Indische Palaographie von circa 350 a. Chr. – circa 1300 p. Chr. c21: VI. Coins of Native Indian States from the Earliest Times to c. 50 A.D.
Indische Paläographie von circa 350 a. Chr. – circa 1300 p. Chr. c21
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VI. Coins of Native Indian States from the Earliest Times to c. 50 A.D.
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somewhat similar to that of some of the coins of Pañcāla (v. § 53) and on the *obv.* appears a Stag, as on the coins of the Kuṇindas (v. § 50).
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PE. I, p. 224.
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§ 41. Aparānta. — The legend on these coins has been read *Mahārājasa Apalātasa*. As they are similar in appearance to the coins struck by the Satraps of Mathurā (§ 32) and also by Hindu princes ruling in the same neighbourhood (v. inf. sub Mathurā § 52) their date is probably the latter part of the 1^st cent. B.C. or the first part of the 1^st cent. A.D.
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C.CAI. p. 103; C.ASR. XIV, p. 136, Pl. XXXI, 3. 4; PE. II, Pl. XLIV, 25. 26. For the locality of Aparānta = Northern Konkan: BHĀṆḌĀRKAR, Tr. I. Or. Congr. 1874, p. 313; and Hist. Dek. p. 17, note 4; C., however, CAI. p. 102, contends that Aparānta = W.Rajputana.
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§ 42. Ārjunāyana **(Plate III, 20)**. — The coins belong to the same class and period as the preceding. The Ārjunāyanas are mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscr. of Samudragupta (FLEET, CII. III, p. 8, and preface, p. 10).
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C.CAI. p. 90, Pl. VIII, 20; PE. Pl. XLIV, 22.
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§ 43. Audumbara or Odumbara **(Plate III, 8)**. — The coins, found in the district of Pathānkot, are in style like the hemidrachms of the Greek prince Apollodotus and are found together with them. Their date is, therefore, probably c. 100 B.C. A similarity in style is also observable between the Audumbara coin given in C.CAI, Pl. IV, 1, and one of Azilises in NChr. 1890, Pl. X, 5 a. Like their contemporaries the Kuṇindas (§ 50) the Audumbaras use both Brāhmī and Kharoṣṭhī coin-legends.
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C.CAI. p. 66, Pl. IV; C.ASR. XIV, p. 115, Pl. XXXI, 1. 2; Proc. BA. 1885, p. 96; RODGERS, Cat. Lahore Mus. III, p. 151; SMITH, JBA. 1897, p. 8, Pl. I, 12.
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§ 44. Ayodhyā. — The oldest coins seem to be the cast pieces **(Plate IV, 2**, and C.CAI. Pl. IX, 1—3), the date of which is, perhaps, before 200 B.C. The square inscribed pieces, most of which are also cast **(Plate IV, 4**, and id. 4—11), may belong to the 2^nd cent. B.C. The other coins, which bear names ending in -mitra **(Plate IV, 3**, and id. 12—19, v. also SMITH, JRAS. 1889, p. 51) seem to belong to the same and following centuries. The relation of these Mitra coins to those found in N.Pañcāla, and the relation of either or both of these classes to the Śuṅga dynasty are at present matters of uncertainty (v. inf. § 53).
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§ 45. Bāraṇ. — C. supposed this to be the ancient name of Bulandshahr and reads the legend on the coins *Gomitasa Bāraṇaya* (C.CAI. p. 88, Pl. VIII, 10; C.ASR. XIV, p. 147, Pl. XXXI, 15); but, as has been pointed out by BÜHLER, the old name of this place was *Varaṇa*, and the reading of the coin-legend is extremely doubtful. This Gomitra has usually been identified with one of the Hindu princes of Mathurā of the same name (v. inf. § 52); but the types of his coins are different and the forms of the Brāhmī letters of his coin-legends seem to be more ancient.
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§ 46. Eraṇ-Erakina. - The coins found on the site of this ancient city in the Sāgar District are remarkable as being the finest specimens of purely native money **(Plate IV, 8)**. It is possible to trace here the development of the *punch-mark* system into the *type* system. In the place of a number of symbols punched on to the coin from time to time, there appears at a later period a definite type, made up of a collection of these symbols struck from a die. This is usually the case in those parts of India which were least affected by foreign influence (cp. inf. § 129).
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C.CAI. p. 90, Pl. IX; RIVETT-CARNAC, JBA. 1880, PlI. XVI. XVII; PE. I, p. 418, Pl. XXXIV, 19—21 etc.
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C.CAI. p. 99, Pl. XI; C.ASR. X, p. 77, Pl. XXIV, 15—17; id. XIV, p. 149, Pl. XXXI, 17, 18. For the reading of the legend of a very ancient coin from Eraṇ (**Plate IV, 7**), v. BÜHLER, Ind. Stud. III, p. 42; for other coins, of a later date, bearing the name of the city, v. C.ASR. X, l. c.
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§ 47. Janapada. — No satisfactory explanation has yet been given of the coins which bear the legend *Rājña Janapadasa*, sometimes written in Brāhmī and sometimes in Kharoṣṭhī letters. C. suggests (loc. inf. cit.) that this may be a place-name = Rājasthān, or perhaps the name of the inhabitants of this place = the Χατριαῖοι, i. e. Kṣatriyas, of Ptolemy (VII, 1, 64; cp. LIA. III, p. 141). To judge from style, the coins bearing an inscr. in Kharoṣṭhī characters (**Plate III, 18**) seem to belong to an earlier period than the others which are in fabric like the coins of the Satraps of Mathurā (**Plate III, 19**).
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C.CAI. p. 89, Pl. VIII, 19; C.ASR. XIV, p. 151; PE. II, Pl. XLIV, 17—19.
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§ 48. Kāḍa (**Plate III, 7**). — The attribution of the coins of cast copper, which bear the legend *Kāḍasa* in Brāhmī characters, is uncertain. BÜHLER explains *Kāḍasa* as the genitive of *Kāḍa*, the name of a king, a N.Indian form = Sk. *Kāla* or Pali *Kāḷa*, "black", and for the equation --- N.Indian ḍ = Sk. l · - compares forms found in the Girnār edicts, e. g. *mahiḍāyo* = Sk. *mahilāḥ* "women". The coin figured in C.CAI. Pl. V, 6, was found among coins of the Kuṇindas, and this fact led C. to conjecture that it may belong to the ancestors of the present Kaḍaik branch of the Kunets (C.CAI. p. 71; v. also § 50).
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C.CAI. Pl. II, 21, 22; C.ASR. II, p. 10; VI, p. 167.
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§ 49. Kosāmbī or Vatsa-pattana, an ancient city in the Allahabad District. (For its identification with the modern Kosam on the Jamna, and an outline of its history, v. C. Geog. p. 391.) The large cast coins which may be compared with those reading *Kāḍasa* (v. § 48) are probably as early as the 3^rd cent. B.C. (**Plate III, 12**, cp. C.CAI. Pl. V, 7 · 10). The others (e. g. C., l. c. 11—18) may perhaps belong to the two following centuries. With them may be compared the coins of Pañcāla and the later coins of Ayodhyā (§§ 53, 44, and C.CAI. Pll. VII, IX). For the coins which bear the legend *Bahasatimitasa* (**Plate III, 11**) cp. the inscrr. of Bahasatimita at Pabhosā (FÜHRER, EI. II, p. 240).
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C.CAI. p. 73, Pl. V, 7—18; C.ASR. I, p. 301; X, p. 4, Pl. II; PE. Pl. VIII, 12—15; JBA. 1873, pp. 109, 191.
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§ 50. Kuṇinda. — The territory of the Kuṇindas would seem to be the hill districts, on both sides of the Satlej, occupied by the Kunets of the present day (C.ASR. XIV, 126). Their coins are of two periods. The earlier, which, like those of the Audumbaras, have legends in both Brāhmī and Kharoṣṭhī characters, and like them too are found in company with hemidrachms of Apollodotus (v. sup. § 43) are probably as early as B.C. 100 (**Plate III, 9**). The later, which seem to show the influence of the large copper money of the Kuṣanas, and which bear inscrr. in a later form of Brāhmī characters, may, perhaps, belong to the 3^rd or 4^th centuries, A.D. (**Plate III, 10**). The fact that the coins of the Yaudheyas also fall naturally into similar classes (§ 60) would seem to show that these Hindu states, and probably others, rose in power as the Greek and Kuṣana supremacies successively declined.
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§ 51. Mālava. -- The coins on which the legend *Mālavānāṁ Jayaḥ* has been read were formerly regarded as ancient; but both the character of
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C.CAI. p. 70, Pl. V, 1—5; C.ASR. XIV, p. 137, Pl. XXXI, 5, 6; RODGERS, I. M. Cat. III, p. 9. Cp. also Ar. Ant. p. 413, Pl. XV, 23; PE. I, pp. 203, 208, Pl. XIX, 16; Th.JRAS. 1865, p. 447; JBA. 1875, p. 89; 1886, p. 161; Proc. BA. 1875, p. 164.
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their inscrr., and, the fact that they are in fabric somewhat similar to the coins of the Nāgas of Padmāvatī (SMITH, JRAS. 1897, p. 643; v. inf. § 101), point to a date not earlier than the 5^th cent. A.D.
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C.ASR. VI, pp. 165. 174; XIV, 149, Pl. XXXI, 19—25; FLEET, CII. III, Pref. p. 67; RODGERS, I. M. Cat. III, p. 15.
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§ 52. Mathurā. — For an ancient cast coin found in the neighbourhood of Mathurā and bearing the inscr. *Upātikyā* in Brāhmī letters at least as early as the 3^rd cent. B.C. **(Plate III, 17)** v. C.CAI. p. 86, Pl. VIII, 1; and C.ASR. III, pp. 14. 39. The coins of Balabhūti have Brāhmī characters of, probably, the 2^nd cent. B.C. (C.CAI. p. 87, Pl. VIII, 9). For the coins of other Hindu princes found at Mathurā v. C.CAI. p. 88, Pl. VIII; and BH.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, Pl. 10—14. BH. assigns these to the period of the decline of Śaka power at Mathurā, i. e. after the last part of the 1^st cent. B.C., thus assuming that they were imitated from the coins of the Śaka satraps of Mathurā (§ 32); but some of the coins of *Rāmadatta* **(Plate IV, 1**; C.CAI. Plate VIII, 13; and BH.JRAS. 1894, Pl. 14) seem to be undoubtedly earlier, as they have for the reverse the incuse square which characterises the coins of Pañcāla (Śuṅgas, § 53). The coins of *Balabhūti* are also connected with those of *Bahasatimita* (§ 49) by identity of type — a Caitya-tree — and by their epigraphy. These considerations would seem to show that *some* at least of the Hindu princes preceded the Śaka satraps, who imitated their coins.
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§ 53. Pañcāla **(Plate III, 16)**. — The coins discussed under this heading have usually been attributed to the Śuṅga or Mitra dynasty, and it is by no means certain that they should not still be so classed. The difficulties affecting this identification are (1) the fact that most of the coins are found in Rohilkhand, the ancient kingdom of North Pañcāla, whereas other indications point to East Mālwa as the seat of Śuṅga power, (2) the fact that of the dozen names which occur on the coins, only one, that of Agnimitra, is found in the Śuṅga dynastic lists given in the Purāṇas. On the other hand, the *formation* of the names which generally end in *-mitra* is similar in either case; and the Śuṅga period, inferred from the Purāṇas, B.C. 176—66, is that of the style and epigraphy of the coins. There is probably, too, some connexion between these coins and the Mitra coins found at Ayodhyā (v. sup. § 44). These Pañcāla (Śuṅga) coins bear inscrr. in Brāhmī letters. For the characteristic features of their fabric, v. sup. § 52.
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§ 54. Purī and Ganjam. — Numerous specimens of a peculiar class of bronze coins have been found in the Purī District of Orissa and in the neighbouring District of Ganjam in the Madras Presidency. They bear no inscriptions; but their types are evidently borrowed from those of the bronze Kuṣaṇa coins of the time of Kaniṣka (§ 73) — *viz.* standing figure of the king on *obv.*, and the figure of some deity on *rev.* In the case of the chief recorded discovery of these coins in the Purī District, they were found in company with bronze Kuṣaṇa coins struck in the ordinary manner. From this it would seem probable that the two classes — the struck originals and the cast imitations — were in circulation at the same time. It appears, however, to be a fact, that Kuṣaṇa coins are not, as a rule, found so far east or south of India as Purī and Ganjam; and it has been suggested that their occurrence in these districts may be due to pilgrims who brought them from a distance as offerings at the shrines of Purī. It is, therefore, possible that the cast imitations in question may have been made for the same purpose, and that they should be regarded not as coins, but, like the *Rāma-*
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C.CAI. p. 79, Pl. VII; CARLLEYLE, JBA. 1880, p. 21; RIVETT-CARNAC, id. p. 87; RĀJENDRA LĀLA MITRA, Proc. BA. 1880, p. 8.
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*ṭaṅkas* of a later date, as temple-offerings. In either case they probably belong to that part of the Kuṣana period which lies between the reign of Kaniṣka and the end.
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For the coins found in the Purī Dist., v. HOERNLÉ, Proc. ASB. 1895, p. 61, Pl. II; for those found in the Ganjam Dist., v. ELLIOT, Numismatic Gleanings p. 33 = JMLS. XX (New Series IV), p. 75.
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§ 55. Sibi = the Sobii of Quintus Curtius (X, 4), the inhabitants of the country around Chitor. For coins on which this name has been read — in this case, however, the reading cannot be regarded as certain — v. C.ASR. VI, p. 204; XIV, p. 146, Pl. XXXI, 13, 14.
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§ 56. Taxila, the modern Shāhdheri or Dheri Shāhān, in the Rāwal Pindi District (C. Geog. p. 104). For the coins of the earliest period, v. supra §§ 4—6. The art of striking from a die would seem to have been known here at an earlier period than elsewhere in India. The earliest specimens are struck only on one side, and by a method peculiarly Indian, according to which the metal was stamped while in a semi-molten state, with the result that the impress of the die was left enclosed in a deep incuse square. The coins of Pañcāla (§ 53) and Tripurī (§ 57) offer other examples of this method (Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553). From the early square struck coins of Taxila (**Plate I, 11**) are imitated the copper coins of the Greek princes Pantaleon and Agathocles, c. 190, B.C. (**Plate I, 12**, Pantaleon). These, like all other Greek coins of the period, have types on both sides; and the 'double-die' coins of Taxila, the art of which, moreover, has an undoubtedly Greek appearance, are probably due to their influence (**Plate I, 13**). The double-die coins are succeeded by those of Maues, who probably conquered Taxila in the latter part of the 2^nd cent. B.C. C. regards Liaka Kusuluka as a Śaka satrap of Maues at Taxila, interpreting the words of the Taxila copper-plate *Chaharā[ta] Cukhṣa* as one name = Taxila (Geog. p. 109).
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C.CAI. p. 60, Pl. II, III; C.ASR. XIV, p. 16, Pl. X; Ar. Ant. Pl. XV, 26—31.
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§ 57. Tripurī or Tripura, the ancient name of Tewar in the Jabalpur District (C.ASR. IX, p. 54). For the coins which bear this name in Brāhmī characters of, probably, the 3^rd cent. B.C., v. Bh.JRAS. 1894, p. 553, Pl. 15.
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§ 58. Ujjain. — The earliest coins bear the inscr. *Ujeniya* in Brāhmī characters of probably the 2^nd cent. B.C. (**Plate IV, 5**). All the other coins known at present are uninscribed, and are distinguished by a symbol which appears to be characteristic of, though not altogether confined to, this district (**Plate IV, 6**). They do not afford sufficient data to allow of any satisfactory chronological arrangement.
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C.CAI. p. 94, Pl. X; C.ASR. XIV, p. 148, Pl. XXXI, 16; JBA. 1838, p. 1054, Pl. LXI, 2, 22.
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§ 59. Vaṭasvaka (**Plate III, 6**). — The coins bearing this legend in Brāhmī characters similar to those on the square copper coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles (c. 190 B.C.) are also connected by identity of type with some of the 'single-die' coins found in the neighbourhood of Taxila (cp. C.CAI. Pl. II, no. 17 with no. 14). As coins of Pantaleon and Agathocles are imitated from these earlier single-die coins, the date of the Vaṭasvaka coins is probably at least as early as B.C. 200. BÜHLER has explained this name as denoting the Vaṭa (or Fig-tree) subdivision of the Aśvaka tribe (Ind. Stud. III, p. 46).
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§ 60. Yaudheya. — The Yaudheyas have been identified with the modern Johiyas of Bhāwalpur (C. Geog. p. 245), but in ancient times their territory
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For the Aśvakas = Ἀσσακηνοί: Arrian, Anab. IV, 25, and Indica I, 1. Cp. also L.IA. II, p. 129; C.NChr. 1893, p. 100.
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was more extended. The coins may be chronologically arranged as follows: (1) the smaller copper coins, which, though of rougher workmanship, may in other respects be compared with the earlier coins of the Audumbaras (§ 43) and Kuṇindas (§ 50) c. 100, B.C. (**Plate III, 13**); (2) the large copper coins, which show both in their fabric and in their types the influence of the Kuṣanas (**Plate III, 14**); the coins which have as their type a six-headed divinity, perhaps Kārttikeya, are somewhat later (**Plate III, 15**).
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C.CAI. p. 75, Pl. VI; C.ASR. XIV, p. 139, Pl. XXXI, 7—12; PRINSEP, JBA. 1834, Pl. XXV, 4. 5; PE. Pl. IV, 11. 12; Pl. VII, 4; Pl. XIX, 5. 6. 9. 10. 22; Pl. XXI, 16. 17. The Yaudheyas tributary to Samudragupta: FLEET, CII. III, pp. 14. 251.