The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c18.43

v4.c18.43

While affairs in the Deccan had been the chief preoccupation of the Mughuls other projects for extension of territory had also been launched. For a hundred years they had coveted the barren and inhospitable country of Tibet, and in spite of the record of constant disaster renewed their attempts from time to time. An expedition under the governor of Kashmīr failed in the preceding reign and was obliged to retreat with great loss and much difficulty. Shāh Jahān’s expedition was less ambitious and was directed against Abdāl the ruler of Bāltistān or little Tibet, who had offended him by giving refuge to the turbulent Chakks.¹ Abdāl had submitted in 1634 but again showed a recalcitrant spirit and the governor of Kashmīr was directed to enforce his obedience. Bāltistān lies among massive ranges with lofty peaks and vast glaciers and a campaign is possible only during two months of the year. A fort held by a young son of Abdāl capitulated after a short siege and the failure of a sortie to drive off the besiegers. The surrender of a second fort and the knowledge that his people were not prepared to support him compelled Abdāl to yield and he agreed to pay an indemnity, while the leader of the Chakks was also secured. A new governor was appointed, and a year later sent news that Tibet proper was aggressive. In a short campaign, however, the Tibetan forces were routed and peace was restored.