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Maurya and Shunga Art c18: Notes

Maurya and Śuṅga Art c18

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English

Notes

c18.1

1. St. Kramrisch, *Indian Sculpture*, pp. 3-7.

c18.2

2. Th. Bloch, *Excavation at Lauriya*, *A. S. R.*, 1906-7, pp. 122 ff; A. B. Keith, *C. H. I.* p. 97; E. W. Hopkins, *C. H. I.*, I. p. 232; *Sankhyayana Grihya Sutra*, IV. 19; L. Bachhofer, *Early Indian Sculpture*, I. pp. 14-15.

c18.3

3. W. C. Peppe, *The Piprahva Stupa*..., *J. R. A. S.*, 1898, pp. 173 ff; V. A. Smith, note, pp. 373 ff., figs. 11 and 15; Marshall, *C. H. I.*, I. p. 623.

c18.4

4. J. Marshall, *Excavations at Bhita*, *A. S. R.*, 1911-12, p. 4; pl. 22, 1.

c18.5

5. R. P. Chanda, *The Beginnings of Art in Eastern India*, *M. A. S. I.*, 30, pp. 3-8, 31-33.

c18.6

6. *Ibid*; Maitra, A. K., *Origin of the bell-capital*, *I. H. Q.*, VII, pp. 224-25, 233-44.

c18.7

7. K. P. Jayaswal, *Statues of Śaiśunāka Emperors*, *J. B. O. R. S.*, V, pp. 68-106. The discussion continued through vols. V and VI of the same journal and a number of scholars including R. D. Banerji, V. Smith, L. D. Barnett and H. P. Sastri joined. It was further taken up by R. P. Chanda, *Four Ancient Yaksha Statues*, *J. D. L.*, Cal. Univ., IV, pp. 47-34; *Inscriptions on Two Patna Statues in the Indian Museum*, *I. A.*, XLVIII, pp. 25-28; R. C. Majumdar, *Alleged Śaiśunāga Statues*, *ibid*, pp. 419-424; O. C. Gangoly, A note on Mr. Jayaswal's *Discovery of Two Śaiśunāga Statues*, *Modern Review*, 1919, October, pp. 419-24 and A. K. Coomaraswamy, *Catalogue of the Indian Collection in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston*, 1923, pt. II, p. 4; *History of Indian and Indonesian Art*, pp. 16-17.

c18.8

8. Waddell, *Report on Excavations at Pataliputra*, Calcutta, 1903, pp, 22-26; Spooner, *A. S. R.*, 1912-13, pp. 73 ff.; *A. S. R. E. C.* 1915-16, pp. 27-28; McCrindle, *Ancient India*, 1901, p. 42.

c18.9

9. Other architectural and sculptural remains that are generally ascribed to the Maurya period, on either stylistic or traditional grounds include (1) a railing (?) pillar with inscription from the Arjunapura site, Mathura, now lost; (2) the oldest parts, subsequently enclosed by later additions, of stūpa; (3) foundations of chaitya-halls at Sanchi and Sonari (4) two Patna Yaksha Statues, now in the Indian Museum; (5) a few fragments of grey polished stone-sculptures from Sarnath; (6) a few fragments of sculptures in red spotted sand stone from Mathura; (7) a fragmentary relief from Bhita; (8) fragments of a ribbed polished stone umbrella from Sanchi; (9) two carved perforated circular stone plaques from the Bhir mound site, Taxila; (10) a considerable number of terracottas from such widely separated sites as Sarnath, Basarh, Bulandibagh, Kumrahar and other places round about the old site of Pāṭaliputra, Bhita, Nagri, Mathura, Kosam, Sāṅkāsya and Taxila; (11) a *chauri*-bearing yakshī statue from Didarganj; (12) a more than life-size statue from Parkham; (13) a torso of a yaksha or king from Baroda, Mathura; (14) a seated image now worshipped as Manasā from near Parkham; (15) two polished stone images with legs and heads broken off, of naked Jaina Tīrthaṅkaras from Lohanipur, near Patna, and now in the Patna Museum and (16) a hooded serpent canopy from Rajgir. About nos. 1, 2, and 3 we are not in a position to make any definite assertion; the only argument that labels no. 8 as Mauryan is the glossy polish of the stone; it is difficult to say anything about the date of no. 9; here too the main argument rests on the glossy polish of the stone To try to date terracottas on stylistic grounds alone is often dangerous as has so convincingly been shown by Kramrisch and Gordon; item no. 10 and nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15, I shall have occasion to refer to and discuss at a later stage.

c18.10

10. See McCrindle, cited above.

c18.11

11. Smith, *A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon*, chap. III; Brown, *Indian Architecture; Buddhist and Hindu*, chaps. II-VI.

c18.12

12. *C. H. I.*, I. p. 206.

c18.13

13. Fergusson, *History of Indian and Eastern Architecture*. 2nd edn. I, pp 75-76; for alleged pre-Mauryan antiquities, see Coomaraswamy, *History of Indian and Indonesian Art*, p. 10 and notes; for Lauriya-Nandangarh gold-plaque of nude female, see *ibid*, fig. 105.

c18.14

14. Keith, *Rigveda Brahmanas*, 1920 p. 231; *Sutta-Nipata*, p. 99, Rhys Davids, *Dialogues of the Buddha*, part 2, p. 13 etc., Chanda cites authorities in *The Beginnings of Art in Eastern India*, p. 13 ff.

c18.15

15. Raichaudhuri, *P. H. A. I.* 4th edn.

c18.16

16. A Suez Inscription of Darius, in Tolman, *Ancient Persian Lexicon and Texts*, New York, 1908, p. 50.

c18.17

17. In West Asia the idea of the conquest of the "four regions" or "four quarters" originated with the kings of Babylonia and Assyria. But it was actually realised later by the Achaemenian monarchs, notably Cyrus, his son Cambyses, Darius, son of Hystaspes. In a Suez inscription commemorating the completion of the canal from the Nile to the Red Sea Darius proudly records: 'I (am) Darius, the great king, king of kings, king of countries possessing all people, (king) of this great earth far and wide." The phrases are almost exactly such as we find in the *Aitareya Brahmana* and *Baudhayana Srauta Sutra*. Also, see Chanda, *Beginnings of Art*...pp. 17—20.

c18.18

18. Coomaraswamy, *History of Indian*..pp. 11-14 where the whole aspect is fully discussed.

c18.19

19. *Ibid*. p. 22.

c18.20

20. Marshall, *A Guide to Taxila*, pp. 9, 77-78.

c18.21

21. Plutarch quoted by Chanda, *Beginnings*.., p. 18.

c18.22

22. Sarre, *Die Kunst des Alten Persiens* pp. 20-25; Carotti, *A History of Art*, I, pp. 93-94; Bell, *Early Architecture in Western Asia*, p. 231.

c18.23

23. Hultzsch, *C. I. I.*, I, pp. xxiv-xxxv; *C. H. I.*, I. p. 133, Bevan, *The House of Seleucus* Lond. 1902, I, p. 297; Smith, *Early History of India*, pp 129 ff; *Persian Influence on Mauryan India*, I A. 1905. p. 201-3.

c18.24

23a. I owe this reference to Prof. H. C. Raichaudhuri.

c18.25

24. McCrindle, *Ancient India: Kautilya's Arthasastra*, Shamasastry's edn.

c18.26

²⁵ Tarn, W. W., *Hellenistic Civilisation*, chap. VII, pp. 193-214; Jouguet, *Macedonian Imperialism*, pp. 93-107, 353, 356.

c18.27

26. Marshall, *Guide to Taxila*: *A. S. R.* pt. I, 1920–21, p. 20, pl. XVI, fig. 2.

c18.28

27. Bachhofer, *op. cit.* p. 12. pl. 13; *A. S. R.*, pt. I, 1917–18, p. 27, pl. XVI. fig. 2; *ibid*, 1913–14, p. 182, no. 791 : pl. XIII, fig. (h) Read with this Nearchus' statement to the effect that "the Indians quickly learnt to make Greek articles such as the scrapers and oil-flasks used by atheletes" *C. H. I.*, I, p. 418. For the phil-Hellenism of the Mauryas see also Raychaudhuri, *P. H. A. I.* 4th edn. pp. 246–47.

c18.29

28. *A. S. R.*, pl. I, 1919–20, p. 23, pl. XI, fig. 2.

c18.30

29. *C. A. H.*, VI. 1927, p. 402; *C. H. I.*, I, pp. 319–44.

c18.31

30. *C. H. I.*, I, p. 559; Smith *Early History of India*, 4th edn. pp. 65–66.

c18.32

31. Maitra, *Origin of the Bell-capital*, *I. H. Q.*, VII, pp. 229–30.

c18.33

32. McCrindle, *Waddell and Spooner*. *op. cit.*

c18.34

33. Chanda, *Beginnings*... p. 12.

c18.35

34. *Ibid*, p. 17–20.

c18.36

35. *Ibid*, p. 21–26.

c18.37

36. *I. A.*, XX. pp. 255–56.

c18.38

37. Chanda. *Beginnings*... p. 29.

c18.39

38. Smith, *A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon*, p. 18; Hultzsch, *C. I. I.* I.

c18.40

39. Smith. *The Monolithic Pillars of Asoka*, *Z. D. M. G.*, 1911.

c18.41

40. Chanda, *Beginnings*... pp. 31–33.

c18.42

41. Perrot and Chipiez, *History of Art in Persia*, pp. 87–88.

c18.43

42. *A. S. R.*, 1903–09, pp. 123–24. pl. XL; also see, Maitra, *Mauryan Art*, *I. H. Q.*, III. pp. 543–45.

c18.44

43. *J. R. A. S.*, 1908. p. 1083.

c18.45

44. *C. H. I.* I, p. 620.

c18.46

45. Carotti, *A History of Art*, I, p. 218. fig. 298.

c18.47

46. Perrot and Chipiez, *History of Art in Persia*, p. 407, fig. 195; *C. H. I.*, I, p. 463. pl. II. figs. 1 and 2.

c18.48

47. Bachhofer, *Early Indian Sculpture*. I. p. 6–7.

c18.49

48. Marshall. Chanda, Kramrisch, Coomaraswamy, Bachhofer, indeed all authorities have so far ascribed these sculptures to the Maurya period.

c18.50

⁴⁹ Jayaswal, *Jaina Image of the Maurya Period*, *J. B. O. R. S.*, XXII, pp. 130–32 and plates.

c18.51

⁵⁰ Coomaraswamy, *History of Indian & Indonesian Art*, p. 17, fig. 15; Vogel, *Mathura School of Sculpture*, *A. S. R.*, 1909–10. p. 76, pl. XXVIII, a.

c18.52

⁵¹ Bachhofer, *Early Indian Sculpture*, I, plate. 62.

c18.53

⁵² Chanda. *Mathura School of Sculpture*, *A. S. R.* 1922–23. p. 164; *A. S. R.* 1920–21, pl. XVIII.

c18.54

⁵³ Bachhofer, *Early Indian Sculpture*, I. pp. 12–14, plates, 12 and 13; Coomaraswamy, *History of Indian & Indonesian Art*, pp. 19–20, figs. 18. 19, 20, 22, 23. Fig. 21 of Coomaraswamy is much later still.

c18.55

⁵⁴ Kramrisch. *Grundzuge der Indischen Kunst*, pl. 48; *Indian Sculpture*, p. 12, fig. 11.

c18.56

55. Coomaraswamy, *op. cit.*, p. 20, fig. 13.
56. Coomaraswamy, *op. cit.* p. 20–21, figs. 16, 23, 57, 60.
57. Kramrisch, *J. I. S. O. A.*. Gordon, *J. I. S. O. A.* Vols. VII and XI respectively.
58. *Ibid.* Kramrisch.
59. Coomaraswamy, *op. cit.* fig. 41.
60. Fergusson, *History of Indian and Eastern Architecture*, I. pp. 130-31 ; Brown, *Indian Architecture : Buddhist and Hindu* pp. 12–13.
61. Fergusson, *op. cit.* p. 130.
62. *Ibid*, p. 132 ; Brown, *op. cit.* p. 13.
63. Fergusson, *op. cit.* p. 131–32 ; Brown, *op. cit.* p. 13.
64. *Ibid.*
65. Kramrisch, *Indian Sculpture*, p. 11–12,
66. Bachhofer, *op. cit.* plate 14.
67. Fergusson, *op. cit.* chaps. IV–VI : Brown, *op. cit.* chaps II and III : Smith, *History of Fine Art in India & Ceylon*, p. 21–23.
68. *J. A. S. B.*, 1910, pp. 259 ff.
69. Raichaudhuri, *P. H. A. I.*, 4th edn. pp. 294–301.
70. *Divyavadana*, pp. 371 and 407 ff.
71. Separate Rock Edict, Dhauli Text. Barua, B. M., *Inscriptions of Asoka*, II.
72. *P. H. A. I.* pp. 243–44.
73. *Ibid*, p. 304, f. n. 1.
74. *Ibid*, f. n. 2.
75. Barua, B. M. *op. cit.* p. 179. Here as elsewhere I am following Barua's translation and interpretation.
76. Barua, *op. cit.* p. 182.
77. *Ibid*, p. 187. and f. n. 5.
78. *Ibid*, pp. 224–26.
79. *Ibid*, pp. 249–250.
80. *Ibid*, pp. 250–52.
81. *Ibid*, p. 214.
82. Barua, *Barhut*, II, p. 9–11.
83. *Ibid*, p. 2.
84. *Ibid*, pp. 16–17.

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