Early India and Pakistan to Ashoka c14: Chapter VII

Early India and Pakistan to Ashoka c14

Language: English

Chapter VII

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69 B. B. Lal in A.I. no. 5 (1949), 62-105. 70 I.A. 1956-57, 30-1. 71 Wheeler, Five Thousand Years of Pakistan (London, 1950), pp. 101-2. Since 1950 the Pakistan Depart. of Archaeology has carried out further work on the site. 72 Ib., 102-3 and 142. 73 I.A. 1954-55, 19-20. 74 An important introductory study of Indian trade-routes has been prepared by Dr. Moti Chand but is at present available only in Hindi: Sārthavāha ('Caravan Leader') (Bihār Rāṣṭra Bhāṣā Pariṣad, Patna, 1957). 75 I.A. 1953-54 7; 1954-55, 11-12. 76 I.A. 1955-56, 11. 77 H. D. Sankalia, B. Subbarao, and S. B. Deo, 'The Archaeological Sequence of Central India', Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, vol. 9, no. 4 (University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, 1953); H. D. Sankalia, 'Excavations at Maheshwar and Nevasa and their Possible Bearing on the Puranic History', from the Sardhashatabdi Commemoration Volume (As. Soc. of Bombay, 1955); B. Subbarao, 'Chalcolithic Blade Industry of Maheshwar', Bull. of the Deccan Coll. Research Inst. XVII (1955-56); H. D. Sankalia (on Nāvdā Ṭolī) in Ill. Lond. News, Sept. 20, 1958; and especially H. D. Sankalia, B. Subbarao and S. B. Deo, The Excavations at Maheshwar and Navdatoli 1952-53 (Deccan Research College and M.S. Univ. Publication no. 1, Poona and Baroda, 1958). 78 R. Ghirshman, Fouilles de Sialk II (Paris, 1939), p. 94. 79 Reported in Archaeology, vol. 11, no. 2 (New York, 1958), p. 128. 80 I.A. 1955-56, 19; 1956-57, 20-8; M. B. Gardes in the Annual Administration Report of the Arch. Dept., Gwalior State, 1938-19; hence B. C. Law, Ujjayini in Ancient India (Gwalior, 1944). Also information kindly provided by Shri N. R. Banerjee. 81 I.A. 1956-57, 17-19. 82 H. D. Sankalia and S. B. Deo, Report on the Excavations at Nasik and Jorwe 1950-51 (Poona, 1955).

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⁸³ E.g., W. V. Grigson, *The Maria Gonds of Bastar* (London, 1938); J. H. Hutton, 'The Meaning and Method of the Erection of Monoliths by the Naga Tribes', *Journ. Roy. Anthrop. Inst.* LII (1922), and 'The Use of Stone in the Naga Hills', *ib.*, LVI (1926); C. von Fürer-Haimendorf, *The Naked Nagas* (London, 1939); R. von Heine-Geldern, 'Die Megalithen Südostasiens und ihre Bedeutung', *Anthropos* XXIII (1928); V. D. Krishnaswami, 'Megalithic Types of South India', *A.I.* no. 5 (1949), 41-3.

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⁸⁴ C. von Fürer-Haimendorf, 'The Problem of Megalithic Cultures in Middle India', *Man in India* XXV (1945), 73-86.

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⁸⁵ V. D. Krishnaswami, 'Megalithic Types of South India', *A.I.* no. 5 (1949), pp. 35-45; K. R. Srinivasan and N. R. Banerjee, 'Survey of South Indian Megaliths', *A.I.* no. 9 (1953), pp. 103-115; N. R. Banerjee, 'The Megalithic Problem of Chingleput in the Light of Recent Exploration', *A.I.* no. 12 (1956), 21-34.

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⁸⁶ *A.I.* no. 5, 38.

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⁸⁷ B. K. Thapar, 'Porkalam 1948', *A.I.* no. 8 (1952), 1-16.

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⁸⁸ *I.A.* 1955-56, 23.

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⁸⁹ B. K. Thapar, 'Maski 1954', *A.I.* no. 13 (1957), 33.

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⁹⁰ *Ib.*, 35.

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⁹¹ F. R. Allchin, 'The Stone Alignments of Southern Hyderabad', *Man* LVI (1956), 150.

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⁹² Y. D. Sharma, 'Rock-cut Caves of Cochin', *A.I.* no. 12 (1956), 93-115.

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⁹³ References in *A.I.* no. 4 (1948), 301-3.

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⁹⁴ Wheeler, *Five Thousand Years of Pakistan* (London, 1950), pp. 34-6.

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⁹⁵ De Terra and Paterson, as n. 12, 233-4 and pl. XXIV; de Terra, 'Excavations at Burjhama', *Miscellanea of the Amer. Phil. Soc.*, 1936.

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⁹⁶ D. H. Gordon in *Journ. Ind. Anthrop. Inst.*, new series, I, 18 (Calcutta, 1945).

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⁹⁷ J. M. and G. Casal, *Site urbain et Sites funéraires des Environs de Pondichéry* (Paris, 1956), pp. 30 ff.

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⁹⁸ *A.I.* no. 5 (1949), 37; *I.A.* 1954-55, 20-2.

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⁹⁹ Meadows Taylor, in his account of pit-circles at Jiwārji in the Gulbarga district of Hyderabad, illustrates skeletons in articulation, but his description makes it clear that they were in fact disarticulated fragments. See his *Megalithic Tombs and other Ancient Remains in the Deccan*, papers collected and republished by the Archaeological Department of Hyderabad State, 1941. At Maski, complete burials of approximately the same period occur, but without any megalithic structural feature.

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100 J. M. Casal, *Fouilles de Virampatnam—Arikamedu* (Paris, 1949), pp. 20 ff. 101 For references, see *A.I.* no. 4 (1948), 200 and 300. 102 Vincent Smith, *The Oxford Hist. of India*, 3rd ed., 1958, p. 99; and N. P. Chakravati, *A.I.* no. 4 (1948), 15 ff. 103 The view which I state here supersedes that which I put forward in 1947: *A.I.* no. 4 (1948), 201–2. From a different angle it tallies with that of C. von Fürer-Haimendorf, See his Presidential Address to the Anthrop. and Arch. Section of the Ind. Sc. Congress, Poona, 1950. 104 *I.A.* 1956–57, 15. 105 *I.A.* 1954–55, 14; cf. 1956–57, 8. 106 Wheeler, *Rome beyond the Imperial Frontiers* (London, 1954), pp. 126–30. 107 C. von Fürer-Haimendorf, ‘New Aspects of the Dravidian Problem’, *Tamil Culture* II, 2 (1953).

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¹⁰⁸ Vincent Smith, *Asoka* (Oxford, 1901); F. W. Thomas in *The Cambridge History of India* I (1922). For a reassessment of Ashoka’s dates, see P. H. L. Eggermont, *The Chronology of the Reign of Asoka Moriya* (Leiden, 1956). 109 E.g. new rock-edicts in the Thāna district (*I.A.* 1955–56, 29), more recently at Gujarrā near Jhānsī, and, above all, the newly discovered denunciation of hunting embodied both in Greek and in Aramaic on a rock at Kandahar: see G. Pugliese Carratelli and G. Levi Della Vida, ‘Un Editio Bilingue Greco-Aramaico di Asoka’, *Serie Orientale Roma* XXI (Rome, 1958); and D. Schlumberger, L. Robert, A. Dupont-Sommer, and E. Bannister, ‘Una bilingue gréco-araméenne d’Asoka’, *Journ. Asiatique*, 1958. 110 J. Marshall, *Taxila* (Cambridge, 1951), I, 20. 111 *A.I.* (1946), 33–4. The gems are there described as Ionian Greek, but I prefer to regard them as Achaemenian. 112 There is no evidence of fluting or faceting in India certainly earlier than the faceted column of Heliodorus at Besnagar in Central India, *c.* 140–130 B.C. or a little later. 113 E. Herzfeld, *Iran in the Ancient East* (Oxford, 1941), p. 321. 114 *A.I.* no. 4 (1948), 24. 115 Percy Brown, *Indian Architecture (Buddhist and Hindu)* (Bombay, 1942), p. 12, etc. 116 References by Wheeler and Piggott in *A.I.* no. 4 (1948), 95–103. 117 *I.A.* 1955–56, 22–23. 118 *Camb. Hist. of India* I (1922), p. 184; Vincent Smith, *Oxford Hist. of India*, 3rd ed. (1958), p. 73.

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CHAPTER IX