Historical Development of Indian Music: A Critical Study c8.58

c8.58

Besides the *rāgas*, various types of time-measures or *tālas* evolved at this time, with different time-units or *mātrās* like *hrasva*, *dīrgha* and *pluta*, different features like *kalā*, *mārga*, *piṇḍa*, *aṅga*, *graha* and different *jātis* like *caturasra*, *tisra*, *miśra*, *khaṇḍa* and *saṃkīrṇa*. Besides various types of lute, flute and drum, a new type of lute or *Vīṇā* was devised by Śāraṅgadeva himself and it was known as the *Niśśaṅka-Vīṇā*.