Vastu-shastra (Vol. I: Hindu Science of Architecture; Vol. II: Hindu Canons of Iconography and Painting) v2.c74.s2.39

v2.c74.s2.39

**C. Basis of Sculpture.**—Sculptural basis presupposes the different and manifold substances as well as modality of the icons. It is with this fundamental angle that our texts of Vāstu-śāstra (cf. Mayamata, Śilparatna, Samarāṅgaṇa, Aparājita, etc. quoted in Pr. Laks. pp. 10-14) have classified an image into three broad divisions, *viz.* Niṣkala, Sakala and Miśra. Niṣkala is liṅga, the non-manafest; Sakala is Bera, the fully manifest, and Misra—the manifest-non-manifest—the mixture of the first two, e. g. Mukha-liṅga.