Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c5: List of Figures
Defence Architecture in Early North Karnataka c5
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List of Figures
c5.1
| Title | | Fig.No |
| North Karṇāṭaka, the area of forts under the study. | ... | 1 |
| Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the locations of forts of Banavāsi, Sannati, Bādāmi, Malkhēd, Kalyāṇa, Hāngal, Vijayanagara (Hampi) and Bijapur under study. | ... | 2 |
| Pond snail and Fresh water Mussel, with their natural protective body. | ... | 3 |
| Map of Indus empire (2700-1750 B.C.), showing Excavation sites, where defence wall invariably was noticed. | ... | 4 |
| Map of Harappa (1946), the citadel and cemeteries (After M.Wheeler). | ... | 5 |
| Map of Karṇāṭaka, showing the location of the fort of Banavāsi and its environs. | ... | 6 |
| Map of Banavāsi and its environs, with contours. | ... | 7 |
| Map of Banavāsi fort, individual plan in detail. | ... | 8 |
| Banavāsi Fort: Plan of Northern Agase gate | ... | 9 |
| Banavāsi Fort: Sectional elevation of Northern gate (Looking west) | ... | 10 |
| Banavāsi Fort: Section of Diddi gate, to the west, joining the western moat. | ... | 11 |
| Banavāsi Fort: Elevation of the Ghat leading to the river Varadā | ... | 12 |
| Banavāsi Fort: Section of the fort wall at point 'C'. | ... | 13 |
| Banavāsi Fort: Sectional elevation at 'Nerūr Agase', at South-Eastern wing of the fort wall. | ... | 14 |
c5.2
| Map of Karṇāṭaka, showing the location of fortification at Sannati and its environs. | ... | 15 |
| Individual map of Environs of Sannati | ... | 16 |
| Sannati : Cross section of outer fortification, at point 'X', facing South. | ... | 17 |
| Sannati : Section showing the outer fortification in relation to water levels of the Bhima river, near the point 'Y'. | ... | 18 |
| Sannati : Cross section of inner fortification at point 'Z'. | ... | 19 |
| Sannati : Sizes of bricks used in fortification. | ... | 20 |
| Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the location of the fort at Bādāmi | ... | 21 |
| Plan of Bādāmi showing different fortifications, with contours. | ... | 22 |
| Bādāmi : Plan of the fort on the North Hill (Early Chalukyan Period). | ... | 23 |
| Bādāmi : North Fort, Entrances Nos. I, II and III | ... | 24 |
| Bādāmi : North Fort, plan of Entrance No.IV | ... | 25 |
| Bādāmi : North fort, Entrance No.V and Granaries. | ... | 26 |
| Bādāmi : Arrangement of blocks of stones in fort walls of different periods. | ... | 27 |
| Bādāmi : Fortwall of Rāṣṭrakūṭa period, section looking west, western wing of the South gate. | ... | 28 |
| Bādāmi : Elevation of Fortwall of Rāṣṭrakūṭa period, looking south, on the right side of the South gate, showing arrangements of stone-blocks. | ... | 29 |
c5.3
Bādāmi : Chālukyan fort on the steep scarp 55.00 m. high above ground level; the wall connects the boulders, beyond which the lower Sivālaya is seen. ... 30
c5.4
Plan of Diddi gate in the fort wall of the Rāṣṭrakūṭa period in N.W. corner of the tank. ... 31
c5.5
Bādāmi : Plan of the South gate in the fort wall of Rāṣṭrakūṭa period. ... 32
c5.6
Bādāmi : North fort, Semi-circular bastion, at Height of 102 m. above from ground level, built in ashlar masonry, by Hyder Ali and Tippu Sultan, late 18th Century. ... 33
c5.7
Map of Karnāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Malkhed. ... 34
c5.8
Plan of Malkhēd fort and its environs. ... 35
c5.9
Malkhēd fort: Plan of western gate to the outer fort, looking the river Kāgina ... 36
c5.10
Malkhēd fort : The plan of the entrance No.I of the inner fort. ... 37
c5.11
Malkhēd fort : The plan of entrance No.II of the inner fort. ... 38
c5.12
Malkhēd fort: The plan of entrance No.III of the inner fort. ... 39
c5.13
Malkhēd fort : Plan showing Mandapam of Akṣhōbhya tīrtha, Upli Burj and Kāli Masjid ... 40
c5.14
Malkhēd fort: Elevation of Unique bulbous bastions adopted in inner wall at N.E.corner ... 41
c5.15
Malkhēd fort: Elevation showing arrangements of stones in the inner fort wall (at N.E. corner). ... 42
c5.16
Map of Karnāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Kalyāna. ... 43
c5.17
Map of Kalyāṇa fort showing three concentric walls. ... 44
c5.18
Kalyāṇa fort: Sectional elevation, looking East. ... 45
c5.19
Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrance No.I. ... 46
c5.20
Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrance No.II ... 47
c5.21
Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrances No.III and IV. ... 48
c5.22
Kalyāṇa fort : Elevation of entrance No.III with walling of Hindu and Islāmic orders. ... 49
c5.23
Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrance No.V. ... 50
c5.24
Kalyāṇa fort : Plan of entrances VI and VII. ... 51
c5.25
Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Hāngal. ... 52
c5.26
Map of Hāngal and its environs. ... 53
c5.27
Hāngal fort : Elevation of watch-tower in the North-Western corner of the citadel. ... 54
c5.28
Hāngal fort : Section looking south, westerly wing, at Enclosure II. ... 55
c5.29
Hāngal fort : Cross-sections of I to IV enclosure walls. ... 56
c5.30
Map of Karṇāṭaka, showing the location of the fort of Vijayanagara (Hampi). ... 57
c5.31
Plan of Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort. ... 58
c5.32
Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Plan of the Penugoṇḍa gate. ... 59
c5.33
Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort, a gate to the North of Penugoṇḍa gate : Plan and Elevation. ... 60
c5.34
Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort: Plan and Elevation of Domed Gate ... 61
c5.35
Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort: Plan and Elevation of Bhīma gate. ... 62
c5.36
Vijayanagara (Hampi) Fort: Plan and Elevation of Pān-Supari gate ... 63
c5.37
Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Plan and Elevation of Talāra-ghatta gate ... 64
c5.38
Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Plan and Elevation of southern gate ... 65
c5.39
Vijayanagara (Hampi) fort: Elevation of Watch-tower abutting to the Northern wall of Janānā Enclosure ... 66
c5.40
Vijayanagar (Hampi) fort: Cross-sections showing different methods of construction adopted in fort walls. ... 67
c5.41
Map of Karṇāṭaka showing the location of the fort of Bijāpur. ... 68
c5.42
Environs of Bijāpur, showing the forts of Bijāpur, Nauraspur together with the suburb of Shāhpur. ... 69
c5.43
Bijāpur fort (proper) showing the fort wall, the citadel and the gates. ... 70
c5.44
Plan of the citadel (Arquilla), showing the remains of important administrative buildings, palace etc. ... 71
c5.45
Bijāpur fort : the plan of Makka gate. ... 72
c5.46
Bijāpur fort : The plan of Shāhpur gate ... 73
c5.47
Bijāpur fort : The Plan of Bahmani gate ... 74
c5.48
Bijāpur fort : The Plan of Allāpur gate ... 75
c5.49
Bijāpur fort : The plan of Fateh gate ... 76
c5.50
Bijāpur fort : The plan of the main gateway of the citadel. ... 77
c5.51
Conjectural plan of fort as enunciated in Arthas̃āstra. ... 78
c5.52
Conjectural plan showing fortificational wall and tripple moats, as envisaged in Arthas̃āstra. ... 79
c5.53
Sections of a single moat and tripple moats, based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 80
c5.54
Plan of Bîdar fort, where tripple moats are the unique contribution. ... 81
c5.55
Section of Niskuradwara (trap-gate), showing exit leading enemy to death, conjectured from Arthas̃āstra. ... 82
c5.56
Section of bulbous wall of fortification, as described in Arthas̃āstra. ... 83
c5.57
Section of fort wall showing a narrow passage with thorns spread made of iron etc., to drive out the enemy. Based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 84
c5.58
Conjectural Indrakosa and Store House on the top of fortwall, based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 85
c5.59
Conjectural, stone paved roads for chariots, based on Arthas̃āstra. ... 86
c5.60
Jaladurga (water fort), details obtained from Arthas̃āstra. ... 87
c5.61
Kharvaṭa fort or town, details from P K Acharya's Architecture of Mānasāra ... 88
c5.62
General outlines of Kheṭa town or fort and Kubjaka town or fort, based on Mānasāra by P.K.Acharya ... 89
c5.63
Drōṇa (a fortress), based on Mānasāra (Ed: P.K.Acharya) ... 90
c5.64
Rājadhānīya layout, capital forts for Chakravartiin kings, based on Mānasāra, Ed: P.K.Acharya ... 91
c5.65
Mohenjō-Dārō : Copper and Bronze weapons and tools (Ref: M.Wheeler) ... 92
c5.66
Alexander's time (357 B.C.-323 B.C.), Greek and Indian swords ... 93
c5.67
War axes and maces, conjectured from Vishnudharmōttara Purāṇam (300-800 A.D.) ... 94
c5.68
Sculptural representation of weapons in cave No.III, Chālukyas of Bādāmī, (600 A.D.). R.S.Panchamukhi ... 95
c5.69
Ajanta - A cultural study Fig.XXV, Arms and Armours (8th Cent. A.D.), M.K.Dhavalikar ... 96
c5.70
Moveable guns on battle fields and mounted on pivots of bastions, both 16th century onwards. ... 97
c5.71
Fully armoured war horse, Bijāpur paintings, 16th Century, A.D., G.N.Pant. ... 98
c5.72
Ajanta - A cultural study, Fig.XXVIII, Arms and Armours. M.K.Dhavalikar. ... 99
c5.73
Raichur fort - Plan of Raichur fort after the Annual Report of Archaeological Department of His Exalted Highness Nizam's Dominions, (1929-30), end page. ... 100