Indian Sculpture c9.208

c9.208

170. Kramrisch, *Pāla and Sena Sculpture*, op. cit., Fig. 8, etc.
171. *Mohenjo-Daro*, op. cit., Pl. XI.
172. *Mohenjo-Daro*, op. cit., Pl. XCIV, Figs. 6-8.
173. Back-view in Bachhofer, op. cit., Pl. 9; Springer, op. cit., Fig. 243.
174. *Mohenjo-Daro*, op. cit., p. 65, Pl. XII, Figs. 16, 20, 26.
175. Mesopotamian versions also include the sinuous stem, cf. Fabri, loc. cit., p. 216, Fig. B.
176. Kramrisch, *Pāla and Sena Sculpture*, Fig. 9, cf. note 211.
177. *Mohenjo-Daro*, p. 63.
178. See note 9 X.
179. *Mohenjo-Daro*, p. 76, Pls. CXI, 357; XIII, 17.
180. The whole figure is reproduced in Springer, *Handbuch der Kunstgeschichte*, Vol. VI, Fig. 246.
181. Barua—Sinha, *Bārhut Inscriptions*, p. 83.
182. The symbols in this case are used vicariously. Various symbols refer to the same reality by one allusion or the other, and are exchangeable amongst themselves. See note 183.
183. Marshall, *Guide to Sāñcī*, p. 56, Pl. III.
184. Coomaraswamy, *Early Indian Architecture*, III, *Eastern Art*, Vol. III, Fig. 8, p. 205.
185. Cowell, *Jātaka*, Vol. II, No. 199, and Vol. IV, No. 440.
186. The navel has creative significance. ‘On the navel of the unborn stood that in which all beings stood’ (Ṛv., X, 82, 5). Cf. Coomaraswamy, *Yakṣas*, Pt. II, p. 2, and note 1; pp. 21, 24, etc.
187. The tortoise is ‘lord of waters.’ Prajāpati, changing himself into a tortoise, produced all creatures. Cf. Macdonell, *Vedic Mythology*, p. 151.
188. Marshall, *Guide to Sāñcī*, p. 51.
189. Marshall, *ibid.*, p. 72.
190. Marshall, *ibid.*, p. 70.
191. Cunningham, *The Stūpa of Bhārhut*, Pl. XXXIII, 4.
192. See, however, G. Rao, *Elements of Hindu Iconography*, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 66.
193. Cf. Cunningham, *Bhārhut*, Pl. XXXIV, 1; Cowell, *Jātaka*, Vol. I, No. 2.
194. *Viṣṇudharmottara*, Pt. III, Chapter 43.
195. An earlier example of this trend is illustrated by Bachhofer, op. cit., Pl. 101.
196. A stone bracket from Bhilsa, Gwālior Museum; cf. note 42.
197. Marshall, *Guide to Taxilā*, Pl. VI c, pp. 43, 44; *A.S.I.A.R.*, 1912-13, p. 13, Pl. V c.