India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c10.s3.t1.51

c10.s3.t1.51

*KALPA LITERATURE*—Pāṇini refers to Kalpa works promulgated by ancient authors (*Purāṇa-prokta Kalpa*, IV.3.105), of which the Paiṅgī Kalpa and the Aruṇaparājī Kalpa are cited as examples. Pāṇini refers to works of two older Ṛishis named Kāśyapa and Kauśika (*Kāśyapa-Kauśikābhyāṁ ṛishibhyāṁ ṇiniḥ*, IV.3.103), which Kātyāyana takes to be Kalpa works. These were studied in Vedic *Charaṇas* by students called after them *Kāśyapinaḥ* and *Kauśikinaḥ*. It is also pointed out that the literary activity of these two old Schools was confined to their Kalpa Sūtras only round which centred a group of their students and teachers (*Kāśyapa-Kauśika-grahaṇaṁ cha Kalpe-niyamārtham*, II.286). We know of a Kauśika Sūtra of the Atharvaveda.