Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D. c15: Errata and Additions

Elements of South-Indian Palæography, from the Fourth to the Seventeenth Century A.D. c15

Language: English

Errata and Additions

c15.1

1 *note* 1. Profr. Whitney has lately (PP. Am. Or. Soc. 1877, pp. i. and ii.) expressed doubts as regards the Egyptian origin of the Phœnician character.

c15.3

4 *line* 1, *etc.* „ Vaṭṭeḷuttu „ Vaṭṭeḻuttu.

c15.4

6 — 20 *from bottom.* Spiegel ("Eranische Alterthumskunde, iii., p. 759) still insists that √() dip=√() lip.

c15.5

9 — 14. Profr. Euting appears to accept the Egyptian origin of the Phœnician alphabet. See Curtiss' transl. of Bickell's 'Hebrew Grammar' (plate at end).

c15.6

12 — 5 *from bottom. For:* Kāñčī *read:* Kāñćī.

c15.7

21 — 3. When this was originally written and now reprinted, I was not aware that Sir W. Elliot had already noticed this dynasty in a paper in *Madras J.* (N. S.) IV.

c15.8

22 — 4 *from bottom. For:* dhama *read:* dhāma

23 *note* 1. This view (that 'Triliṅga' must be a recent fabrication) is fully confirmed by the result of Mr. Kittel's researches in respect of liṅga-worship, by which it is established that this religion was foreign to the South of India, and was introd uced in comparatively recent times. Another proof of this can be added the great liṅga-temples of S. India are all built outside the towns, and, therefore, must belong to a time subsequent to the foundation of the towns which are certainly, in many cases, very ancient. The great Tanjore temple is mentioned in an inscription of the 11th century (a few miles to the North of Tanjore) as then being 'outside the town'.

c15.10

23 *line* 6 *from bottom. For:* √() teḷ, √() tel *read:* √() těḷ, √( ) těl

c15.11

27 — 16. *For:* M. Rhys Davids „ Mr. Rhys Davids

c15.12

27 — 7 *from bottom. For:* unkown „ unknown

c15.13

28 — 10 „ „ Dwāra- „ Dvāra-

c15.14

37 — 18 „ „ Gaṅyaikkūṇḍāṅšōlapuram *read:* Gaṅyai-kōṇḍān-šōḻapuram

c15.15

39 The Coḻa capitals appear to have been as follows:

c15.16

2nd. century A. D. Uṟaiyūr (Trichinopoly)
7th. „ „ Malaikūṟṟam (Combaconum?)
10th. „ „ Tanjore (?)
11th. „ „ Pandnūr (*sic* Albīrūnī) ? Tanjore. Without points, the two words would, in Arabic letters, be nearly alike.

c15.17

40 *note* 2, *line* 2. *For:* eta- *read:* etat-

c15.18

40 — 3. According to Mr. Rhys Davids ("Num. Or.", pt. vi., p. 20) Ceylon was conquered in 1050.

c15.19

42 *lines* 14 & 16. *For:* Ĕḻuttacchan *read:* Ĕḻuttaccan

c15.20

43 *line* 13 *from bottom.* „ Puḷakkale „ Puḷakkalě

c15.21

43 — 11 „ „ Ĕḻuttacchan....sanyāsī „ Ĕḻuttaccan....sannyāsī

c15.22

44 — 21 „ „ Purchas' "His Pilgrimes" „ "Purchas His Pilgrimes"

c15.23

44 — 6 „ *Add:* The Supplement (1878) to Brunet's "Manuel du Libraire" mentions a book printed at Goa in 1561 by J. de Emdem and J. de Quinquencio (s. v. Compendio).

c15.24

45 — 19 „ *For:* Gaṅyai-kkōṇḍa *read:* Gaṅyai-kōṇḍān

c15.25

47 The Vaṭṭeḻuttu is now called നാനംമോനം (nānammōnam) in Travancore, but what this name means I am unable to say.

c15.26

51 *note* 3. The best representations of the Pahlavī characters are to be found in Euting's "Drei Tafeln des Pahlevi- u. Zend-Alphabets" 1878.

c15.27

52 *line* 9. F. W. Ellis explains 'kōl' by 'durbar'.

c15.28

53 — 11. *For:* unquestionable *read:* unquestionably

c15.29

53 *last line.* „ Raffle's "Java". „ Raffles' "Java".

c15.30

54 *line* 2. „ the alphabet „ a specimen.

c15.31

54 *line* 32. Add: Fleet in *Bombay Journal*, vol. xii.

c15.32

59 v. Kremer ("Culturgeschichte des Orients unter den Chalifen", ii. p. 440) adopts the 9th century as the date of the importation of the Indian numeral figures by the Arabs.

c15.33

61 — 6. See pl. xxvii. The old system was, then, in use up to the 7th century A. D. in Central India. This fact would put the common use of the cypher still later even than I suggest. It is obvious that the figures in pl. xxvii. are the prototypes of the modern Tamiḷ signs. I have also met with (Tamiḷ-Grantha) ௫=5; ௬=6; ௭=7, but of uncertain date. ? 10th century.

c15.34

61 — 4 *from bottom. For:* aṅka *read:* (aṅka)

c15.35

62 *note* 3. A large shell is, however, sometimes used to mark the cypher.

c15.36

63 — 1. See Chasles "Aperçu historique" (2nd ed.) pp. 456 ff. also his "Histoire de l' Arithmétique" pt. i. p. 9; pt. ii. pp. 1, 2, 15-17 etc. It is impossible now to doubt that the Abacus was in common use long before the introduction of the Arab arithmetic and that value by position formed part of the system. It is remarkable that in the Abacus system the numbers were read from right to left, which is the contrary of the Indian practice, but points to a Semitic origin.

c15.37

68 *line* 19. *For:* Koḍun *read* Kōḍun

c15.38

80 *last line.* ,, Pêlerins ,, Pèlerins

c15.39

86 *line* 3. Older MSS. (of 1008 and 1084 A. D.) have lately been brought from Nepal; they are written on Talipat leaves with ink. See "Palæographical Society's Facsimiles of Ancient MSS. Oriental Series", pt. ii., plates 16 and 17.

c15.40

87 *line* 20. *Add:* Albīrūnī (Reinaud, "Fragments", p. 149) mentions that a chronicle written on silk cloth was preserved at Nagarkot (Panjab).

c15.41

88 — 14. *For:* there are many *read:* there are not many

c15.42

92 — 21. Mr. Fleet has found an instance (W. Cālukya) of the 6th century A. D.

c15.43

96 — 10. *For:* sandhivigrahādikāriṇa *read:* sandhivigrahādhikāriṇā

c15.44

99 — 18. ,, samxepena ,, samxepēṇa

c15.45

105 — 9 *from bottom. For:* Vyavahāramāyūkha ,, Vyavahāramayūkha

c15.46

107 — 19. Other Kadamba seals present merely the name of the king (*Indian Antiquary*, vi. and vii.) Mr. Fleet has found an old W. Cālukya seal with a boar. (*Indian Antiquary*, vii., p. 161.)

c15.47

109 — This gross exaggeration even attracted the notice of the Portuguese. Jarric (after many remarks on the arrogance displayed) gives the following as the usual preface to letters of the Vijayanagara kings ("Thesaurus", i., pp. 653-4):

c15.48

"Sponsus Sebuasti (id est bonæ sortis) magnarum provinciarum Deus, regum potentissimorum rex, omnium equitatuum Dominus, magister et doctor loqui nescientium, trium Impp. Imperator, omnium quæ videt conquisitor, conquisitorum conseruator; quem octo mundi partes metuunt et formidant, exercituum Mahometicorum destructor, omnium provinciarum quas subegit dominus, spoliorum et opum Ceilanensium direptor, Eques, cui nemo par, et fortissimorum quorumque debellator, qui potentissimo bellatori Viraulalano cervices præscidit, dominus Orientis, Austri, Septentrionis, Occidentis et maris, elephantum venator, militari scientia innutritus, exercitus nobilis"—and he goes on to state that these titles were assumed by the wretched Veṅkaṭapati! Still earlier, Pratāparudra of Oruṅgal indulged in much the same boasting.

c15.49

113 — 1-2. *For:* nearly all *read:* most

c15.50

117 — 18. ,, (śuḍukkāḍu) ,, (śuḍuγāḍu)

c15.51

120 — 16. On recently visiting the so-called tombs of the Rājas near Tanjore, I found a small monument erected quite recently with a Mahrāṭha inscription on it, but so badly written as not to be legible. Memorials erected on the places where cremation has taken place, are either: temples, with a liṅga, if in memorial of a male, and a female idol, if of a woman; or are small masonry platforms with an ornamental short pillar, and a kind of pot on the top for a tulasī (*Ocymum Sanctum*) plant. Liṅgavants are buried, and a liṅga, usually in cement, is erected over the place.

c15.52

125 — 8 *from bottom. For:* vowels beginning *read:* vowels; beginning

c15.53

125 — 2 ,, The Safa alphabet seems to be the link between the Phœnician and Himyaritic characters (*Journal As.* series vii., vol. x.) and other alphabets will, no doubt, be found.

c15.54

126 — 14. *For:* Pōḍiyai *read:* Pŏḍiyai 132 *note* 1. That the Klings were Tamiḷs about 1600 appears from Houtman's Voyage (see Dutch ed. of 1648, p. 36). 136 *line* 18. *For:* ºāgram viº *read:* ºāgraviº 136 — 19. ” gotrānām ” gotrāṇām 136 — 25. ” Vanasāsyādiparahṛiº ” Vanavāsyādiparanṛiº 137 — 19. ” vasuvṛishti- ” vasuvṛishṭi- 137 — 32. ” pl. iii. ” pl. 2 *b.* 139 — 4. ” ta(m) ” ta(*m*) 140 — 18. kōyōn amai kŏṇḍān. I have given this reading which was justified by F. W. Ellis (for reasons, see *Madras Journal*, xiii. pt. 2, p. 2); but ‘kō kōnmai kŏṇḍān’ seems far preferable; ‘kōnmai’ being from ‘kōl’ and = sovereignty. 142 — 6. The term maṅgalam in S. India signified a Brahman village or agrahāra inhabited by mere householders; puram etc. = town where only priests live. [See Mānasāra (çilpaçāstra) etc.] But there is no such distinction now.

c15.55

*List of Plates* iii. *For:* 609 *read:* *c.* 578. In a few instances the long mark over ī etc. has got broken in the impression.

c15.56

It having become necessary to reprint pp. 17-21 and pl. iii. in order to give the latest discoveries, I have taken advantage of the delay to give above some additional information. (September 1878.)

c15.57

*A. B.*

c15.58

The submitted image is entirely blank (white page). There is no text or printed content to transcribe.

c15.60

VENGİ,

c15.62

*Compounds etc.* kta, xi, rgge, ṅka, ṅgī, čči, mbrā, rjye, rddha, rmma, rvva, lli, çca, shṭa, shṭ -th **cent- A.D.**

c15.64

jñā; ñcă; ttā; tti; ṇḍ; tku; tta; tra; ddhyā; dbha; ndi; ppa; shṇa; sti; sva; ssū; hma; xkā; xpa; x laṁ; raih;

c15.65

This image is entirely blank, containing no visible text, page numbers, or printed content to transcribe.

c15.66

ČĒRA-

c15.67

*(Mercara Pl*

c15.70

htpu; [Telugu/Grantha char] dga; [Telugu/Grantha char] dja; [Telugu/Grantha char] dndha; [Telugu/Grantha char] dma; [Telugu/Grantha char] nnā; [Telugu/Grantha char] pra; [Telugu/Grantha char] baha; [Telugu/Grantha char] mbha; [Telugu/Grantha char] rmma; [Telugu/Grantha char] lla; [Telugu/Grantha char] hna; [Telugu/Grantha char] pra; [Telugu/Grantha char] llu; 0ram̃; 0*rah; [Telugu/Grantha char] la.

c15.72

*Compound letters etc;* [Figure:] Ktā; [Figure:] Kya; [Figure:] ṅga; [Figure:] rcci; [Figure:] ccha; [Figure:]

c15.73

[Figure:] sti; [Figure:] spa; [Figure:] sva [Figure:] hma; [Figure:] xi; [Figure:] tām; [Figure:] rah; [Figure:] = t with vi

c15.74

c15.75

[Figure:] *rjji*; [Figure:] *ñca*; [Figure:] *ṇḍa*; [Figure:] *trā*; [Figure:] *tsa*; [Figure:] *rtti*; [Figure:] *rddī*; [Figure:] *dna*; [Figure:] = *ppra*; [Figure:] *lla*; [Figure:] *shṭō*; [Figure:] *shṭhā*;

c15.76

*a*; [Figure:] *m with virāma.*

c15.78

*Compounds etc;* [Figure: kra; kri; ṅka; jña; ccha; ṇḍa;]

c15.79

rsha; lla; çča; shṭhā; sya; ru;

c15.80

KYA, D. 690 A.D.

c15.82

*tta;* [Figure:] *tpa;* [Figure:] *tra;* [Figure:] *trā;* [Figure:] *ndha;* [Figure:] *nma;* [Figure:] *pra;* [Figure:] *rgga;* [Figure:] *rddha;*

c15.83

*m;* [Figure:] *duḥ*—

c15.85

EAST (KALINGA) ČĀLUKY

c15.86

| | | *k* | *kh* | *g* | *gh* | *ṅ* | *č* | *čh* | *j* | *jh* | *ñ* | *ṭ* | *ṭh* | *ḍ* | *ḍh* | *ṇ* | *t* |
| *a* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | [Figure:] | | [Figure:] | | | [Figure:] | | | | [Figure:] | [Figure:] |
| *ā* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | [Figure:] |
| *i* | | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | [Figure:] | | | | | [Figure:] |
| *ī* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *u* | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ū* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ṛi* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Figure:] |
| *ē* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | [Figure:] |
| *ai* | | | | | | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ō* | | | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *au* | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

c15.87

*The Compound letters in this document do not present any peculiarities. Final*

c15.88

*for it.*

c15.92

*Compounds etc.* [Figure:] *kta,* [Figure:] *kya,* [Figure:] *kra,* [Figure:] *jña,* [Figure:] *ṭtā,* [Figure:] *ṇḍa,* [Figure:]

c15.93

[Figure:] *sya,* [Figure:] *sva,* [Figure:] *tam,* [Figure:] *taḥ. Final t with virāma*

c15.94

ČĀLUKYA, A.D. 945.

c15.95

| d | dh | n | p | ph | b | bh | m | y | r | l | v | ç | sh | s | h | x | r̄ |
| ద | ధ | న | ప | ఫ | బ | భ | మ | య | ర | ల | వ | శ | ష | స | హ | ఴ | |
| దా | ధా | నా | పా | | | | మా | | రా | | | శా | షా | సా | హా | | |
| ది | | | | | బి | భి | మి | | రి | లి | వి | శి | | సి | | ఴి | |
| | | దీ | | | | భీ | | | రీ | | | శీ | | సీ | | | |
| | | ను | పు | | | భు | | యు | రు | లు | | | | | హు | | ళు |
| | | | పూ | | | భూ | | | రూ | లూ | | | | | | | |
| | | నృ | | | | భృ | మృ | | | | | | | | | | |
| | ధె | నె | పె | | | | | | రెం | | వెం | | | సెం | హెం | | |
| | | | | | | | మై | | | | | | | | | | |
| దొ | | నొ | | | | | | యొ | రొ | లొ | రొ | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

c15.97

EASTERN ČĀLUKYA (TR

c15.98

*From an Inscription on Copper Plates. A few*

c15.100

*N.B. In inscriptions of the sam*

c15.101

*Compounds etc* [Figure:] *kr,* [Figure:] *cchā,* [Figure:] *jñ,* [Figure:] *nḍ,* [Figure:] *tk,* [Figure:] *tpa,* [Figure:]

c15.102

[Figure:] *sy,* [Figure:] *sv,* [Figure:] *nām,* [Figure:] *gah,* *Final t with* iod we find [Figure:] etc, besides the forms given above.

c15.104

ddh, [Figure:] dr, [Figure:] pt, [Figure:] bj, [Figure:] mnā, [Figure:] mmā, [Figure:] rsh, [Figure:] ll, [Figure:] shnu,

c15.105

ma [Figure:] do: n [Figure:]

c15.107

EASTERN ČĀLUKYA

c15.109

*Variants*, *Compounds etc* [Figure:] ska; [Figure:] ko; [Figure:] ka; [Figure:] gga; [Figure:] čči; [Figure:] jñā; [Figure:] ṇḍa; [Figure:] [Figure:] čča; [Figure:] çva; [Figure:] shṇo; [Figure:] sh

c15.110

NSITIONAL) d 1134 A.D.

c15.112

*tta*; [Telugu glyph] *tsa*; [Telugu glyph] *nnā*; [Telugu glyph] *pra*; [Telugu glyph] *bja*; [Telugu glyph] *bdha*; [Telugu glyph] *yya*; [Telugu glyph] *rvvā*; [Telugu glyph] *lla*; [Telugu glyph] *vyā*; *ṣṭa*; [Telugu glyph] *yām*; [Telugu glyph] *taḥ*; [Telugu glyph] *t (with virāma).*

c15.114

*lla;* [Figure:] *ḷcči,* [Figure:] *shṭhā,* [Figure:] *hni.*

c15.115

OLD TELUGU, d. 1356 A.D.

c15.116

*(From an inscription on Copper plates)*

c15.118

*Compounds etc* [Figure:] jña; [Figure:] ttā; [Figure:] tthi; [Figure:] tsa; [Figure:] dbhi; [Figure:] dya; [Figure:] nma; [Figure:] nya; [Figure:] nyā; [Figure:] nva; [Figure:] bdha; [Figure:] rbra; [Figure:] lla; [Figure:] çci; [Figure:]

c15.119

c15.120

ma, [Telugu character] *nya*; [Telugu character] *nyā*; [Telugu character] *nva*; [Telugu character] *bsha*; [Telugu character] *rbra*; [Telugu character] *lla*; [Telugu character] *ççī*; [Telugu character] *shṭhā*; [Telugu character] *hni*.

c15.122

HAḶA-KAN

c15.123

*(From a*

c15.124

| | | *k* | *kh* | *g* | *gh* | *ṅ* | *č* | *čh* | *j* | *jh* | *ñ* | *ṭ* | *ṭh* | *ḍ* | *ḍh* | *ṇ* | *t* | *th* |
| *a* | ಱ | ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಝ | ಞ | ಟ | ಠ | ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ |
| *ā* | ಱಾ | ಕಾ | ಖಾ | ಗಾ | ಘಾ | | ಚಾ | | ಜಾ | | | ಠಾ | ಠಾ | ಡಾ | | ಣಾ | ತಾ | ಥಾ |
| *i* | ಞ | ಕಿ | ಖಿ | ಗಿ | | ಙಿ | ಚಿ | | ಜಿ | | | ಟಿ | ಠಿ | ಡಿ | | ಣಿ | ತಿ | ಥಿ |
| *ī* | ಞೀ | ಕೀ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *u* | ಋ, ಱು | ಕು | | ಗು | | | | | | | | ಠು | | ಡು | | | ತು | |
| *ū* | ಱೂ | ಕೂ | | | | | | | | | | | | ಡೂ | | | | |
| *ṛi* | ಋ | ಕೃ | | ಗೃ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ṛī* | ಋೂ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *e* | ಱೆ | ಕೆ | ಖೆ | ಗೆ | | | ಚೆ | | | | | | | ಡೆ | | ಣೆ | ತೆ | |
| *ai* | ಱೈ | ಕೈ | | | | | | | ಜೈ | | | | | ಡೈ | | | | |
| *o* | ಱೊ | ಕೊ | | ಗೊ | ಘೊ | | | | | | | | | | | | ತೊ | |
| *au* | ಱೌ | ಕೌ | | ಗೌ | | | | | | | | | | | | | ತೌ | |

c15.125

*Compounds* ಕ್ತ *kta*; ಱ್ತ್ರ *ktra*; ಕ್ಯ *kya*; ಕ್ರ *kra*; ಚ್ಛ *ččha*; ಜ್ಞ *jña*; ಟ್ಟ *ṭṭa*; ತ್ಕ *tka*; ತ್ತ *t* ಸ್ಥ *or* ಷ್ಠ *stha*.

c15.126

A, 1428 A.D.

c15.127

leaf MS.)

c15.128

| n | p | ph | b | bh | m | y | r | l | v | ç | sh | s | h | ṟ | ḷ | x |
| ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಭ | ಮ | ಯ | ರ | ೮ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಱ | ಳ | ಕ್ಷ |
| ನಾ | ಪಾ | | ಬಾ | ಭಾ | ಮಾ | ಯಾ | ರಾ | ಲಾ | ವಾ | ಶಾ | ಷಾ | ಸಾ | ಹಾ | ಱಾ | ಳಾ | ಕ್ಷಾ |
| ನಿ | ಪಿ | | ಬಿ | ಭಿ | ಮಿ | ಯಿ | ರಿ | ಲಿ | ವಿ | ಶಿ | | ಸಿ | ಹಿ | ಱಿ | ಳಿ | ಕ್ಷಿ |
| | | | | | | | | ಲೀ | ವೀ | | | | | | | |
| ನು | ಪು | | ಬು | ಭು | ಮು | ಯು | | | | ಶು | | ಸು | ಹು | ಱು | ಳು | |
| | ಪೂ | | | ಭೂ | ಮೂ | | ರೂ | | | | | ಸೂ | | | ಳೂ | |
| ಪ್ರ | | | | ಭ್ರ | ಮ್ರ | | | | ವ್ರ | | | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ನೆ | | | ಬೆ | ಭೆ | ಮೆ | ಯೆ | ರೆ | ಲೆ | ವೆ | | | | ಹಿ | ಱೆ | ಳೆ | ಕ್ಷೆ |
| | | | | | | ಮೈ | | | ವೈ | | | | | | | |
| ನೊ | ಪೊ | | ಬೊ | ಭೊ | ಮೊ | ಯೊ | ರೊ | ಲೊ | ವೊ | ಶೊ | | ಸೊ | | | ಳೊ | ಕ್ಷೊ |
| | ಪೌ | | | | | ಯೌ | | | | | | ಸೌ | | | | |

c15.129

na; ತ್ಮ tma; ತ್ಸ tsa; ದ್ಭ dbhu; ಬ್ಜ bja; ರ್ಗ್ಗ rgga; ಲ್ಪ lpa; ಲ್ಲ lla; ಶ್ಚ çča; ಷ್ಟ shta; ಶ್ನ shna; ಶ್ಯಾ shyā;

c15.131

ČĒRA, d. 24

c15.133

*Compounds etc.* [Figure:] ṅga; [Figure:] ṭṭa; [Figure:] ṇḍa; [Figure:] tta; [Figure:] ttha; [Figure:] tpa

c15.134

c15.135

[Figure:] *dhye*, [Figure:] *nko*, [Figure:] *ndra*, [Figure:] *nvā*, [Figure:] *mbha*, [Figure:] *rka*, [Figure:] *rmma*, [Figure:] *sta*, [Figure:] *hna*, [Figure:] *traḥ*, čči; [Figure:] shṭha; [Figure:] sthi; [Figure:] ssa; [Figure:] hve; [Figure:] saṁ; [Figure:] naḥ;

c15.137

EASTERN ČĒRA OR PALLAVA ((TRANSITIONAL) c 700 A.D.

c15.138

*From an Inscription on stone at Seven Pagodas (reduced)*

c15.140

*Compounds etc,* [Figure:] kti; [Figure:] krā; [Figure:] ṅka; [Figure:] nno; [Figure:] tta; [Figure:] tya; [Figure:] tra; [Figure:] dda; [Figure:] nta; [Figure:] pra; [Figure:] mbu; [Figure:] mbha; [Figure:] mbhū; [Figure:] rdda; [Figure:] çci; [Figure:] shṭha

c15.141

ČĒRA OR PALLAVA (TRANSITIONAL) c 700 A.D.

c15.142

*from an Inscription on stone at Seven Pagodas (reduced)*

c15.144

, [?] *tra*, [?] *dda*, [?] *nta*, [?] *pra*, [?] *mbu*, [?] *mbha*, [?] *mbhū*, [?] *rdda*, [?] *çči*, [?] *shṭha*, [?] *sthi*, [?] *ssa*, [?] *hre*, [?] *saṁ*, [?] *naḥ*,

c15.145

ČŌLA-GR

c15.146

| | | *k* | *kh* | *g* | *gh* | *ṅ* | *č* | *čh* | *j* | *jh* | *ñ* | *ṭ* | *ṭh* | *ḍ* | *ḍh* | *ṇ* |
| *a* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | [Figure:] | | [Figure:] | | | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | | [Figure:] |
| *ā* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | | | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | |
| *i* | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ī* | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *u* | | [Figure:] | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ū* | | | | | | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | |
| *ṛi*¹ | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *e* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *ai* | [Figure:] | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *o* | | [Figure:] | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *au* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

c15.147

¹ *

c15.148

*Compounds etc.* [Figure:] *kka*, [Figure:] *xa*, [Figure:] *ččai*, [Figure:] *ṇḍa*, [Figure:] *nto*, [Figure:]

c15.149

The following occur in the S

c15.150

[Figure:] *svasti*, [Figure:] *8rāma*, [Figure:] & [Figure:] *prakṛiti*, [Figure:] *piriç*

c15.151

THA (11ᵗʰ cent.)

c15.153

, [Figure:] *lla*; [Figure:] *shka*, [Figure:] *shtra*, [Figure:] *sva*, [Figure:] *m, (final)* [Figure:] = *m̃*; [Figure:] *h*.

c15.154

- *grant B (9ᵗʰ cent.)*

c15.155

*i.e. praçãsa*, [Figure:] [Figure:] *tarisā*, [Figure:] [Figure:] *sapirīço*, [Figure:] *bhūmi* [Figure:] *ssu*.

c15.157

*k* | *kh* | *g* | *gh* | *ṅ* | *c* | *ch* | *j* | *jh* | *ñ* | *ṭ* | *ṭh* | *ḍ* | *ḍh* | *ṇ* | *t* | *th* --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- *a* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *ā* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *i* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *ī* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *u* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *ū* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *ṛi* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *e* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *aï* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *o* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | *au* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

c15.158

*Compound Le*

c15.159

*kka*; *grā*; *ñco*; *ṇḍī*; *nya*; *tta*;

c15.160

= *ḥ*; = *t* or *d* with virāma, as in modern Grantha.

c15.161

1383 A.D.

c15.163

&c.

c15.164

[Figure:] tya; [Figure:] nta; [Figure:] rjji [Figure:] çça; [Figure:] shtha; [Figure:] sta; [Figure:] sya; [Figure:] sva; [Figure:] *xi*, 8 *and* 0 = *m*;

c15.165

MODERN GR

c15.167

*Compounds & Variant Forms;* 4 *a;* 4‌̄ *ā;* [Tamil character] & [Tamil character] *ḷṛi;* [Tamil character] *kṛī;* [Tamil character] *kṛi;* [Tamil character] *kṛī;* [Tamil character] *t* (with Virāma); [Tamil character] *tta;* [Tamil character] *tya;* [Tamil character] *ntva;* [Tamil character] *nda;* [Tamil character] *nma;* [Tamil character] *pra;* [Tamil character] *j‌yya;* [Tamil character] [Tamil character] *hma;* [Tamil character] &c.

c15.168

NTHA— 19th cent.

c15.170

klrī k (with Virāma); kta; kla; gn; čča; ččh; jña; ṇḍa; ṇna rba; rbha; rya; rvva; rha; çča; çça; shṭa; shṭha; sya; ssa; ḥ; avagraha.

c15.171

TULU.

c15.172

| | | *k* | *kh* | *g* | *gh* | *ṅ* | *č* | *čh* | *j* | *jh* | *ñ* | *ṭ* | *ṭh* | *ḍ* | *ḍh* | *ṇ* |
| *a* | അ | ത | ഖ | ഗ | ഘ | ങ | ച | ഛ | ജ | ഝ | ഞ | ട | ഠ | ഡ | ഢ | ണ |
| *ā* | ആ | താ | ഖാ | ഗാ | ഘാ | | ചാ | ഛാ | ജാ | ഝാ | | ടാ | ഠാ | ഡാ | ഢാ | ണാ |
| *i* | ഇ | തി | ഖി | ഗി | ഘി | | ചി | ഛി | ജി | ഝി | | ടി | ഠി | ഡി | ഢി | ണി |
| *ī* | ഈ | തീ | ഖീ | ഗീ | ഘീ | | ചീ | ഛീ | ജീ | ഝീ | | ടീ | ഠീ | ഡീ | ഢീ | ണീ |
| *u* | ഉ | തു | ഖു | ഗു | ഘു | | ചു | ഛു | ജു | ഝു | | ടു | ഠു | ഡു | ഢു | ണു |
| *ū* | ഊ | തൂ | ഖൂ | ഗൂ | ഘൂ | | ചൂ | ഛൂ | ജൂ | ഝൂ | | ടൂ | ഠൂ | ഡൂ | ഢൂ | ണൂ |
| *ṛi* | ഋ | തൃ | ഖൃ | ഗൃ | ഘൃ | | ചൃ | ഛൃ | ജൃ | ഝൃ | | ടൃ | ഠൃ | ഡൃ | ഢൃ | ണൃ |
| *ṛī* | ൠ | തൄ | | ഗൄ | | | ചൄ | | ജൄ | | | | | | | |
| *ḷri* | ഌ | തൢ | ഖൢ | ഗൢ | ഘൢ | | ചൢ | ഛൢ | ജൢ | ഝൢ | | ടൢ | ഠൢ | ഡൢ | ഢൢ | ണൢ |
| *ḷrī* | ൡ | തൣ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *e* | എ | തെ | ഖെ | ഗെ | ഘെ | | ചെ | ഛെ | ജെ | ഝെ | | ടെ | ഠെ | ഡെ | ഢെ | ണെ |
| *ai* | ഐ | തൈ | ഖൈ | ഗൈ | ഘൈ | | ചൈ | ഛൈ | ജൈ | ഝൈ | | ടൈ | ഠൈ | ഡൈ | ഢൈ | ണൈ |
| *o* | ഒ | തൊ | ഖൊ | ഗൊ | ഘൊ | | ചൊ | ഛൊ | ജൊ | ഝൊ | | ടൊ | ഠൊ | ഡൊ | ഢൊ | ണൊ |
| *au* | ഔ | തൌ | ഖൌ | ഗൌ | ഘൌ | | ചൌ | ഛൌ | ജൌ | ഝൌ | | ടൌ | ഠൌ | ഡൌ | ഢൌ | ണൌ |

c15.173

ത്യ *kya*; ത്ര *kra*; ത്ല *kla*; ത്വ *kva*; ത്മ *kna*; ത്ന *kna*; ന്മ *kma*; ർക്ക *rka*

c15.174

| *d* | *dh* | *n* | *p* | *ph* | *b* | *bh* | *m* | *y* | *r* | *l* | *v* | *ç* | *sh* | *s* | *h* | *ḷ* | *x* |
| ദ്ദ | ധ | ന്ന | പ | ഫ | ബ | ഭ | മ | യ | ര | ല | വ | ശ | ഷ | സ | ഹ | ള | ക്ഷ |
| ദാ | ധാ | നാ | പാ | ഫാ | ബാ | ഭാ | മാ | യാ | രാ | ലാ | വാ | ശാ | ഷാ | സാ | ഹാ | ളാ | ക്ഷാ |
| ദി | ധി | നി | പി | ഫി | ബി | ഭി | മി | യി | രി | ലി | വി | ശി | ഷി | സി | ഹി | ളി | ക്ഷി |
| ദീ | ധീ | നീ | പീ | ഫീ | ബീ | ഭീ | മീ | യീ | രീ | ലീ | വീ | ശീ | ഷീ | സീ | ഹീ | ളീ | ക്ഷീ |
| ദു | ധു | നു | പു | ഫു | ബു | ഭു | മു | യു | രു | ലു | വു | ശു | ഷു | സു | ഹു | ളു | ക്ഷു |
| ദൂ | ധൂ | നൂ | പൂ | ഫൂ | ബൂ | ഭൂ | മൂ | യൂ | രൂ | ലൂ | വൂ | ശൂ | ഷൂ | സൂ | ഹൂ | ളൂ | ക്ഷൂ |
| ദൃ | ധൃ | നൃ | പൃ | ഫൃ | ബൃ | ഭൃ | മൃ | യൃ | രൃ | ലൃ | വൃ | ശൃ | ഷൃ | സൃ | ഹൃ | ളൃ | ക്ഷൃ |
| ദൄ | ധൄ | നൄ | പൄ | | ബൄ | ഭൄ | മൃ | യൄ | | ലൄ | വൃ | ശൄ | | സൄ | ഹൄ | ളൄ | ക്ഷൄ |
| ദൢ | ധൢ | നൢ | പൢ | ഫൢ | ബൢ | ഭൢ | മൢ | യൢ | രൢ | ലൢ | വൢ | ശൢ | ഷൢ | സൢ | ഹൢ | ളൢ | ക്ഷൢ |
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| ദെ | ധെ | നെ | പെ | ഫെ | ബെ | ഭെ | മെ | യെ | രെ | ലെ | വെ | ശെ | ഷെ | സെ | ഹെ | ളെ | ക്ഷെ |
| ദൈ | ധൈ | നൈ | പൈ | ഫൈ | ബൈ | ഭൈ | മൈ | യൈ | രൈ | ലൈ | വൈ | ശൈ | ഷൈ | സൈ | ഹൈ | ളൈ | ക്ഷൈ |
| ദൊ | ധൊ | നൊ | പൊ | ഫൊ | ബൊ | ഭൊ | മൊ | യൊ | രൊ | ലൊ | വൊ | ശൊ | ഷൊ | സൊ | ഹൊ | ളൊ | ക്ഷൊ |
| ദൌ | ധൌ | നൌ | പൌ | ഫൌ | ബൌ | ഭൌ | മൌ | യൌ | രൌ | ലൌ | വൌ | ശൌ | ഷൌ | സൗ | ഹൌ | ളൌ | ക്ഷൌ |

c15.175

ക്ക *kka*; ൿ *k*; ങ്ക *ṅka*; പ്പ *ppa*, ം *ṁ*, ഃ *ḥ*; ക്ക = ങ്ക; ത്ത = ന്ത; ട്ട = ഷ്ട; തെ = ക്ക്; ചാ = ലാ; 4 = ൹; ൩ = ൹; ക്ഷ = ക്ഷ.

c15.177

VAṬṬ

c15.179

The above letters are taken f except those marked * which are from t

c15.180

In B also — Ṫ = ī; 𑌖 = u; 𑌚 = ŏ; 𑌕 = k; 𑌙 =

c15.182

the grant (C) to the Jews,
econd grant (B) to the Persians (9ᵗʰ cent?)
[symbol] & [symbol]=mŏ; [symbol]=y; [symbol]=ḷu; [symbol] & [symbol]=ṉ; In C—[symbol] also=ḷu.

c15.183

TAMIḶ ABOUT 1080 A.D.

c15.184

*From an Inscription round the base of the shrine of the great Temple at Tanjore.*

c15.186

Inscriptions of about the same date, the form [Figure:] also occurs.

c15.187

EARLY TAMIL — 1456 A. D.

c15.188

| | *k* | *ṅ* | *č* | *ñ* | *ṭ* | *ṇ* | *t* | *n* | *p* | *m* | *y* | *r* | *l* | *v* | *ḻ* | *ḷ* | *ṟ* | *ṉ* |
| *a* அ | க | ங | ச | ஞ | ட | ண | த | ந | ப | ம | ய | ர | ல | வ | ழ | ள | ற | ன |
| *ā* ஆ | கா | | | | | | | | | மா | | ரா | | | | | | |
| *i* இ | | | | | டி | ணி | தி | | | | | ரி | | | | ளி | | |
| *ī* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| *u* உ | | | சு | | | | | | பு | | யு | ரு | | | | ளு | று | |
| *ū* | கூ | | | | | | | | | | | | லூ | வூ | | | | |
| *ĕ* எ | | | | | | | | | | மெ | | | | | | | | |
| *ai* | | | | | டை | | | | | | | | லை | | | | | னை |
| *ŏ* | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |

c15.189

*In an inscription of ç. 1454* ர = *k occurs; and* ளை = *ḷai;* கா = *kā;* கொ = *kau.*

c15.192

*Compounds etc.* kk. kr. khy. tt. t

c15.193

HARIHARA, D. 1400 A.D.

c15.194

| th | d | dh | n | p | ph | b | bh | m | y | ṙ | l | v | ç | sh | s | h | x |
| | द | ध | न | म | | | त | म | य | न | ल | व | श | ष | स | ह | रु |
| | दा | धा | ता | | | | | मा | | ना | | वा | | | | | |
| | | धि | ति | | वि | | | मि | | | लि | वि | | | | शि | हि |
| | | धी | | | | | | | | | | | वी | री | | सी | ही |
| | दु | | तु | पु | | | तु | | | र्‍ु | | | | | | सु | |
| | | | | | | | त्रु | मु | | | | | | | | | |
| | | | तृ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
| | | थे | ते | | | | | मे | ये | रे | | वे | | | | | हे |
| | | | तै | पै | | | | मै | | | | वै | | | | | |
| | | | | | | | तो | | | | लो | | | षो | सो | | |
| | | धौ | | पौ | | | | | | रौ | | | | | | | |

c15.195

| | *pr.* | र्म | *rm.* | ष्य | *shy.* | स्म | *sm.* | स्य | *sy.* | २० | *daṃ.* | मः | *maḥ.* |

c15.197

*Compounds etc.* [Figure:] *k.k.* [Figure:] *nm.* [Figure:] *tsi (= cchi!)* [Figure:] *tt.* [Figure:] In the modern hand, *ch* is [Figure:]; *dh* is [Figure:]

c15.198

DINĀGARĪ, 1601 A.D.

c15.199

c15.200

[Figure:] *ddh.* [Figure:] *ny.* [Figure:] *rv.* [Figure:] *sm.* [Figure:] *sy.* [Figure:] *shph.* [Figure:] *sht.* [Figure:] *tam.* [Figure:] *taḥ.*

c15.201

The submitted image appears completely blank (white). There is no text to transcribe.

c15.202

*a.* *Seven Pagodas, (see lines 8–10 of the Inscription on p. 38).*

c15.204

*b.* *From Ganjam, (Imprecation — “yasya yasya etc.”) c. 1000 A.D.*

c15.206

*c.* *Java. Buddhist formula, (“yē dharmāh” etc.) from base of Statuette N.o 538 in the Museum at Batavia.? c. 1100 A.D.*

c15.209

NUMERICAL FIGURES

c15.211

*a.*

c15.212

*b.*

c15.213

*c.*

c15.214

*d.*

c15.215

c15.216

The image is rotated counterclockwise by 90 degrees (or sideways). Let's orient it correctly first to read it: Rotating 90 degrees clockwise puts the top of the table on top. Looking at the orientation: Text "vanese." / "10th cent" / "14th cent" "Gobar." "Cave char. { E." / "W." "Tamil." "FRACTIONS" "Tamil." "Malayāḷam." "Telugu." "Canarese." "Cave [symbols] = 200 ; [symbol] = 300 ; [symbol] = 400 ; T, [symbol] = 1000. Tamil [symbol]" "and [symbol] = 1000."

c15.217

Let's transcribe according to standard reading order (oriented upright):

c15.218

Wait, the prompt says: "Transcribe this scanned page of a scholarly book exactly as printed, in reading order." When rotated 90 degrees clockwise: Top left is: [First table or row continuation from left] Wait, looking closely at the image: The image is shown with text vertical (rotated 90 degrees counter-clockwise). Let's rotate 90 degrees clockwise to read normally.

c15.219

Row labels on the left (when rotated clockwise): [... vanese.] { 10th cent 14th cent Gobar. Cave char. { E. W. Tamil.

c15.220

FRACTIONS Tamil. Malayāḷam. Telugu. Canarese.

c15.221

Below that: Cave [symbol], [symbol], [symbol] = 200 ; [symbol] = 300 ; [symbol] = 400 ; T, [symbol] = 1000. Tamil [symbol] and [symbol] = 1000.

c15.222

Wait, let's look at the columns for the first table: Numbers header: Wait, the columns on the top right (in current view, which is the top row when rotated): Columns: Wait, let's trace the columns of Gobar / vanese: Under vanese (10th cent, 14th cent), Gobar: Values: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 (or similar?): Wait, look at Gobar row: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | f. Wait, under 1: 1 under 2: 2 under 3: 3 under 4: 4 (looks like x or flipped 4) under 5: 5 (like 5 with curve) under 6: 6 under 7: 7 under 8: 8 under 9: 9 under 0: 0 after 0: f.

c15.223

Wait, to the left of 1: There's column 1, 2, 3... wait, let's look at the first table carefully. In current view (left to right): Top left corner: "...vanese. { 10th cent" "14th cent" "Gobar." Then columns: Column 1: 1 (curved), ๓, 1 Column 2: 3, ၅, 2 Column 3: 3, 3, 3 Column 4: 3, , 4 (looks like crossed 4) Column 5: 5, 5, 4 Column 6: S, G, 6 Column 7: , , 7 Column 8: ∇, , 8 Column 9: [symbol], , 9 Column 10: 0, , 0 Column 11: , , f.

c15.224

Wait! The first table: Is it:

c15.225

| | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | |

c15.226

Let's see the row headers on the left (when upright): [Ja]vanese. { 10th cent { 14th cent Gobar.

c15.227

Wait, the columns are: Wait, look at the table next to it:

c15.228

| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 |

c15.229

Row 1: Cave char. E. Row 2: Cave char. W. Row 3: Tamil.

c15.230

Wait, are these two tables side by side, or part of one big table, or two separate tables? Let's see: Table 1: Numbers 1 to 10/0? Wait, the header row for the first table seems to be cut off or at the top: Ah, look at the top edge of the table (to the left in original image, but top when rotated): Wait, the edge shows: vanese. (cut off on the left: Javanese?) Wait, the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0 are in Gobar! Wait, in Gobar row: 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 0 | f.