India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c9.s1.52

c9.s1.52

Columns 1 and 4 are similar with the exception of Pāṇini's summer crop (*graishma*) for which there is rainy crop (*vārshika*) in Kauṭilya. Although the *Arthaśāstra* also knows of *graishmika* crops (*Arth.* II.24, p. 117),¹ their raising entailed much hard labour for the agriculturists. Hence Kauṭilya directs that only the king who is in financial trouble and who has exhausted other means of replenishing his exchequer, should prevail upon the peasantry through his collector-general to raise summer crops (*Arth.* V.2, Tr. p. 271).