India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c13.s1.t1.2

c13.s1.t1.2

The last mentioned political organism was the City-State. The analogy holds true in the case of the evolution of the *Janapada* State in India, which had its humble beginnings in the clan or *Jana*; the *Jana* developed a number of individual units called families or *Kula*, and the associations of families formed the ruling Kshatriya tribes which wielded political power and are termed *Janapadins* in Pāṇini (IV.3.100). The *Janapadins* were, according to the *Kāśikā*, the ruling class in the *Janapada* (*Janapada-svāminaḥ kshatriyāḥ*). This was the stage when the *Janapada* State emerged in its full-fledged development. The correspondence of the *Janapada* and the City-State may be set forth below: I. Clan [*Genos*] *Jana*. II. Families [*Phratries*] *Kula*. III. Tribes [*Phulai*] *Janapadinaḥ*. IV. City [*Polis*] *Janapada*.