Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c28.s6.t12: XII. Alagarmalai

Early Tamil Epigraphy: From the Earliest Times to the Sixth Century A.D. c28.s6.t12

Language: English

XII. Alagarmalai

c28.s6.t12.1

**36.1** ***matiray*** (P.) Variant of *matirai*. See 24.2.

c28.s6.t12.3

Cf. LT *poṉ viṉai-k-kollaṉ* 'goldsmith' (*Cilap.* 16: 110). Cf. ***poṉ-vāṇikaṉ*** (69.2).

c28.s6.t12.5

Cf. LT *poṉ* 'gold' (*Tivā.* 1025; *Piṅkala.* 1232-33; *Cūṭā.* 6: 2, 3).

c28.s6.t12.6

**b.** ***kolvaṉ*** (n.) 'smith'. The word is not attested elsewhere, but cf. *kol*, *kollaṉ* 'blacksmith' (D. 2133). See section 3.2.2(v).

**36.3** ***ataṉ ataṉ*** N. of the goldsmith. The name may be interpreted as Ataṉ, son of Ataṉ. This is confirmed by the more explicit text ***ataṉ makaṉ ataṉ ataṉ*** (No. *40*), though the latter is a different person judging from his vocation.

c28.s6.t12.8

**a & b.** ***ataṉ*** (N.) Cf. ***ceṟ-ataṉ*** (*ceṟṟataṉ*) (12.4) and ***pē[r]ataṉ*** (13.2). See 12.4.b for further comments.

c28.s6.t12.9

**37.1** ***ṉākaṉ*** Read *nākaṉ* (N.) See ***nākaṉ*** (48.2).

c28.s6.t12.10

**38.1** ***mattiraikē*** Read *matirai-*. (P.) in the possessive-locative case. Doubling of the consonants *-tt-* is superfluous, as in ***vaḷutti-*** for *vaḷuti* (1.7.b). Cf. ***matirai*** (24.2).

c28.s6.t12.11

***-kē*** is the dative case suffix (*ku* + *ē*), with possessive-locative signification here, meaning 'at, in, belonging to'. The addition of the emphatic particle *-ē* signifies that the place name qualifies all the personal names which follow (in Nos. *39-45*).

c28.s6.t12.12

Cf. LT *em uṟaiviṉ ūr-k-kē* 'in our town' (*Naṟṟ.* 67:12, cited in V.S. Rajam 1992:pp. 352-353).

c28.s6.t12.13

Cf. (inscr.) *tirumukam ... talaikku vaittu* 'placing the royal order on the head' (*Pallava Inscrs.* No. 17, ca. 6th cent. A.D., cited in A.Velu Pillai 1976: pp. 63-64).

c28.s6.t12.14

**39.1 upu-vāṇikaṉ** 'salt merchant'.

c28.s6.t12.15

Cf. LT *uppu vāṇikar* 'salt merchants' (*Piṅkala.* 786; *Cūṭā.* 2:31).

c28.s6.t12.16

**a. *upu* (*uppu*)** (n.) 'salt' (D. 2674a).

c28.s6.t12.17

*upu* (*uppu*) is written in the original as **ū pu**. See section 6.15. The consonant *-p-* occurs without doubling.

c28.s6.t12.18

Production and sale of salt were major commercial activities in ancient Tamil country. The Caṅkam poems frequently refer to the production of salt along the coastal belt and its transport by wagon to the inland areas. Salt was exchanged for paddy in barter, their value being the same by volume.

c28.s6.t12.19

Cf. LT *nellum uppum nērē* 'paddy and salt are equal (in price)' (*Aka.* 390:8). For a good summary of the references to salt in Caṅkam literature, see *CIPK.* I: pp. 336-338.

c28.s6.t12.20

Cf. (inscr.) *uppu kō-c-ceykai* 'manufacture of salt, king's right' (*Pallavar Ceppēṭukaḷ*: No. 9, Line 32, 8th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.21

**b. *vāṇikaṉ*** (n.) 'merchant, trader'. Cf. *vaṇik* (Skt.) 'merchant, trader' (MW). The term occurs in the Ta. Br. inscriptions as **vaṇikaṉ** (**43.1.b, 46.2.b**) as well as **vāṇikaṉ** (**39.1.b, 42.1.b, 69.2.b**).

c28.s6.t12.22

Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) *vaṇija, vāṇija* (Lüders List: Nos. 355, 269 respectively); (Sinh. Pkt. inscr.) *vaṇijha* (Paranavitana 1970: Nos. 356-57).

c28.s6.t12.23

Cf. LT *aṟavilai vaṇikaṉ* 'trader earning religious merit by charity' (*Puṟa.* 134:2); *peruṅkuṭi vāṇikar* 'merchants of distinguished lineage' (*Cilap.* 5:41); *vaṇikar* 'traders' (*Tivā.* 192; *Piṅkala.* 776; *Cūṭā.* 2:25); *vāṇikaṉ* 'ceṭṭi' (*Cūṭā.* 11:65).

c28.s6.t12.24

Cf. (inscr.) *aṟukai vāṇikar* 'cloth merchants' (*Pallava Inscrs.* Nos. 145 & 147; ca. 9th cent. A.D.). Cf. *vaṇikar, vāṇikar* 'merchants' (*SII.* XII: No. 236, 13th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.25

**39.2 viyakaṉ** N. of the salt merchant. Cf. *visaka* (Pkt.) < *viśākha-, vaiśākha* (Skt.) 'N. of an asterism'.

c28.s6.t12.26

Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) *visaka* 'a personal name' (Lüders List: Nos. 643, 1332); (Sinh. Pkt. inscr.) *vihaka* id. (Paranavitana 1970: No. 413).

c28.s6.t12.27

Cf. LT *vicākai* (fem.) (*Maṇi.* 22:83); *vicākaṉ* 'Murukaṉ' (*Tivā.* 7; *Piṅkala.* 110; *Cūṭā.* 1:24); *viyākaṉ* 'Skanda' (*TL*).

c28.s6.t12.28

Cf. (inscr.) *viyākam* 'the asterism Viśākha' (*SII.* XIV:No. 16A, Line 17, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 9th cent. A.D.). Cf. ***viyakkaṉ*** (**84.4.a**).

c28.s6.t12.29

**40.1** ***kaṇatikaṉ*** The composite expression is construed as *kaṇa* + *atikaṉ* and interpreted as 'chief of scribes'. See section 4.6.8.

c28.s6.t12.30

**a.** ***kaṇa-*** (n.) Cf. *karaṇa* (Skt.) 'writer, scribe; the occupation of this class is writing, accounts' (MW). In the Early Brāhmī inscriptions of Sri Lanka, *kaṇa* (< *karaṇa*) occurs with the meaning 'scribe' (Paranavitana 1970:Intr. p. xcv.)

c28.s6.t12.31

Cf. (Ka. inscr.) *śrī karaṇa* 'scribe', *śrī karaṇa-agragaṇya* 'worthy to be counted foremost among the scribes', *śrī karaṇa-agraṇī* and *śrī karaṇa-adhipa* 'leader of scribes', (L.D. Barnett 1915-16, *EI.* XIII: p. 17, Rāshtrakūṭa, Jaina, 13th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.32

Cf. LT *karaṇam* 'learning' (*Tivā.* 2046); 'reckoning' (*Piṅkala.* 1842); 'mathematics' (*Cūṭā.* 10:31); *karṇam* 'village accountant', *karaṇam* 'accountant' (*TL*).

c28.s6.t12.33

Cf. (inscr.) *karaṇattāṉ* 'accountant' (*SII.* I:No. 40; III:Nos. 15, 16 & 18; 11th cent. A.D.); *ivvūr karaṇattāṉ* 'the accountant of this village' (*SII.* XXVI: No. 700, 12th cent. A.D.). See also ***kaṇaka*** 'accountant', title attached to the same person (**40.2**).

c28.s6.t12.34

**b.** ***atikaṉ*** See **3.6.b.**

c28.s6.t12.35

**40.2** ***kaṇaka-*** (*kaṇakka-*). Attribute from *kaṇakaṉ* (*kaṇakkaṉ*) (n.) 'accountant' < *gaṇaka* (Skt.) 'one who reckons' (MW). See section 4.6.8.

c28.s6.t12.36

Cf. *gaṇaka* (Pāli) 'accountant, an office at the king's court' (*PED*). Ataṉ, donor's father, is described as a ***kaṇaka*** 'accountant' as well as the ***kaṇatikaṉ*** 'chief of scribes'. The scribe figures often as a donor in Pkt. inscriptions. Cf. *lēkhaka* 'clerk (scribe)' (Lüders List: Nos. 209, 1037, 1045, etc.); *rāja-lipikara* 'royal scribe' (ibid. No. 271).

c28.s6.t12.37

Cf. LT *camaya-k-kaṇakkar* 'those well-versed in religious learning' (*Maṇi.* 27:2); *kaṇakkāyar* 'teacher' (*Nālaṭi.* 314); *kaṇakku* 'alphabet and numbers' (*Tivā.* 1854; *Piṅkala.* 2085); *kaṇakkaṉ* 'accountant, arithmetician'; *neṭuṅkaṇakku* 'alphabet' (*TL*).

c28.s6.t12.38

Cf. (inscr.) *kaṇakka paṇṭāri* 'accountant-treasurer' (*SII.* XIV:No. 74, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 8-10 cent. A.D.); *kaṇakkar ākavum* 'as accountant also' (*Pāṇṭiyar Ceppēṭukaḷ:* No. 5, Line 167, 10th cent. A.D.). See **40.1.a** also for further comments.

c28.s6.t12.39

**40.3** ***ataṉ*** N. of donor's father. See **12.4.b** for further comments.

c28.s6.t12.40

**40.4** ***makaṉ*** (n.) 'son'.

c28.s6.t12.41

**40.5** ***ataṉ ataṉ*** N. of the donor. See **36.3.**

c28.s6.t12.42

**41.1 *sapamitā*** (*sappamittā*). N. of the Jaina nun who is apparently one of the donors. The consonants *-p-* and *-t-* are not doubled.

c28.s6.t12.43

Cf. *sappamittā* (Pkt.) < *sarpamitrā* (Skt.), lit., 'companion of the serpent (deity)'.

c28.s6.t12.44

**a. *sapa-*** (*sappa-*). Cf. *sappa* (Pkt.) < *sarpa* (Skt.) 'serpent, snake, serpent-demon' (MW).

c28.s6.t12.45

Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) *sapagutā* < *sarpaguptā* (Skt.) 'a personal name (fem.)' (*Bhārhut Inscrs.* No. A 78).

c28.s6.t12.46

Cf. LT *carppam* 'snake' (*Piṅkala.* 2601; *Cūṭā.* 3:47).

c28.s6.t12.47

**b. *mitā*** (*mittā*). Cf. *-mittā* (Pkt.) < *-mitrā* (Skt.) 'part of personal names (fem.)'; < *mitra* (Skt.) 'friend, companion' (MW).

c28.s6.t12.48

Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) *mitā* (*mittā*) 'a personal name (fem.)' (Lüders List: No. 307); *nāgamitā* (*nāgamitrā*) 'N. of a nun' (Amaravati, C. Sivaramamurti 1977 reprint: No. 67).

c28.s6.t12.49

**41.2 (ā)-iṉa** (v.) 'who is, alias'; adjectival past participle from *ā* 'to be, becoming' (D. 333).

c28.s6.t12.50

**Analysis:** *ā* (stem) + *iṉ* (past tense marker added directly to the stem) + *a* (participial suffix). The verb form, though formally in the past tense, has no tense significance.

c28.s6.t12.51

Cf. LT *vaḷaṉ aṟu paitiram aṉṉa āyiṉa paḻaṉam* 'fields which became infertile land' (*Patiṟ.* 19:18-19).

c28.s6.t12.52

The expressions *ā-iṉa* or *āyiṉa* occur frequently in Tamil inscriptions with the meanings 'who is, also known as or alias'.

c28.s6.t12.53

Cf. (inscr.) *cēṉāpati ēṉāti ā-iṉa cāttaṉ-cāttaṉ* 'Cāttaṉ Cāttaṉ alias Cēṉāpati Ēṉāti (*Pāṇṭiyar Ceppēṭukaḷ*: No. 1, Lines 139-140, ca. 8th cent. A.D.); *pāṇṭimārācar ā-iṉa kō māṟaṉ-caṭaiyaṉ* 'King Māṟaṉ Caṭaiyaṉ who is the Pāṇṭiya emperor' (*SII.* XIV: No. 12, Pāṇṭiya, 9th cent. A.D.); *perumpiṭuku muttaraiyaṉ=āyiṉa kuvāvaṉ māṟaṉ* 'Perumpiṭuku Muttaraiyaṉ alias Kuvāvaṉ Māṟaṉ' (K.V. Subrahmanya Aiyer 1915-16, *EI.* XIII : p. 139, ca. 8th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.54

Cf. Te. *ayina* 'which is or has become' (D. 333). Cf. (Te. inscr.) *a-ina*, *ayna*, *ayina* (K. Mahadeva Sastri 1969:Index).

c28.s6.t12.55

Sandhi: *sapamitā* + *ā-iṉa* > *sapamitā-iṉa*.

c28.s6.t12.56

**41.3 pamitti** (*pammitti*). (n.) 'Jaina nun'. *-m-* is not doubled. See section 4.9.4(i).

c28.s6.t12.57

Cf. LT *pammai* 'Jaina female ascetic' (*Cīvaka.* 2630; *Kayā.* 118); *paimmai* id. (*Tivā.* 280; *Piṅkala.* 932); *paimai* id. (*TL*).

c28.s6.t12.58

The inscriptional form *pamitti* (*pammi-tti*) may also be compared with *pammaṉ* 'Jaina novice' (*Aruṅkala.* 168).

c28.s6.t12.59

Cf. *bambhī* (AMg.) 'N. of a daughter of Ṛishabhadēva' (*PSM*); *brāhmī* (Skt.) 'one of the divine mothers' (*MW*).

c28.s6.t12.60

Cf. (Pkt. inscr.) *bahma-* (Lüders List: No. 18); *bama-* (*bamma-*) (K.G. Krishnan, ed. 1989: No. 122); *bammaṇī* (Lüders List: No. 1050); *bama* (Sinh. Pkt., Paranavitana 1970: No. 130).

c28.s6.t12.61

**42.1 *pāṇita-vāṇikaṉ*** 'gur merchant'.

c28.s6.t12.62

**a. *pāṇita-*** Attribute from *pāṇitam* (n.) 'juice of sugar cane, sugar candy' (*TL*); Cf. *phāṇita* (Pāli) 'juice of sugar cane, raw sugar, molasses' (*PED*) < *phāṇita* (Skt.) 'the inspissated juice of sugar cane'; *phāṇi* 'unrefined sugar, molasses' (*MW*).

c28.s6.t12.63

Cf. LT *pāḷitam* 'sugar candy' (*Tivā.* 1121; *Piṅkala.* 1141; *Cūṭā.* 6:28).

c28.s6.t12.64

**b. *vāṇikaṉ*** (n.) 'trader'. See **39.1 b.**

c28.s6.t12.65

**42.2 *neṭumalaṉ*** N. of the gur merchant.

c28.s6.t12.66

**a. *neṭu-*** (adj.) 'senior'. See **1.5.a.**

c28.s6.t12.67

**b. *malaṉ*** (*mallaṉ*) (n.) 'wrestler, great or famous man' < *mal* 'wrestling, boxing' (**D.** 4730).

c28.s6.t12.68

Cf. LT *āmūr mallaṉ* 'N. of a chieftain' (*Puṟa.* 80); *mallaṉ* 'great, famous man' (*Piṅkala.* 837).

c28.s6.t12.69

Cf. (inscr.) *mallaṉ viṭamaṉ* (*Pallava Inscrs.* No. 268, ca. 9th cent. A.D.); *kaṇṇaṉ mallaṉ* (*SII.* XIX: No. 309, Cōḻa, 10th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.70

**43.1 *koḻu-vaṇikaṉ*** 'trader in ploughshares'.

c28.s6.t12.71

**a. *koḻu*** (n.) 'bar of metal, ploughshare' (**D.** 2147).

c28.s6.t12.72

Cf. LT *nāñcil āṭiya koḻuvaḻi maruṅkiṉ* 'by the side of the furrow made by the ploughshare when the plough moved' (*Patiṟ.* 58:17); *koḻu* 'part of plough' (*Tivā.* addition to 1259; *Piṅkala.* 1638; *Cūṭā.* 7:50).

c28.s6.t12.73

Cf. (inscr.) *koḻu* 'tax on ploughshare'; *koḻuvāram* 'cultivator's share of the produce' (*SITI.* III. 2: Glossary).

c28.s6.t12.74

**b. *vaṇikaṉ*** (n.) 'trader'. See **39.1 b.**

c28.s6.t12.75

**43.2 *eḷacantaṉ*** N. of the trader in ploughshares.

c28.s6.t12.76

**a. *eḷa-*** (adj.) 'young'. Cf. LT *iḷa-* id. (**D.** 513). The form *iḷa-* occurs 10 times and the form *eḷa-* 3 times in the Corpus (see Etymological Index: Dravidian). It appears that both forms existed in the spoken language at this early period. See Bh. Krishnamurti 1958a on the alternation of *i* / *e* in South Dravidian.

c28.s6.t12.77

**b. *cantaṉ*** 'a personal name'. See **5.1.a.**

c28.s6.t12.78

**44.1 *kaḻumāra nataṉ*** N. of the donor. He was probably a Pāṇṭiya prince or vassal judging from his name. Cf. LT *kaṭumāṉ māṟaṉ* (*Puṟa.* 198:27). See section **4.2.3**.

c28.s6.t12.79

**a. *kaḻu-*** (adj.) Cf. *kaṭu-* 'ferocious', *kaṭumai* 'ferocity' (D. 1135).

c28.s6.t12.80

The attribute *kaṭu(m)-* is often prefixed to personal names of princes and chieftains. See *kaṭu(m)-* (**61.9.b**) for further comments.

c28.s6.t12.81

The inscriptional form **kaḻu-** is a variant of LT *kaṭu-* . See **34.1.a** for discussion on *ṭ* / *ḻ* alternation.

c28.s6.t12.82

**b. *māra-*** Attribute from *māṟaṉ* (N.), one of the generic names of the Pāṇṭiya dynasty (*Tivā.* 182; *Piṅkala.* 750; *Cūṭā.* 2:20).

c28.s6.t12.83

Cf. (inscr.) *kō māṟañ-cēntaṉ* 'King Māṟaṉ Cēntaṉ' (*ARE* 358/1959-60, Pāṇṭiya, ca. 7th cent. A.D.). The Pāṇṭiya kings of the early medieval period had the names Māṟaṉ Caṭaiyaṉ and Caṭaiyaṉ Māṟaṉ in alternating sequence (*SII.* XIV: Intr.).

c28.s6.t12.84

**c. *nataṉ*** 'a personal name'. See **3.2.a**.

c28.s6.t12.85

**44.2 *tāra-aṇi-i*** (n.) 'drip ledge' (?). The expression is not attested elsewhere. The interpretation suggested here, based on etymology and contextual evidence, is tentative.

c28.s6.t12.86

**a. *tāra-*** (n.) Cf. *tārai* 'line, stripe, way, path' (*TL*) < *dhārā* (Skt.) 'continuous line' (MW).

c28.s6.t12.87

Cf. LT *tārai* 'way' (*Tivā.* 1007; *Piṅkala.* 3628; *Cūṭā.* 5:62); *cala-tārai* 'drainage pipe', *nīr-t-tārai* 'rain water' (*TL*). Cf. also *tāram* 'water', *tārai* 'stream (as of water)' < Skt. *dhārā* (*TL*).

c28.s6.t12.88

Alternatively, *tāra* may be connected with *dāra* (Skt.) 'rent, cleft' (MW); *dāra* (AMg.) 'to tear asunder, break' (*PSM*). Cf. *darī* (Pāli) 'cleavage, cleft' (*PED*). Thus *tāra* may probably signify the 'drip ledge' which is a cleavage made on the brow of the cavern.

c28.s6.t12.89

**b. *aṇi-i*** (n.) 'that which is joined'. Cf. *aṇi* 'to join with' (D. 120). *-i* is the paragogic suffix. Since the inscription is engraved below the drip ledge running across the brow of the cave, it is probable that the carving of the drip ledge to drain off the rainwater is referred to here.

c28.s6.t12.90

**44.3 *koṭupita-avaṉ*** (*koṭuppittavaṉ*) (v.) 'he who caused to be given'; past participial noun, causative, 3rd person masculine singular, from *koṭu* 'to give'.

c28.s6.t12.91

**Analysis:** *koṭu* (stem) + *pi* (causative suffix) + *t* (past tense marker) + *a* (participial suffix) + *avaṉ* (PNG suffix in free form). The consonants *-p-* and *-t-* are not doubled. Cf. **koṭupitavaṉ** (*koṭuppittavaṉ*) (**11.2, 53.2**).

c28.s6.t12.92

**45.1 *tanma[ṉ]*** N. of the first donor mentioned in this segment; < *dhamma* (Pkt.) < *dharma* (Skt.) 'virtue'. The dental *n* is probably an error for the alveolar *ṉ* judging from later orthographic tradition. See also section 7.7.2 for discussion.

c28.s6.t12.93

Cf. LT *taṉmam* 'virtuous conduct' (*Maṇi.* 29:120); *taṉmam* 'religious merit' (*Piṅkala.* 3621).

c28.s6.t12.94

Cf. (inscr.) *taṉma-* '*dharma-*' in compounds (*SITI.* III. 2:Glossary); *taṉmaṉ kampaṉ* (alias) *taṉmarāyaṉ* 'N. of a chieftain' (*ARE* B.102/1945-46:Pāṇṭiya, 10th cent. A.D.); *taṉmatēva ācāriyaṉ* 'N. of an ascetic' (*SII.* XVII:No. 397, Pāṇṭiya, 13th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.95

**45.2 *kasapaṉ*** (*kassapaṉ*). N. of the second donor mentioned in this segment. Cf.*kāsipaṉ* (**14.1.b**). See section 4.19.6(i).

c28.s6.t12.96

**45.3 *av[v]ir[u]-a-ar-um*** Read *avviru-ar-um* (LT *avv-iruvar-um*) 'those two persons also'. The reference is to the two donors who also donated for the carving of the drip ledge mentioned in the preceding segment as indicated by the particle *-um*.

c28.s6.t12.97

**a. *avv-*** < *a-*, demonstrative base expressing the remoter person or thing; *avv-* before vowel (D. 1).

c28.s6.t12.98

Cf. LT *avvē avvē* 'those (very) ones' (*Puṟa.* 95:3).

c28.s6.t12.99

**b. *iru-a-ar-um*** (*iru-ar-um*). The repetition of *a* (after a gap) is apparently a scribal error. *iru-ar* is a pronoun formed from the numeral *iru* 'two' (D. 474). The PNG suffix *-ar* and the particle *-um* 'also' are added in free form. This is a good example of the occurrence of initial vowels in non-initial positions as a result of 'analytical' writing in the Early Ta. Br. inscriptions. Also see **35.2** and **46.3**.

c28.s6.t12.100

Cf. LT *iruvarum* 'two persons also' (*Aiṅk.* 64:3).

c28.s6.t12.101

**45.4 *kuṭupitō[r*]*** (*kuṭuppittōr*) (v.) 'they who caused to be given'; past participial noun, causative, 3rd person epicene plural, from *kuṭu* (LT *koṭu*) 'to give'. Cf. LT *koṭuppittōr*.

c28.s6.t12.102

**Analysis:** *kuṭu* (stem) + *pi* (causative suffix) + *t* (past tense marker) + *ōr* (PNG suffix). The consonants *-p-* and *-t-* are not doubled. See **14.2** for discussion.

c28.s6.t12.103

**46.1 *veṇpaḷ[i]-i*** (P.)

c28.s6.t12.104

**a. *veṇ-*** (adj.) < *veḷ* 'pure, bright'. See *veṇ-* (**14.1.a**).

c28.s6.t12.105

Sandhi:*-ḷ* > *-ṇ-* before *-p-*.

c28.s6.t12.106

**b. *paḷi-i*** (*paḷḷi-*) (n.) 'hamlet' (D. 4018); a suffix after place names.

c28.s6.t12.107

Cf. LT *āṉ nilai-p-paḷḷi* 'cowherds' hamlet' (*Aka.*107:8); *paḷḷi* 'hamlet' (*Tivā.* addition to 930; *Piṅkala.* 476; *Cūṭā.* 5:38).

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*-i* is the paragogic suffix.

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**46.2 aṟuvai-vaṇikaṉ** 'cloth merchant'.

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Cf. LT Maturai aṟuvai-vāṇikaṉ Iḷavēṭṭaṉ-ār (author, *Aka.* 124);

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Cf. (inscr.) *aṟukai-vāṇikaṉ kumaraṉ* 'Kumaraṉ, the cloth merchant' (*Pallava Inscrs.* No. 146, 9th. cent. A.D.); *aṟuvai-vāṇiya-c-cēri* 'quarters of the cloth merchants' (*SII.* XIV: No. 94, Pāṇṭiya, 10th cent. A.D.).

c28.s6.t12.112

**a. aṟuvai** (n.) 'cloth, garment' (D. 318).

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Cf. LT *tū veḷ aṟuvai* 'pure, white cloth' (*Puṟa.* 286:5); *aṟuvai* 'cloth' (*Tivā.* 1321; *Piṅkala.* 3110; *Cūṭā.* 7:68).

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**b. vaṇikaṉ** (n.) 'trader'. See **39.1. b.**

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**46.3 eḷa-a aṭaṉ** N. of the cloth merchant.

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The inscriptional name **aṟuvai-vaṇikaṉ eḷa-a aṭaṉ** has an intriguing similarity with the name of the Caṅkam poet Maturai aṟuvai-vāṇikaṉ Iḷavēṭṭaṉ-ār cited above. U.Ve. Swaminathaiyar has noted that the name Vēṭṭaṉār is obscure (*Caṅka kāla pulavarkaḷ*: p. 351). Can *iḷavēṭṭaṉ* be a later form of *iḷa(v)a a(ṭ)ṭaṉ*? See discussion on the word-segments below.

c28.s6.t12.117

**a. eḷa-a-** Attribute from *eḷa-aṉ*, a personal name. Cf. *iḷavaṉ* (**67.1.c**).

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Cf. (inscr.) *vaḷḷal=eḷavaṉ putukkiṉā(ṉ)* '(the structure) was renovated by Eḷavaṉ, the vaḷḷal (liberal patron)' (*SII.* XVII: No. 400, Jaina, ca. 9th cent. A.D.).

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**b. aṭaṉ** (*aṭṭaṉ*). (N.) Probably from *aṭu* 'to destroy, conquer'; *āṭu* 'killing, victory' (D. 77).

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Cf. LT *aṭṭaṉ*, 'destroyer' (*Tēvā.* V:4.1, VII:80.8); *aṭutal* 'to kill' (*Tivā.* 1675); *āṭṭaṉ atti* 'N. of a person' (*Aka.* 222:7); *āṭṭar* 'petty chieftains' (*Āciriya.* 55).

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Alternatively, cf. also (Pkt. inscr.) *aṭha* (*aṭṭha*) 'a personal name' < *artha* (Skt.) (Lüders List: No. 181).

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**47.1 tiyaṉ cantaṉ** N. of the donor.

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**a. tiyaṉ** (N.) < *tissa* (Pkt.) < *tishya* (Skt.) 'the asterism Tishya; born under the asterism' (MW). Cf. (Pāli inscr.) *tisa* 'the asterism Tishya' (Asoka, *CII.* I:Dhau. Sep. I.17); *tisa* (Pkt.) 'a personal name' (Lüders List: Nos. 447, 1332, 1337); *tiśa* (Sinh. Pkt.) id. (Paranavitana 1970:Glossary; frequent).

Linked texts (19)

Jātaka — Pāli
தேவாரம் — Tiruñāṉacampantar & Tirunāvukkaracar, Tamil
Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit
Maṇimēkalai — Cīttalaic Cāttaṉār, Tamil
Piṅkala Nikaṇṭu — Piṅkalar, Tamil
Cūṭāmaṇi Nikaṇṭu — Maṇṭalapuruṭar 1500, Tamil
Cilappatikāram — Iḷaṅkō Aṭikaḷ, Tamil
Aiṅkuṟunūṟu — Pulatturai Muṟṟiya Kūṭalūr Kiḻār, Tamil
Patiṟṟuppattu — Tamil
Naṟṟiṇai — Paṉṉāṭu Tanta Pāṇṭiyaṉ Māṟaṉ Vaḻuti, Tamil
Akanāṉūṟu — Uruttiracaṉmaṉ, Tamil
Puṟanāṉūṟu — Kapilar & Auvaiyār (Caṅkam), Tamil
Paripāṭal — Tamil
Epigraphia Indica
Ṛgvedasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
South Indian Inscriptions
Cēntaṉ Tivākaram — Tivākarar, Tamil
Grant of Vishnuvarman: the 28th Year — Sanskrit