India as Known to Panini: A Study of the Cultural Material in the Ashtadhyayi c9.s3.23

c9.s3.23

*ARTICLES OF TRADE*—As names of marketable articles (*Tadasya paṇyam* IV. 4. 51), Pāṇini mentions *lavaṇa* (salt, IV. 4. 52), perfumes like *kiśara*, *tagara*, *guggulu*, *uśīra* (IV. 4.53) and *śalālu* (a kind of perfume, IV.4.54; cf. Pāli *salala*, the sweet scented flower of *Pinus devadara*, Jāt. V. 420; *Sāratthapakāsinī*, III. p. 263. The *Ashṭādhyāyī* acquaints us with an interesting list of other economic products, such as silk fabrics (*kauśeya*, IV. 3. 42), wool and woollen stuffs (*ūrṇā* and *aurṇaka*, IV. 3. 158), linen and linen goods (*umā* and *auma*, IV. 3. 158), hemp (*bhaṅgā*, V. 2. 4), cotton (*tūla*, III. 1. 25; *karpāsī*, *gaṇa* of IV. 3. 136); cloth (*vastra*, III. 1. 21); clothing like *upasaṁvyāna* (I. 1. 36, *āchchbādana*, IV. 3. 143), *brihatikā* (a dress reaching up to feet, V. 4. 6); blankets like *paṇya-kambala* of a fixed weight and set standard (VI. 2. 42; IV. 1. 22), *prāvāra* (III. 3. 54) and *pāṇḍu-kambala* (IV. 2. 11) imported from Gandhāra; deer skins (*ajina*, VI. 2. 194); skins of tigers and leopards (*dvaipa*, *vaiyāghra*, IV. 2. 12) used as upholstering material for chariots; dye-stuffs (*rāga*), like lac (*lākshā*, IV. 2. 2), orpiment (*rochanā*, IV. 2. 2), madder (*mañjishṭhā*, VIII. 3. 97) and indigo (*nīlī*, IV. 1. 42); sacks and grain containers (*āvapana*), as *goṇī* (IV. 1. 42); big and small leather containers (*kutū* and *kutu-pa*, V. 3. 89); leather goods as shoes (*upānah*, V. 1. 14), straps and thongs (*naddhrī*, III. 2. 182, *vārdhra*, IV. 3. 151); iron chains (*śṛiṅkhala*, V. 2. 79), spikes (*ayaḥ-śūla*, V. 2. 76), tools and instruments like sickle (*dātra*, III. 2. 182), ploughshare (*kuśī*, IV. 1. 42), yoke (*yuga*), axle (*aksha*, VI. 3. 104), spade (*khanitra*, III. 2. 184), oar (*aritra*, III.2.184), loom (*tantra*, V.2.70) and shuttle (*pravāṇi*, V.4.160); food stuffs like *guḍa* (IV.4.103), *phāṇita* (VII.2.18), milk (*kshīra*), curds (*dadhi*), butter (*haiyaṅgavīna*, V.2.23), vegetables (*śāka*, VI.2.128), cereals and pulses (*dhānyas*); utensils and pottery (*amatra*, IV.2.14; *kaulālaka*, IV.3.118) of various sizes to cook different quantities (III.2.33); intoxicating drinks like *madya* (III.1.100), *maireya* (VI.2.70), *surā* (II.4.25) prepared in distilleries (*āsuti*, V.2.112) and sold in booths (*śuṇḍika*, IV.3.76) and the costly *kāpiśāyana* imported from *Kāpiśī* in north Afghanistan (IV.2.99); gold and silver ornaments like *karṇikā*, *lalāṭikā* (IV.3.65); gems (*maṇi*) like emerald (*sasyaka*, V.2.68), ruby (*lohitaka*, V.4.30) and cat's eye (*vaidūrya*, IV. 3. 84); metals as gold, silver, copper, lead and tin; arms and weapons (*śastra*, III. 2. 182), as spears (*śakti*, IV. 4. 59), javelins (*kāsū*, V. 3. 90), battle-axe (*paraśvadha*, IV. 4. 58), bows (*dhanu*), arrows (*ishu*, VI. 2. 107) and coats of mail (*varma*, III. 1. 25); musical instruments like lute (*vīṇā*, III. 3. 65), tabor (*madḍuka*) cymbals (*jharjhara*, IV. 4. 56); and miscellaneous objects like images (*pratikṛiti*, V. 3. 96), garland (*mālā*, VI. 3. 65), perfumery (IV. 4. 53; IV. 4. 54); balance (*tulā*, IV. 4. 91), weights (*māna*), measures (*parimāṇa*), coins; and various conveyances like wagons (*śakaṭa*), chariots (*ratha*) and boats (*nau*, IV. 4. 7), etc.