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India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c8.s13.12

India as Known to Pāṇini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashṭādhyāyī c8.s13.12

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c8.s13.12

Pāṇini refers to navigable rivers like the Sindhu, and also to *samudra* or ocean (IV.4.118). He knows of two kinds of islands, viz. (1) near the sea-coast (*anu-samudra*), and (2) in the main ocean. Goods imported from the former were called *dvaipya*, and from the latter *dvaipa* or *dvaipaka* (IV.3.10).

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