The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (collected till 1923) and Outlines of Political History c9.s2.t35: Kalinga—Kings of—, and Eastern Gangas
The Historical Inscriptions of Southern India (collected till 1923) and Outlines of Political History c9.s2.t35
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Kalinga—Kings of—, and Eastern Gangas
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Kalinga was attacked by the Maurya king Aṣōka in 256 B.C. when 100,000 of its inhabitants were killed and 150,000 taken captive! Aṣōka, repenting of this, afterwards protected the country. Mr. Sankara Aiyar's chronology of early rulers is as follows (*I. A. 1920*, 43). He differs slightly from others. B.C. 218. Nanda, king of Kalinga; a prince of the Chēta dynasty. B.C. 208. Kētubhadra succeeded him. B.C. 194. Birth of Khāravēla, son of Jīva-dēva. B.C. 170. Death of Jīvadēva. B.C. 169. Khāravēla sent an army to the west. In 167 he subdued the Rāṣṭrikas and Bhōjakas. *Md.* a Vajra princess, Dhūsi. In 163 B.C. he stormed Rājagriha. B.C. 159. Khāravēla humbled the Sunga king of Magadha, Pushyamitra. B.C. 157 is the date of Khāravēla's inscription at Hāthigumpha.
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The following notes are taken from various sources. About A.D. 450 Vāsisthīputra Saktivarman was king of Kalinga, according to the Rāgōlu C.-P. inscription (*E. I. xii. 2*), and reigned at Pīthāpūr, N. of the Godavari river. About A.D. 500-525 the Vishnukundin princes seem to have driven the Kalinga king out of his dominions, the conqueror making his residence at Dendalūru, (*J. B. B. R. A. S. xvi. 116*). Sometime between A.D. 500 and 615 we hear of two kings of Kalinga, *Nandaprabhañjana* and *Sāmantavarma* (*I. A. 1884. 48*; *E. I. xv. 275*). About A.D. 615 the Kalinga monarchy was crushed by the Chālukya prince Kubja-Vishnuvardhana, who established the Eastern Chālukya dynasty.
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The Pedigree-table which follows is collated from several sources. It is a table of the dynasty known as the 'Eastern Gangas of Kalinga' (*E. I. iv. 186*; *I. A. 1889, 161, 170f*; *J. A. S. B. lxiv. 128f*; *lxv, 229f.*, etc). The chronology is based on the assumption that the seventh king, Kāmārnava III, established the 'Kalinga-Ganga' era as a family era, whose epoch was the year of his accession, viz. A.D. 877-78. The length of reigns is given as in inscriptions, not as necessarily accurate.
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1. *Virasimha*
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2. *Kāmārnava I* 3. *Dānārnava* 4. *Kāmārnava II* 5. *Ranārnava* 36 years 40 years 50 years 5 years.
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6. *Vajrahasta II* 7. *Kāmārnava III* 15 years A.D. *c* 863-878 19 years accession, and epoch of the Kalinga-Ganga era, A.D. 877-78. Died 897
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8. *Gunārnava II* 11. *Gundama I* or *Gunamahārnava*. 27 years, 7 years. 951-958.
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(?) *Vajrahasta III*¹
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¹ Vajrahasta III's reign of (so-stated) 44 years is sometimes omitted in inscriptions. The Vizagapatam C.-P. grant (*J. A. 1889, p. 177*) omits him and makes *Jitānkuśa* and his brothers, sons of Gunārnava II.
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9. *Jitānkuśa* *Gunnama* 12. *Kāmārnava IV* *Vinayāditya* 15 years. 924-939. 25 years. 958-983. 3 years. Perhaps jointly
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| | with his brother.
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10. *Kaligālankuśa* 13. *Vajrahasta IV* 12 years. 939-951. 'Aniyankabhīma.' 35 years
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14. *Kāmārnava V* 15. *Gundama II* 16. *Madhu-Kāmārnava VI* Half a year. 1017. 3 years. 1017-1019. 19 years. 1019-1038. *Md.* Vinayā, a Vaidumba princess.
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17. *Vajrahasta V* *Gunārnava*, *Anantavarma.* *Md.* Anangā. Crowned April 9, 1038. Reigned till 1070.
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18. *Dēvēndravarman Rājarāja I* 8 years. Crowned May 20, 1070. Md. Rājasundari, dau. of Kulottunga Chōla 1
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19. *Anantavarman Chōda-Ganga* Crowned February 17, 1078. Reigned till 1142 or 1146.
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*Jayavarman*
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20. *Madhu-Kāmārnava VII* ‘Kumāra,’ ‘Anantavarman,’ ‘Jaṭēśvara.’ 1142 or 1146 (?)–1152.
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21. *Rāghava* Md. Chandralēkha (?) 1152–1166 to 7
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22. *Anantavarman-Rājarāja II* 1166–7 to 1192.
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23. *Aniyanka-Bhīma* Md. Bāghallā.(?) 1192–1202.
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24. *Rājarāja III* ‘Guṇa,’ or ‘Ṣaḍguṇa.’ 17 years, (?) 1219–1235.
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25. *Ananga-Bhīma* Md. Kastūrā. 34 years (?) 1219–1253.
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26. *Narasimha I* Md. Sītādēvī.(?) 1253–1256.
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*Dau. Chandrikā* Md. Parmadi, a Haihaya prince.
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27. *Vira Bhānudēva I* 1256–1275. Md. Jākallā, a Chālukya princess.
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28. *Narasimha II* ‘Pratāpa Anantavarman.’ 1275–1305 to 6
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29. *Vira Bhānu II* ‘Virādhi-Vīra.’ Md. Lakshmī. 1305–6 to 1322–3, or 1324–5.
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30. *Pedda Narasimha III* ‘Gajapati.’ 1322–3, or 1324–5 to 1346 or 1350.
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31. *Vira Bhānu III* Md. Tārā and Hira. 1346 or 1350–1378.
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32. *Narasimha IV* Md. Pārvatī. 1378, at least, 1397.
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33. *Vira Bhānu IV*
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In 1434 Kapilēndra, who had been, so it is said, a herd-boy and who had risen to be minister to Vira Bhānu IV, seized the throne and established his family as ‘Gajapati’ kings of Orissa and Kalinga (see pedigree of Orissa Gajapati kings below).
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NOTES.—*Vinayāditya*. The long Vizagapatam C.-P. grant does not distinctly say that he ‘reigned,’ but merely that he ‘protected the earth’ for three years. He may, therefore, have been only a Viceroy (*I. A.* 1889, 171).
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The Shikulla plates (*E. I.* iv. 183) differ in respect of the relationship of the early kings, and give 35 years to 12. *Kāmārnava IV*.
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17. *Vajrahasta V* is praised for having saved the Kalinga country when threatened by the strength of Kulōttuṅga-Chōla I during his wars against his Chōla cousins for the Chōla throne (1062-1070). For his coronation date see *E. R.* 1918-19, C.-P. 4. *E. I.* iv. 185, and connections p. vi.
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18. *Dēvēndravarman-Rājarāja I* protected the E. Chālukya prince Vijayāditya VII when he vacated his post as Viceroy of Vengi in 1077-8.
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19. *Anantavarma-Chōdaganga* had a very long reign. His 65th, 68th and even his 73rd year are mentioned in inscriptions (*V. R. i.* Ganjam, 315, 333, 350; 164, 182, 199 of 1896). For the kings from Nos. 19 to 32 see *J. A. S. E.* lxv. 128, 229.
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20. The accession of Madhu-Kāmārnava VII is by several records in 1146 (*V. R. i.* Ganjam, 261-263, 329, 355, 420, 421); but Kielhorn fixed it as in 1142 (*E. I.* viii. App. 1, 17).
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¹ The Coronation-day of No. 18 is given in *E. R.* 1919, App. A. C. P. No. 4.
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28. *Narasimha II's* accession took place between May 22 and September 20, 1275 (*J. A. S. lxv.* 229; *V. R. i. Ganjam*, 245; *E. I. vi.* 260).
29. *Vira Bhānu III* accession-year is proved by 327 of 1899; *V. R. iii. Vizagapatam*, 155.
30. *Narasimha III's* accession-year is 1322–3 by several records (*V. R. i. Ganjam*, 186–188, 197, 221, 222, 233, 236). But one (*ibid.* 178) makes it 1324–5.
31. *Vīra Bhānu III* accession-year is 1346–7 by *V. R. iii. Vizagapatam* 96, but 1350–1 by *ibid. i* Ganjam 214. Graham's set of C.-P. grants now in the Madras Museum (*V. R. i. Ganjam* 2–5) require study. As quoted they are somewhat confusing.