Indian Palaeography c19: Appendix: Glossary of Terms
Indian Palaeography c19
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Appendix: Glossary of Terms
c19.2
In this glossary only those terms have been included which are used in the text several times, but are described only once when they first occur. These terms, along with their forms, are collected here for easy reference and clear understanding of the text. They have been arranged in the order of the Sanskrit alphabet.
c19.3
a*, *ā
c19.4
[Figure:] Angular *a* of the Aśokan period, in which the two left strokes meet the right vertical at the same point.
c19.5
[Figure:] Curved *a* of the Aśokan period, in which the two left curves meet the right vertical at the same point.
c19.6
[Figure:] Curved *a* with the two left curves bifurcated.
c19.7
[Figure:] Curved *a* of the Kushāṇa period, in which the upper left curve is broader than the lower.
c19.8
[Figure:] Angular *a* of the Kushāṇa period, in which the lower stroke on the left is occasionally missing.
c19.9
[Figure:] Angular form of the early Gupta *a*.
c19.10
[Figure:] Hooked type of *a*, in which the lower curve on the left is appended from the upper as a hook turned to the right.
c19.11
[Figure:] Ornamental *a* in which the lower hook has a graceful bend.
c19.12
[Figure:] Curved type of the later *a*, in which the lower hook is turned to the left.
c19.13
[Figure:] Curved *a* which projects the two arms of the lower curve or hook beyond the left vertical.
c19.14
[Figure:] Curved *a* of the eastern variety, which has its lower curve extended farther and the middle bar sloping to the right.
c19.15
[Figure:] The *kuṭila* form of the previous type, in which the right vertical is bent.
c19.16
[Figure:] The tailed variety of the previous type, in which the right vertical is extended farther down.
c19.17
[Figure:] The southern variety of *a* with its right vertical curved or bent.
c19.18
[Figure:] The later southern variety of *a* with the right vertical with extended curve.
c19.19
The later southern variety of *a* with the right vertical doubled at the lower end.
c19.20
The later southern variety of *a* with the right vertical with an angular double bend.
c19.21
*a* with a triangular knot at the left—a development from the angular variety of Kushāṇa times.
c19.22
Open-mouthed *a*, in which the knot in the previous type opens its mouth.
c19.23
Previous type of *a* with its right vertical double ruled.
c19.24
*kā* with horizontal type of the medial *ā*.
c19.25
*kā* with top slant of the medial *ā*.
c19.26
*kā* with the horizontal medial *ā* with a tick on the right.
c19.27
*kā* with the right vertical of the medial *ā*.
c19.28
i, ī
c19.29
Three-dot type of the initial *i*, in which the dots are arranged trianglewise.
c19.30
Initial *i* of the southern caves, in which a dot is placed on either side of a vertical.
c19.31
The previous type of *i*, in which the lower end of the vertical is bent.
c19.32
Gupta type of *i*, in which two dots are placed on the left of a vertical.
c19.33
Late initial *i* of the north, in which two dots are above and a tailed one below.
c19.34
Roof type of the southern *i*, in which two dots are below a curve.
c19.35
Roof type of *i* in which the roof is flat.
c19.36
The double roof type of *i*, in which the top curve is doubled.
c19.37
The roof type of *i* with a tail, in which a tail drops from the right curve to meet the right dot.
c19.38
*vi* with the tall curved flourish of the medial *i*, first seen in the Mathura Kshatrapa inscriptions.
c19.39
*vi* with the left curve of the rounded medial *i*.
c19.40
*vī* with the right curve of the rounded medial *ī*.
c19.41
*vi* with the circle type of the medial *i*.
c19.42
*vī* with the circle type of the medial *ī*, in which an additional line, a small circle, or a dot is given in the middle.
c19.43
[Figure:] *vi* with the curled up form of the medial *i*.
c19.44
[Figure:] *vī* with the curled up form of the medial *ī*.
c19.45
[Figure:] *vī* with initial prominence in the right curve of the medial *ī*.
c19.46
[Figure:] *vi* with the left curve of the medial *i* extended downwards.
c19.47
[Figure:] *vī* with the right curve of the medial *ī* extended downwards.
c19.48
[Figure:] *vī* with the broad curve of the medial *ī* of the south.
c19.49
u*, *ū
c19.50
[Figure:] Angular *u*, in which the horizontal and the vertical make an angle.
c19.51
[Figure:] Initial *u* with its angle rounded.
c19.52
[Figure:] Initial *u* with its horizontal or base bent (or curved) down.
c19.53
[Figure:] Initial *u* with its base turned up.
c19.54
[Figure:] Initial *u* with its downward curve extended farther.
c19.55
[Figure:] *ku* with the horizontal type of the medial *u*.
c19.56
[Figure:] *ku* with the crooked type of the medial *u*.
c19.57
[Figure:] *ku* with the extremely curved type of the medial *u*.
c19.58
[Figure:] *pu* with the vertical type of the medial *u*.
c19.59
[Figure:] *pu* with a curved tip in the vertical type of the medial *u*.
c19.60
[Figure:] *pu* with the doubling of the vertical type of the medial *u*.
c19.61
[Figure:] *pu* with the double ruled variety of the vertical type of the medial *u*.
c19.62
[Figure:] *bhu* with the broad curve of the medial *u*.
c19.63
[Figure:] *pū* with the left curve attachment to the vertical type of the medial *u*.
c19.64
[Figure:] *gū* with the curved attachment on the right of an up-turned medial *u*.
c19.65
[Figure:] *bhū* with the double curved form of the medial *ū* known from South-east Asia.
c19.66
*ṛi*
c19.67
[Figure:] *kṛi* with the curved medial *ṛi*.
c19.68
[Figure:] *kṛi* with the hooked type of the northern medial *ṛi*.
c19.69
[Figure:] *kṛi* with the round curved type of the southern medial *ṛi*.
c19.70
*e, ai*
c19.71
[Figure:] Initial *e* of the triangle type.
c19.72
[Figure:] Flat-topped variety of the initial *e*.
c19.73
[Figure:] Initial *e* with a top stem on the right.
c19.74
[Figure:] Initial *e* of the *kuṭila* type.
c19.75
[Figure:] Tailed variety of the previous *e*.
c19.76
[Figure:] Broad or foot type of the initial *e*.
c19.77
[Figure:] Foot type of the initial *e* with its mouth open.
c19.78
[Figure:] *pe* with the horizontal type of the medial *e*.
c19.79
[Figure:] *pe* with the top slant of the medial *e*.
c19.80
[Figure:] *pai* with the top slants of the medial *ai*.
c19.81
[Figure:] *pe* with the twisted slant (or stroke) of the medial *e*.
c19.82
[Figure:] *pe* with the medial *e* with a left curve ending in a curl, found in the south.
c19.83
[Figure:] *pai* with two left strokes both having curled ends, but the lower one going downwards.
c19.84
*o, au*
c19.85
[Figure:] Initial *o* with its vertical slanting.
c19.86
[Figure:] Initial *o* with its angles rounded.
c19.87
[Figure:] Initial *o* with its base curved down.
c19.88
[Figure:] Initial *o* with the base curve extended farther.
c19.89
[Figure:] *ko* with two horizontal strokes for the medial *o*.
c19.90
[Figure:] *go* with horizontal line for the medial *o*.
c19.91
[Figure:] *po* with two top slants for the medial *o*.
c19.92
[Figure:] *po* with twisted (or ornamental) slants for the medial *o*.
c19.93
[Figure:] *pau* with three top strokes for the medial *au*.
c19.94
[Figure:] *pau* with three ornamental strokes for the medial *au*.
c19.95
[Figure:] *lo* with the southern cursive type of the medial *o*.
c19.96
[Figure:] *pau* with the southern curved variety of the medial *au*.
c19.97
ka
c19.98
[Figure:] Cross type of *ka* with equal arms.
c19.99
[Figure:] *ka* with a lengthened vertical.
c19.100
[Figure:] *ka* with a tapering vertical, or the so-called 'dagger-shaped' variety.
c19.101
[Figure:] *ka* with a curved bar.
c19.102
[Figure:] *ka* with the lower end of the vertical curved.
c19.103
[Figure:] *ka* with the curve of the vertical extended.
c19.104
[Figure:] *ka* with the doubling of the lower end of the vertical, seen in the proto-Kannaḍi type.
c19.105
[Figure:] *ka* with a double ruled vertical, seen in the *grantha* writing.
c19.106
[Figure:] Looped variety of *ka*.
c19.107
[Figure:] Looped variety of *ka* with a tick on the right.
c19.108
[Figure:] Tailed sub-variety of the looped *ka*.
c19.109
[Figure:] *Kuṭila* sub-variety of the looped *ka*.
c19.110
kha
c19.111
| [Figure:] | Round-topped *kha* without a dot. |
| [Figure:] | Round-topped *kha* with a dot. |
| [Figure:] | Round-topped *kha* with a circle. |
| [Figure:] | Round-topped *kha* with a triangle. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* having a prominent triangular base. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* having a prominent upper hook. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* with a foot-mark at the left limb. |
| [Figure:] | Flat-topped *kha* with a foot-mark at the left limb. |
| [Figure:] | Flat-topped *kha* with the angles of the triangle rounded. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* with an outward triangle having its mouth open and joined by a bar to the right vertical. |
| [Figure:] | Tailed variety of the northern *kha*. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* with a quadrangular (or broad) looped base. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* with a horizontal line added to the left side of the lower end of the vertical. |
| [Figure:] | *kha* of the proto-Kannadi type, having a loop at the end of the lower horizontal. |
c19.112
ga
c19.113
| [Figure:] | Angular type of *ga*. |
| [Figure:] | Round-topped *ga* with equal arms. |
| [Figure:] | Horse-shoe type of *ga*. |
| [Figure:] | *ga* with its right limb extended. |
| [Figure:] | *ga* with a foot-mark at the left limb. |
| [Figure:] | Flat-topped *ga* with the right limb extended and a foot-mark at the left. |
| [Figure:] | *Kuṭila* variety of the northern *ga*. |
| [Figure:] | *ga* with the left vertical curved inwards. |
| [Figure:] | *ga* with the left vertical curved outwards. |
c19.114
gha
c19.115
[Figure:] Round bottomed *gha*.
c19.116
[Figure:] Flat-bottomed *gha*.
c19.117
[Figure:] *gha* with its right half sloping and its left curving.
c19.118
[Figure:] *Kuṭila* variety of the northern *gha*.
c19.119
[Figure:] Tailed variety of the northern *gha*.
c19.120
[Figure:] *gha* with its left vertical bent.
c19.121
ṅa
c19.122
[Figure:] *ṅga* with two armed *ṅa*.
c19.123
[Figure:] *ṅga* with *ṅa* with its upper arm merged in the head-mark.
c19.124
[Figure:] *ṅka* with *ṅa* with its vertical bent.
c19.125
cha
c19.126
[Figure:] *cha* with a semi-circular loop.
c19.127
[Figure:] *cha* with a triangular loop.
c19.128
[Figure:] *cha* with a quadrangular loop.
c19.129
[Figure:] Beaked type of *cha*.
c19.130
[Figure:] Rounded variety of the beaked type of *cha*.
c19.131
[Figure:] Broad type of *cha* found in the south.
c19.132
[Figure:] Foot type of *cha* with its mouth open.
c19.133
[Figure:] *Kuṭila* variety of the northern *cha*.
c19.134
[Figure:] Tailed variety of the northern *cha*.
c19.135
chha
c19.136
[Figure:] *chha* with an oval at the base.
c19.137
[Figure:] *chha* with a double loop at the base.
c19.138
[Figure:] *chha* with a notched head-mark.
c19.139
[Figure:] The double-looped *chha* with its stem on the left loop.
c19.140
[Figure:] The double-looped *chha* with its left loop bigger than the right one.
c19.141
[Figure:] *chha* with its left loop triangular and the stem dropped.
c19.142
ja
c19.143
[Figure:] *ja* with three arms.
c19.144
[Figure:] Double-curved *ja*.
c19.145
[Figure:] Three-armed *ja* with the lower arm bent down.
c19.146
[Figure:] Three-armed *ja* with the upper arm merged in the head-mark and the lower two arms bent down.
c19.147
[Figure:] Tailed variety of the northern *ja*.
c19.148
[Figure:] Notched variety of the southern *ja*.
c19.149
jha
c19.150
[Figure:] Angular variety of *jha*.
c19.151
ña
c19.152
[Figure:] *ña* with an angular right hook.
c19.153
[Figure:] *ña* with the lower end of the longer vertical curved.
c19.154
[Figure:] *jña* with the looped variety of *ña*.
c19.155
[Figure:] *ñcha* showing the full type of *ña*.
c19.156
[Figure:] *ñcha* showing the cursive type of *ña*.
c19.157
*ṭa*
c19.158
[Figure:] Semi-circular type of *ṭa*.
c19.159
[Figure:] Angular variety of *ṭa*.
c19.160
[Figure:] Flattened variety of *ṭa*.
c19.161
[Figure:] Flat-topped *ṭa*.
c19.162
[Figure:] Flat-topped *ṭa* with a tick on the right.
c19.163
[Figure:] Notched variety of *ṭa*.
c19.164
*ṭha*
c19.165
[Figure:] Circular type of *ṭha*.
c19.166
[Figure:] Circular *ṭha* with a triangular head-mark.
c19.167
[Figure:] Circular *ṭha* with an upper stem.
c19.168
*ḍa*
c19.169
[Figure:] Stepped variety of *ḍa*.
c19.170
[Figure:] *ḍa* with its lower side curved.
c19.171
[Figure:] Round-backed *ḍa*.
c19.172
[Figure:] *ḍa* with a lengthened leg.
c19.173
[Figure:] Rounded *ḍa* of the south.
c19.174
[Figure:] Notched variety of *ḍa*.
c19.175
*ḍa*
c19.176
[Figure:] *ḍa* of the Aśokan type.
c19.177
ḍha
c19.178
[Figure:] *ḍha* with an angular back.
c19.179
[Figure:] Round-backed *ḍha*.
c19.180
[Figure:] Notched variety of *ḍha*.
c19.181
ṇa
c19.182
[Figure:] *ṇa* with two straight horizontals.
c19.183
[Figure:] *ṇa* with insignificant horizontals, seen only in Ceylon.
c19.184
[Figure:] *ṇa* with its base bent.
c19.185
[Figure:] The italic )( -type of *ṇa*.
c19.186
[Figure:] The cursive form of the Kushāṇa *ṇa*, in which the upper horizontal breaks into two curves.
c19.187
[Figure:] Open-mouthed type of *ṇa*.
c19.188
[Figure:] Looped variety of the southern *ṇa*.
c19.189
[Figure:] Looped variety of the open-mouthed *ṇa* of the north.
c19.190
[Figure:] Open-mouthed *ṇa* with its outer curves extended.
c19.191
[Figure:] Open-mouthed *ṇa* with its base sloping and the right outer curve angular.
c19.192
[Figure:] Double-looped variety of the southern *ṇa*.
c19.193
[Figure:] *ṇḍa* with the cursive variety of the three-toothed *ṇa*.
c19.194
ta
c19.195
[Figure:] Angular *ta* with the two lower appendages making an angle.
c19.196
[Figure:] *ta* having a sloping vertical with a slanting stroke on the right.
c19.197
[Figure:] Curved *ta* with its two lower appendages meeting in an upper curve.
c19.198
[Figure:] Deccani variety of *ta*, which has always a curved hook on the right.
c19.199
[Figure:] A sub-variety of the Deccani *ta* showing a closed loop on the left.
c19.200
[Figure:] Looped variety of the Deccani *ta*.
c19.201
[Figure:] Chālukyan *ta*—a development from the Deccani *ta*.
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