India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c9.s3.2

c9.s3.2

*VYAVHĀRA* (BUSINESS)—Trade and commerce are implied in the general term *vyavahāra* (II.3.57), also called *paṇa* (II.3.57). Its main feature is *kraya-vikraya* (IV.4.13), *i.e.*, sale and purchase. It appears that *vyavahāra* included larger business such as export and import, while *paṇa* denoted local sale and purchase, whence saleable goods were called *paṇya* (IV.4.51).