, 94–5, 97, 133, 163, 175 Vishnu, shrines, 42–4, 94–104, 108, 129, 132–3, 146, 177, 178, 182, 208–11 Vishnu, tree or pillar of, 11, 42, 43, 53, 58, 61–3, 68, 94, 145, 158 Vishnu-Nârâyana, 53, 118, 119 Visvakarma chaitya-house, 189, 190–1
c23.30
Weavers, xxix Wheel of Life, 51–2, 60 Women councillors, 174
c23.31
Yasô-dharman, 134 Yoga, 93, 113, 114, 118, 126–7, 134–5 Yogi seat, 80, 88