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The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c25: Chronology

The Cambridge History of India, Vol. IV: The Mughul Period v4.c25

Language
English

Contents

Chronology

India

v4.c25.s1.1

**A.D.** 1483 Birth of Bābur (p. 3). 1489 (or earlier)¹ Birth of Farīd Khān (Sher Shāh) (p. 45). 1494 Bābur succeeds his father in Farghāna (p. 4). 1497 Bābur captures Samarqand (p. 4). 1504 Bābur occupies Kābul (p. 5). 1505, 1507 Bābur raids into India (pp. 5, 6, 10). 1508 Birth of Humāyūn (p. 5). 1511 Bābur seizes Samarqand again (p. 7). 1512 Bābur abandons attempts on trans-Oxiana (p. 8). 1516 ʿAskarī born. 1519 Bābur takes Bājaur (p. 10). Birth of Abu-ʼn-Nāsir Hindāl. 1520 Humāyūn appointed governor of Badakhshān (p. 43). 1525 Bābur leaves Kābul for India (p. 12). 1526 Humāyūn takes Hissār Fīrūza (p. 12). Battle of Pānīpat (p. 13). 1527 Battle of Khānua (p. 17). 1528 Chanderī taken (p. 17). 1529 Battle of the Gogra (p. 17). 1530 Death of Bābur and succession of Humāyūn (p. 18). 1531 Battle of Daunrūā (pp. 21 and 49). 1533 Rebellion of the Mīrzās (p. 22). 1534 Humāyūn moves to Gwalior (p. 22). 1535 Bahādur Shāh of Gujarāt defeated and flies to Māndū (p. 23). Capture of Chāmpāner (p. 25). 1536 ʿAskarī leaves Gujarāt (p. 26). Mālwā abandoned (p. 27). 1537 Death of Bahādur Shāh of Gujarāt (p. 28). Capture of Chunār (p. 29). 1538 Sher Khān defeats Mahmūd Shāh of Bengal (p. 29). Humāyūn enters Gaur (p. 30). 1539 Sher Khān defeats Humāyūn at Chausa and assumes sovereignty (pp. 33, 51). 1540 Humāyūn again defeated near Kanauj (p. 34). Humāyūn retreats towards Sind (p. 36). 1541 Humāyūn marries Hamīda Begam (p. 38). 1542 Birth of Akbar (p. 39). Death of Mahmūd Lodī (p. 49). Sher Shāh invades Mālwā (p. 52). 1543 Sher Shāh takes Rāisen (p. 53) and invades Rājputāna (p. 54). Humāyūn, defeated by Shāh Mīrzā Husain, leaves Sind (p. 40). 1544 Humāyūn arrives in Persia (p. 40). 1545 Death of Sher Shāh (p. 55). Succession of Islām Shāh (p. 58). Humāyūn takes Qandahār (p. 40) and Kābul (p. 41).

v4.c25.s1.2

¹ Possibly as early as 1472. *Vide Journal Bihar and Orissa Research Society*, 1934, p. 113.

v4.c25.s1.3

1546 Kāmrān recovers Kābul (p. 41). Khavāss Khān murdered (p. 59).

v4.c25.s1.4

1547 Humāyūn re-takes Kābul (p. 41). Shujā‘at Khān rebels in Mālwā (p. 60).

v4.c25.s1.5

1548 Kāmrān submits to Humāyūn (p. 42). Death of Shaikh ‘Alāī (p. 63).

v4.c25.s1.6

1549 Humāyūn's campaign against the Uzbegs (p. 42).

v4.c25.s1.7

1550 Kāmrān rebels and occupies Kābul but is ejected (p. 42).

v4.c25.s1.8

1551 Death of Hindāl in battle (p. 42).

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1552 Kāmrān visits Islām Shāh (p. 43).

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1553 Kāmrān surrenders to Humāyūn and is blinded (p. 43).

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1554 Death of Islām Shāh (p. 61). Succession of Muhammad ‘Ādil Shāh (p. 64). Humāyūn arrives at Peshāwar (p. 67).

v4.c25.s1.12

1555 Ibrāhīm Shāh assumes royal title (p. 65), and is defeated by Ahmad Khān who styles himself Sikandar Shāh (p. 66). Humāyūn defeats Sikandar Shāh's army (p. 67) and enters Delhi (p. 68).

v4.c25.s1.13

1556 Death of Humāyūn and proclamation of Akbar (p. 69). Second battle of Pānīpat (p. 72).

v4.c25.s1.14

1557 Death of Kāmrān (p. 43). Sikandar Shāh surrenders (p. 73).

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1558 Death of ‘Askarī (p. 42, n. 1). Akbar moves to Āgra (p. 75).

v4.c25.s1.16

1559 Capture of Gwalior (p. 77).

v4.c25.s1.17

1560 Akbar breaks with Bairam Khān (p. 77), who is assassinated (p. 78).

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1561 Invasion of Mālwā (p. 79). Revolt in eastern provinces crushed and Chunār captured (p. 81).

v4.c25.s1.19

1562 Akbar visits Ajmer and marries daughter of Rājā Bihārī Mal of Amber (p. 81). Merta surrendered (p. 82). Reverses in Mālwā (p. 82). Atga Khān and Adham Khān murdered (p. 83). Akbar frees himself from harem influence (p. 84). Revolt in Kābul (p. 84).

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1563 Expedition against Gakkhars (p. 86).

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1564 Attempt on Akbar's life (p. 87). Execution of Shāh Abu-'l-Ma‘ālī (p. 86). Muzaffar Khān appointed revenue minister (p. 87). *Jizya* abolished (p. 87). Gond kingdom annexed (p. 88). Rebellion in Mālwā crushed (p. 89). Campaign in Bihār (p. 90).

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1565 Revolt of Uzbegs in India quelled (p. 91).

v4.c25.s1.23

1566 Akbar visits Jaunpur, Chunār and Benares (p. 93). Muhammad Hakīm invades the Punjab (p. 94). Valuation of assignments (p. 461).

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1567 Revolt of Mīrzās in Rohilkhand (p. 94). Final suppression of Uzbegs (p. 96). Akbar attacks the Rānā and besieges Chitor (p. 97).

v4.c25.s1.25

1568 Capture of Chitor (p. 98). Sulaimān of Bengal recognizes Akbar's supremacy (p. 99).

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1568 The Mirzās invade Mālwa and Gujarāt (p. 99). "The foster-father cohort" dispersed (p. 100). 1569 Capture of Ranthambhor and Kālinjar (p. 101). Birth of prince Salīm (Jahāngīr) (p. 102). 1570 Birth of prince Murād (p. 102). 1571 Foundation of Fathpur Sīkrī (p. 103). 1572 Invasion of Gujarāt (p. 103). Operations against the Mirzās (p. 104). Birth of prince Dāniyāl (p. 102). Death of Sulaimān of Bengal (p. 110). 1573 Surat surrenders to Akbar (p. 105). Understanding with Portuguese (p. 105). Cash salaries introduced (p. 461). Akbar doubts sufficiency of Islam (p. 107). Revolt in Gujarāt (p. 108). Dāūd, king of Bengal, invades Bihār (p. 111). 1574 Akbar takes Bihār and orders invasion of Bengal (p. 112). 1575 Famine in Gujarāt (p. 112). Mīrzā Sulaimān expelled from Badakhshān (p. 115). Dāūd surrenders Bengal (p. 113), but rebels (p. 115). 1576 Campaign against the Rānā (p. 115). Dāūd slain and Bengal subdued (p. 116). 1577 Khāndesh taken (p. 117). Rebellion in Gujarāt (p. 118). 1578 Portuguese mission arrives at Āgra (p. 121). 1579 Muzaffar Khān appointed viceroy of Bengal (p. 121). Akbar's infallibility decree prepared (p. 122). Assignments restored (p. 462). 1580 Yūsuf Shāh recovers Kashmīr (p. 124). First Jesuit mission arrives at Āgra (p. 124). Muslim plot to replace Akbar by Muhammad Hakīm (p. 125). Rebellion in Bihār and Bengal (p. 125). 1581 Akbar marches against Muhammad Hakīm (p. 127). Execution of Shāh Mansūr (p. 127). Reconciliation with Muhammad Hakīm (p. 128). 1582 Abortive attack on Portuguese in Damān (p. 128). Jesuit mission recalled from Āgra (p. 129). "Divine Faith" promulgated (p. 129). 1583 Muzaffar III unsuccessfully rebels in Gujarāt (p. 133). Administrative reforms (p. 133). Foundation of fort at Allahābād (p. 134). 1584 "Divine era" introduced (p. 134). 1585 Death of Muhammad Hakīm (p. 134). Newbery, Fitch and Leedes arrive at Āgra (p. 135). Expeditions against Kashmīr and the Yūsufzāis (p. 135). 1586 Kashmīr annexed (p. 136). The Raushanāīs defeated (p. 136). Unsuccessful raids into Berār and Sind (p. 137). 1587 Mān Singh recalled from Kābul (p. 137).

v4.c25.s1.27

| A.D. | |
| 1589 | Akbar visits Kashmīr (p. 138). |
| | Burhān Nizām Shāh II becomes king of Ahmadnagar (p. 138). |
| | Death of Todar Mal and Bhagwān Dās (p. 138). |
| 1590 | Rebels in Bengal, Bihār and Orissa finally crushed (p. 139). |
| 1591 | Second Jesuit mission to Āgra (p. 139). |
| | Envoys sent to courts in the Deccan (p. 139). |
| 1592 | Rebellion in Kashmīr which Akbar visits again (p. 140). |
| | Orissa finally subdued (p. 140). |
| 1595 | Qandahār surrendered to Mughuls (p. 141). |
| | Third Jesuit mission to Lahore (p. 141). |
| 1596 | Berār ceded to Akbar (p. 143). |
| 1597 | Mughul victory over troops of Deccan (p. 143). |
| 1598 | Surrender of Gāwīlgarh and Narnāla (p. 143). |
| | Death of ‘Abdullah Shaibānī (p. 144). |
| 1599 | Death of prince Murād (p. 144). |
| | Akbar sets out for Deccan (p. 145). |
| | Rebellion in Bengal (p. 146). |
| | Prince Salīm revolts (p. 147). |
| 1600 | Ahmadnagar stormed (p. 147). |
| 1601 | Asīrgarh surrendered and Khāndesh annexed (p. 148). |
| | Prince Dāniyāl appointed viceroy of the Deccan (p. 148). |
| 1602 | Murder of Shaikh Abu-’l-Fazl (p. 149). |
| 1603 | Salīm reconciled with Akbar (p. 150). |
| | John Mildenhall arrives in Āgra (p. 151). |
| 1604 | (or 1605) Death of prince Dāniyāl (p. 151). |
| 1605 | Death of Akbar (p. 153) and succession of Salīm as Jahāngīr (p. 156). |
| 1606 | Khusrav’s revolt (p. 156). |
| | Parvīz and Āsaf Khān sent to invade Mewār (p. 158). |
| | Qandahār invested by Persians (p. 158). |
| 1607 | Qandahār relieved by Mughuls (p. 158). |
| | Sher Afgan, first husband of Nūr Jahān, killed (p. 160). |
| | Second revolt by Khusrav (p. 158). |
| 1608 | Mahābat Khān supersedes Āsaf Khān in Mewār campaign (p. 158). |
| | Khān Khānān sent to command in Deccan (p. 159). |
| | Ahmadnagar taken by Malik ‘Ambar (p. 159). |
| 1609 | Hawkins arrives at Āgra (p. 162). |
| | ‘Abdullah Khān replaces Mahābat Khān in Mewār (p. 158). |
| 1610 | Riot at Patna caused by youth impersonating Khusrav (p. 160). |
| | Parvīz arrives in Deccan with Āsaf Khān, Khān Khānān (pp. 159, 260). |
| | Khān Khānān, defeated in Deccan, loses Ahmadnagar (pp. 159, 260). |
| | Khān Khānān recalled, and Khān A‘zam sent to Deccan (p. 159). |
| 1611 | ‘Abdullah Khān defeats Mewār forces, and is appointed governor of Gujarāt (p. 158). |
| | Jahāngīr marries Mihr-un-Nisa (Nūr Jahān) (p. 163). |
| | Failure of attack on Deccan by ‘Abdullah Khān, Khān Jahān and Mān Singh (p. 160). |
| 1612 | Mughul governor of Bengal defeats rebellious Afghāns (p. 161). |
| | Khurram marries Arjumand Bānū Begam (Mumtāz Mahall) (p. 163). |
| | First English factory at Surat (p. 306). |

v4.c25.s1.28

1612 Mughuls annex Kuch Hājo (p. 233).

v4.c25.s1.29

1613 Jahāngīr leaves Āgra for Ajmer (p. 161). Portuguese capture Mughul ships (p. 162).

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1614 Khurram deputed to Mewār campaign (p. 161). First mention of English in Mughul records (p. 162).

v4.c25.s1.31

1615 Portuguese attack on British ships repulsed by Downton (p. 162). Rānā of Mewār submits to Khurram (p. 161). Birth of prince Dārā. Sir Thomas Roe arrives in India (p. 162).

v4.c25.s1.32

1616 Roe received by Jahāngīr (p. 162). Khurram appointed to Deccan (p. 164). Persian embassy received at Ajmer (p. 170). Khusrav placed in charge of Khurram (p. 164). Plague breaks out in N. India (p. 167).

v4.c25.s1.33

1617 Khurram makes peace in Deccan and receives title of Shāh Jahān (p. 165). Jahāngīr leaves Māndū for Gujarāt (p. 166).

v4.c25.s1.34

1618 Jahāngīr leaves Gujarāt (p. 166). Roe, after obtaining *farmāns* for English trade, leaves court (p. 166). Aurangzīb born at Dohad (p. 166).

v4.c25.s1.35

1619 Jahāngīr arrives at Āgra, and leaves for Kashmīr (p. 167). Campaign in Kishtwār (p. 167).

v4.c25.s1.36

1620 Kāngra fort taken (p. 167). Shahryār betrothed to Nūr Jahān’s daughter (by Sher Afgan) (p. 168). Malik ‘Ambar revolts in Deccan (pp. 168, 261). Shāh Jahān again deputed to Deccan (p. 168).

v4.c25.s1.37

1621 Shāh Jahān successful in Deccan (p. 169). Jahāngīr leaves Āgra for Hills (p. 169). I‘timād-ud-daula dies (p. 169).

v4.c25.s1.38

1622 Khusrav dies or is murdered (p. 169). Shāh ‘Abbās of Persia besieges and takes Qandahār (p. 170). Shāh Jahān ordered to recover Qandahār but rebels (p. 170). Malik ‘Ambar takes Bidar (p. 262).

v4.c25.s1.39

1623 Shāh Jahān defeated by imperial army at Bilochpur (p. 171). Shāh Jahān’s forces defeated in Central India (p. 171) and he flies to Golconda territory, and Orissa (p. 172).

v4.c25.s1.40

1624 Shāh Jahān successful in Bengal and Bihār, and Parvīz and Mahābat Khān return from Deccan to meet him (p. 172). Shāh Jahān, defeated near Allahābād, returns through Bengal and Golconda (p. 173). Birth of Murād Bakhsh (p. 173). Malik ‘Ambar attacks Bījāpur (pp. 173, 262).

v4.c25.s1.41

1625 Shāh Jahān joins Malik ‘Ambar and unsuccessfully besieges Burhānpur (pp. 173, 263). Parvīz and Mahābat Khān return to Deccan and Shāh Jahān retires to Bālāghāt and offers submission (p. 173). Mahābat Khān appointed governor of Bengal and summoned to court (p. 174).

v4.c25.s1.42

1626 Jahāngīr starts for Kābul, and is seized by Mahābat Khān (p. 174). Death of Malik ‘Ambar (p. 176).

v4.c25.s1.43

| A.D. | |
| 1626 | Shāh Jahān moves north towards Sind to meet Mahābat Khān, who leaves the emperor (p. 177). |
| | Parvīz dies at Burhānpur (p. 177). |
| 1627 | Jahāngīr starts for Kashmīr, and dies on return journey (p. 178). |
| | Dāwar Bakhsh proclaimed successor (p. 183). |
| | Birth of Shivājī. |
| 1628 | Shāh Jahān proclaimed emperor (p. 183). |
| | Dāwar Bakhsh murdered (p. 183). |
| | Jujhār Singh's rebellion (p. 184). |
| 1629 | Rebellion of Khān Jahān Lodī (p. 185). |
| | Shāh Jahān leaves Āgra for Deccan (pp. 186, 264). |
| 1630 | Shāh Jahān invades Ahmadnagar territory (pp. 186, 264). |
| 1631 | Khān Jahān finally defeated and slain (p. 188). |
| | Death of Mumtāz Mahall (p. 189). |
| 1632 | Mughuls invade Bījāpur (pp. 189, 264). |
| | Sack of Hooghly (p. 191). |
| 1633 | English factories opened at Balasore and Hariharpur (p. 306). |
| | Daulatābād stormed and end of Ahmadnagar dynasty (pp. 193, 265). |
| 1634 | Abdāl of Bāltistān submits (p. 198). |
| | Unsuccessful siege of Parenda (pp. 194, 266). |
| | Death of Mahābat Khān (p. 194). |
| | Insurrection in Bundelkhand (p. 194). |
| 1635 | Expedition against Garhwāl (p. 207). |
| 1636 | Peace made with Bījāpur (pp. 197, 267). |
| | Shāhjī submits, and enters service of Bījāpur (pp. 198, 267). |
| 1637 | Aurangzīb appointed viceroy of Deccan (p. 267). |
| | Annexation of Bāglān (p. 200). |
| 1638 | Peace between Mughuls and Āhom king (pp. 200, 233). |
| | Qandahār recovered by Mughuls (p. 199). |
| 1639 | Invasion of Balkh planned (p. 202). |
| | Foundation of new Delhi laid (p. 220). |
| 1640 | Foundation of Fort St George, Madras (p. 306). |
| 1641 | Revolt in Kāngra (p. 200). |
| | Cheros in Palāmau subdued (p. 201). |
| | Death of Āsaf Khān (p. 201). |
| 1644 | Aurangzīb resigns viceroyalty of Deccan (p. 268). |
| 1645 | Death of Nūr Jahān (p. 202) and of Gurū Har Govind (p. 245). |
| | Invasion of Balkh (p. 202). |
| 1646 | Shivājī captures Torna (p. 268). |
| | Balkh taken by Murād Bakhsh (p. 203). |
| 1647 | Aurangzīb replaces Murād Bakhsh but withdraws to Kābul (p. 204) |
| | Shivājī captures Kondhānā (Sinhgarh) and other forts (p. 268). |
| 1648 | Shāhjī imprisoned in Bījāpur (p. 268). |
| | Ruler of Bījāpur recognized as "Shāh" (p. 208). |
| 1649 | Persians recover Qandahār (p. 205). |
| | Inauguration of new Delhi (p. 205). |
| 1651 | Aurangzīb re-appointed to Deccan (p. 269). |
| | English factory opened at Hooghly (p. 306). |
| 1652 | Shujā‘ grants permission to English to trade in Bengal (p. 306). |

v4.c25.s1.44

1652 Aurangzīb fails to recover Qandahār (p. 206).

v4.c25.s1.45

1654 Expedition against Garhwāl (p. 207).

v4.c25.s1.46

1655 Aurangzīb attacks Hyderābād and Golconda (pp. 208, 270).

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1656 Golconda princess marries Aurangzīb's son (pp. 208, 270). Garhwāl submits (p. 207). Aurangzīb interferes in succession to Bījāpur (pp. 209, 270).

v4.c25.s1.48

1657 Shivājī raids Ahmadnagar and Junnar, but is pardoned (pp. 210, 272). Aurangzīb takes Bīdar, Kalyānī and Gulbarga (p. 271). Illness of Shāh Jahān (p. 211). Murād and Shujāʻ rebel (p. 211).

v4.c25.s1.49

1658 Shujāʻ defeated near Benares (p. 211). Aurangzīb defeats royalists at Dharmatpur (p. 212). Battle of Sāmogarh (p. 213). Aurangzīb crowned at Delhi (pp. 215, 222).

v4.c25.s1.50

1659 Shujāʻ defeated at Khajuhā (p. 224). Dārā defeated at Deorāī and executed at Delhi (p. 227). Second coronation of Aurangzīb (p. 228). Shivājī murders Afzal Khān (p. 272).

v4.c25.s1.51

1660 Shujāʻ driven from Bengal flees to Arakan (pp. 226, 480). Mīr Jumla appointed to Bengal (p. 234). Mughuls occupy Poona and Chākan (p. 257).

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1661 Shujāʻ killed in Arakan (pp. 226, 481). Murād Bakhsh executed (p. 228). Capture of Cooch Behār (p. 234).

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1662 Assam occupied (p. 234). Cooch Behār recovered by its Rājā (p. 236). Peace with Āhoms (p. 235).

v4.c25.s1.54

1663 Death of Mīr Jumla (p. 235). Shivājī raids Poona (p. 257).

v4.c25.s1.55

1664 Shivājī assumes royal title (p. 273) and sacks Surat (p. 258).

v4.c25.s1.56

1665 Jay Singh defeats Shivājī (p. 258).

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1666 Death of Shāh Jahān (p. 233). Chittagong captured (pp. 237, 481). Shivājī visits Āgra, and escapes (p. 258).

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1667 Yūsufzāis rebel (p. 238). Āhoms recover Assam (p. 235).

v4.c25.s1.59

1668 Intolerant religious ordinances issued (p. 230). Sholāpur ceded to Mughuls (p. 273).

v4.c25.s1.60

1669 Destruction of temples ordered (p. 241). Jāt rebellion (p. 243).

v4.c25.s1.61

1670 Shivājī rebels and again sacks Surat (p. 258). Chhatra Sāl becomes leader of Bundelās (p. 313).

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1672 Rebellion of Afrīdis (p. 238), and of Satnāmīs (p. 243). Civil war in Bījāpur (p. 255).

v4.c25.s1.63

1673 Shivājī sacks Hublī (p. 275).

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1674 Aurangzīb conducts campaign against Afghān tribes (p. 239). Shivājī assumes title of *Chhatrapati* (pp. 259, 275).

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1675 Gurū Tegh Bahādur executed (p. 245).

v4.c25.s1.66

1676 Unsuccessful invasion of Bījāpur (p. 255).

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1677 Shivājī conquers Carnatic and Mysore (pp. 259, 276).

v4.c25.s1.68

| A.D. | |
| 1678 | Mārwār occupied by Mughuls (p. 247). |
| 1679 | Gauhātī temporarily recovered by Mughuls (p. 236). |
| | First English ship enters Ganges (p. 307). |
| | *Jizya* re-imposed (p. 242). |
| | Mughuls again invade Bījāpur unsuccessfully (pp. 259, 278). |
| | Attack on Mewār (p. 248). |
| 1680 | Death of Shivājī and succession of Shambhūjī (pp. 259, 278, 279). |
| 1681 | Kāmrūp finally lost by Mughuls (p. 236). |
| | Prince Akbar rebels (p. 250). |
| | Mewār regains freedom (p. 252). |
| | Aurangzīb sets out for Deccan (p. 281). |
| 1682 | Aurangzīb attacks the Marāthās (p. 282). |
| 1685 | Siege of Bījāpur (p. 285). |
| | King of Golconda submits to Aurangzīb (p. 287). |
| | Jāt rebellion (p. 305). |
| 1686 | Fall of Bījāpur (p. 287). |
| | English sack and burn Hooghly (p. 308). |
| 1687 | Prince Akbar sails for Persia (p. 284). |
| | Shāh ‘Ālam imprisoned (p. 287). |
| | Golconda captured (p. 289). |
| | Durjan Sāl seizes Būndī (p. 303). |
| | English expelled from Hijilī (p. 308). |
| 1688 | Marāthās plunder Conjeveram (p. 291). |
| | Jāts rob Akbar's tomb at Sikandra (p. 305). |
| | English factors imprisoned at Surat (p. 309). |
| 1689 | Shambhūjī captured and executed. Rājā Rām succeeds (p. 284). |
| | Aurangzīb supreme in north India and Deccan (p. 284). |
| | English abandon Bengal (p. 308) and are besieged in Bombay (p. 309). |
| 1690 | Mughuls besiege Rājā Rām in Gingee (p. 292). |
| | Marāthā successes near Sātārā (p. 293). |
| | Peace made between Mughuls and English (p. 309). |
| 1692 | Renewed Marāthā activity in Deccan (p. 294). |
| 1693 | Marāthās raid Berār (p. 294). |
| 1694 | Shāhjī II of Tanjore makes peace with Mughuls (p. 293). |
| 1695 | Mughul army defeated by Marāthās near Chitaldroog (p. 294). |
| | Shāh ‘Ālam appointed viceroy of Punjab and Sind (p. 296). |
| | Mughul ships taken by English pirates (p. 309). |
| 1696 | Marāthā dissensions (p. 295). |
| | Rebellion in Gondwāna (p. 314). |
| 1697 | Santājī Ghorpare murdered (p. 295). |
| 1698 | Gingee stormed (p. 293). |
| | Ajit Singh of Mārwār pardoned (p. 304). |
| | English and Dutch piracy (p. 310). |
| 1699 | Rājā Rām defeated by Bīdār Bakht (p. 295). |
| | Siege of Sātārā (p. 297). |
| | First Marāthā raid in Mālwā (p. 313). |
| 1700 | Death of Rājā Rām (p. 295) and disputes over succession (p. 392). |
| | Sātārā taken by Mughuls (p. 297). |
| 1701 | Aurangzīb takes Parlī and other forts (pp. 297, 298). |

v4.c25.s1.69

1701 Ja‘far Khān appointed revenue minister of Bengal (p. 312). 1702 Durgā Dās rebels (p. 304). 1703 Sinhgarh taken by bribery (p. 298). Marāthās stop Mughul communications between northern and southern India (p. 313). 1704 Death of Muhammad Akbar (p. 302). 1705 Chhatra Sāl recognized by Aurangzīb (p. 314). Serious illness of Aurangzīb (p. 299). Durgā Dās restored to office (p. 304). 1706 Barodā sacked by Marāthās and Kolīs (pp. 306, 315). Marāthā raids in southern India (p. 301). 1707 Aurangzīb separates his sons (p. 301). Death of Aurangzīb (p. 302). Rāthor war of independence (p. 303). Prince Mu‘azzam becomes emperor as Bahādur Shāh (p. 319). Prince A‘zam asserts claim in Deccan (p. 319). Prince Kām Bakhsh crowns himself (p. 321). A‘zam defeated near Jājau and slain (p. 320). 1708 Shāhū recognized as Marāthā king (p. 392). Ajīt Singh submits to Bahādur Shāh (p. 321). Bahādur Shāh marches against Kām Bakhsh (p. 321). Rājputs again rebel (p. 321). Death of Gurū Govind Singh and revolt of Banda (p. 322). 1709 Kām Bakhsh defeated and killed (p. 321). 1710 Rājputs pardoned (p. 322). Bahādur Shāh attacks Sikhs (p. 323). 1711 Sirhind recovered by Mughuls (p. 323). Shiah-Sunnī dissension at Delhi (p. 324). 1712 Death of Bahādur Shāh (p. 324) and contest for succession (p. 325). Jahāndār becomes emperor (p. 326). Farrukh-siyar with help of Sayyid brothers gains battle of Khajuhā (p. 327). 1713 Farrukh-siyar defeats Jahāndār near Āgra (p. 328), and is enthroned (p. 330). Jahāndār murdered (p. 330). Expedition against the Sikhs (p. 335). 1714 Mughuls invade Mārwār (p. 333). Intrigues against the Sayyids (p. 334). Sayyid Husain ‘Alī appointed viceroy of Deccan (p. 334). 1715 William Hamilton visits Delhi (p. 335). Surrender of the Sikhs (p. 335). 1716 Execution of Banda (p. 335). Rājā Jay Singh attacks Jāts (p. 336). 1717 *Jizya* re-imposed (p. 337). 1718 Churāman Jāt visits Delhi (p. 336). Plot to seize Sayyid ‘Abdullah (p. 337). 1719 Husain ‘Alī returns to Delhi and proposes concessions to Marāthās (pp. 338, 395). Farrukh-siyar deposed and strangled and Rafī‘-ud-Darajāt succeeds (p. 339). *Jizya* abolished (p. 340) and re-imposed (p. 346).

v4.c25.s1.70

1719 Death of Rafī‘-ud-Darajāt, and of his successor Rafī‘-ud-Daula (Shāh Jahān II) (p. 340). Raushan-Akhtar succeeds as Muhammad Shāh (p. 340).

v4.c25.s1.71

1720 Quarrels between Sayyid brothers (p. 342). Death of Bālājī Peshwā and succession of Bājī Rāo (p. 396). Nizām-ul-Mulk invades Khāndesh (p. 343) and defeats Sayyid forces in Berār (pp. 343, 399). Assassination of Sayyid Husain ‘Alī (p. 344). Sayyid ‘Abdullah proclaims Ibrāhīm as emperor, but is defeated by imperial army (p. 345). *Jizya* abandoned (p. 346). Marāthās obtain hold on Gujarāt (p. 398).

v4.c25.s1.72

1721 Ajīt Singh rebels but submits (pp. 346, 347).

v4.c25.s1.73

1722 Nizām-ul-Mulk returns to Delhi and becomes minister (p. 347). Sayyid ‘Abdullah poisoned (p. 348). Sa‘ādat Khān, Burhān-ul-Mulk, appointed viceroy of Oudh (p. 348).

v4.c25.s1.74

1723 Nizām-ul-Mulk leaves Delhi (p. 349).

v4.c25.s1.75

1724 Qamar-ud-dīn becomes minister (p. 349). Abhay Singh succeeds Ajīt Singh (p. 352). Battle of Shakarkhelda, Nizām now independent (pp. 350, 377, 399). Bājī Rāo crosses Narbadā (p. 397).

v4.c25.s1.76

1725 Nizām-ul-Mulk receives title of Āsaf Jāh and comes to terms with Marāthās (pp. 350, 379). Muhammad Khān Bangash becomes governor of Allahābād (p. 353). Nizām-ul-Mulk's attempts on Gujarāt (p. 351).

v4.c25.s1.77

1726 Death of Ja‘far Khān (p. 364). Nizām-ul-Mulk supports Shambhūjī (pp. 380, 400).

v4.c25.s1.78

1727 Khān Daurān becomes minister (p. 351). Abhay Singh appointed governor of Gujarāt (p. 352). Arakanese raid in Bengal (p. 479).

v4.c25.s1.79

1728 Nizām-ul-Mulk takes Poona but compelled to evacuate it (pp. 381, 400). Treaty of Mungī Shevgāon (pp. 381, 400).

v4.c25.s1.80

1729 Marāthās defeat Muhammad Khān Bangash in Bundelkhand (p. 353). Nādir Qulī expels Afghāns from Persia (p. 357).

v4.c25.s1.81

1730 Sarbuland Khān's contest with Abhay Singh (p. 352). Shāhū's army defeats Shambhūjī (p. 401).

v4.c25.s1.82

1731 Muhammad Khān Bangash appointed to Mālwā (p. 354). Nizām-ul-Mulk incites Marāthās to invade northern India (pp. 351, 382). Bājī Rāo establishes Marāthā authority in Gujarāt (p. 401). Treaty of Warnā between Shāhū and Shambhūjī (p. 401).

v4.c25.s1.83

1732 Bājī Rāo invades Mālwā (p. 402). Rājā Jay Singh replaces Muhammad Khān in Mālwā (p. 354).

v4.c25.s1.84

1734 Marāthās capture Hindaun (p. 354).

v4.c25.s1.85

1735 Marāthās sack Sāmbhar (p. 354). Bājī Rāo recognized by emperor as governor of Mālwā (pp. 354, 402). Rebellion in Korā (p. 355).

v4.c25.s1.86

1736 Bājī Rāo's claims for territory and tribute (p. 355). Nādir Shāh becomes king of Persia (p. 357).

v4.c25.s1.87

1737 Mughuls attack Holkar near Bhadāwar (p. 356).

v4.c25.s1.88

1737 Bājī raids almost to Delhi and is formally appointed governor of Mālwā (pp. 356, 403). Nizām-ul-Mulk visits Delhi (p. 382). Marāthās over-run Konkan and besiege Bassein (p. 405). Chanda Sāhib seizes Trichinopoly (p. 384). 1738 Nizām-ul-Mulk makes terms with Marāthās (p. 357). Nādir Shāh takes Kābul and invades India (p. 357). Marāthā depredations in Berār (p. 383). 1739 Nādir Shāh defeats Mughuls near Karnāl (p. 360), enters Delhi and orders massacre (p. 361). Burhān-ul-Mulk dies and is succeeded by Safdar Jang (p. 362). Mughuls lose Kābul and trans-Indus territory (p. 362). Death of Shujā‘-ud-Daula of Bengal (p. 364). English obtain rights to trade in Deccan (p. 406). 1740 ‘Alī Vardī Khān appointed to Bengal (p. 364). Marāthās invade Arcot. Dost ‘Alī killed (p. 384). Death of Bājī Rāo and succession of Bālājī Rāo (pp. 365, 407). Nizām-ul-Mulk finally leaves Delhi (p. 383). Nāsir Jang rebels against Nizām-ul-Mulk (pp. 366, 383). 1741 ‘Alī Vardī Khān reduces Orissa (p. 366). Marāthās capture Trichinopoly and Chanda Sāhib (p. 384). Death of Chimājī Appa (p. 407). 1742 Bhāskar Pant invades Bengal (p. 367) and is driven out by ‘Alī Vardī Khān (p. 368). "Marāthā ditch" dug round Calcutta (p. 408). 1743 Raghūjī Bhonsle invades Bengal. *Chauth* of Bihār granted to Peshwā (p. 368). Nizām-ul-Mulk takes Arcot and instals Anvar-ud-dīn (p. 384). Death of Rājā Jay Singh (p. 368), and of Muhammad Khān Bangash (p. 429). 1744 Treaty between Nizām-ul-Mulk and Marāthās (p. 384). Raghūjī Bhonsle’s troops invade Bengal (p. 441). 1745 Rohilla insurrection under ‘Alī Muhammad Khān (p. 370). Raghūjī Bhonsle occupies Orissa, but is defeated at battle of Katwa (p. 441). 1746 Mīr Ja‘far appointed to Orissa (p. 442). 1747 Murder of ‘Umdat-ul-Mulk (p. 371). ‘Alī Vardī Khān defeats Marāthās near Burdwān (p. 442). Nādir Shāh assassinated (p. 371). Famine in Gujarāt (p. 384). Ahmad Shāh Abdālī crosses Indus (p. 372). 1748 Death of Qamar-ud-dīn Khān (p. 373). Ahmad Shāh Abdālī retreats to Kābul (p. 373). Death of Muhammad Shāh and succession of Ahmad Shāh Bahādur (p. 373). Death of Nizām-ul-Mulk and succession of Nāsir Jang (pp. 384, 385). Muzaffar Jang and Chanda Sāhib seize Arcot (p. 387). Qāim Jang Bangash killed by Rohillas (p. 429). 1749 Death of Shāhū and succession of Rām Rājā (p. 410). Ahmad Shāh Abdālī invades Punjab (p. 429).

v4.c25.s1.89

1749 Ahmad Khān Bangash defeats Naval Rāi and Safdar Jang (p. 430).

v4.c25.s1.90

1750 Nāsir Jang defeats Muzaffar Jang but is killed. Muzaffar Jang recognized by French (p. 387). Rām Rājā imprisoned by Tārā Bāi (p. 411).

v4.c25.s1.91

1751 Muzaffar Jang killed and succeeded by Salābat Jang (p. 387). Peshwā favours succession of Ghāzī-ud-dīn at Hyderābād but is defeated by Salābat Jang with aid of French (pp. 387, 410). Safdar Jang invites Marāthās to Dūāb and defeats Bangash and Rohilla Afghāns (pp. 415, 431). Orissa surrendered to the Marāthās (pp. 408, 443).

v4.c25.s1.92

1752 Punjab and Multān ceded to Ahmad Shāh Abdālī (p. 434). Ghāzī-ud-dīn sets out for Deccan. Alliance between Salābat Jang and Marāthās. Ghāzī-ud-dīn poisoned (pp. 388, 412, 434).

v4.c25.s1.93

1753 Shāh Nawāz Khān appointed regent in Deccan (p. 388). Safdar Jang's revolt at Delhi (p. 435). Gāikwār establishes himself in Gujarāt (p. 411).

v4.c25.s1.94

1754 Ahmad Shāh Bahādur deposed and succeeded by ‘Ālamgīr II (p. 436). Shāh Nawāz exacts tribute from Raghūjī Bhonsle of Nāgpur (p. 389). Peshwā invades Carnatic (p. 412). Death of Safdar Jang and succession of Shujā‘-ud-daula (p. 439). Mughul attempt to recover Punjab (p. 437).

v4.c25.s1.95

1755 Clive and Watson defeat Angrias (p. 394).

v4.c25.s1.96

1756 Attempt by Shāh Nawāz to dismiss French (p. 389). Death of ‘Ali Vardi Khān and succession of Sirāj-ud-Daula (p. 443).

v4.c25.s1.97

1757 Ahmad Shāh Abdālī sacks Delhi and Muttra (pp. 416, 438). Shāh Nawāz replaced by Basālat Jang and later by Nizām ‘Alī (p. 389). ‘Ālī Gauhar escapes from Delhi (p. 440). Clive's victory at Plassey (p. 443).

v4.c25.s1.98

1758 Marāthās invade Punjab (pp. 416, 445). Shāh Nawāz murdered. French influence at Hyderābād wanes and Bussy departs (pp. 390, 412). ‘Ālī Gauhar invades Bihār (p. 443).

v4.c25.s1.99

1759 Ahmad Shāh Abdālī expels Marāthās from Punjab (pp. 416, 445). Marāthās attack Najib-ud-daula (p. 444). ‘Ālamgīr II assassinated and succeeded by Shāh Jahān III (p. 444).

v4.c25.s1.100

1760 Ahmad Shāh Abdālī defeats Sindia at Barārī Ghāt and Holkar at Sikandarābād (pp. 416, 446). Marāthās invade Hyderābād (p. 390). Battle of Udgīr (pp. 390, 413). Marāthā army sets out for north (pp. 417, 446). Shāh Jahān III deposed and Javān Bakht nominally enthroned (p. 447).

v4.c25.s1.101

1761 Battle of Pānīpat (pp. 420, 448). ‘Ālī Gauhar becomes emperor as Shāh ‘Ālam II (p. 448). Shujā‘-ud-Daula appointed minister (p. 448). Nizām ‘Alī invades Mahārāshtra (p. 391). Death of Bālājī Peshwā (p. 425).

v4.c25.s1.102

1762 Nizām ‘Alī imprisons Salābat Jang and recognized by emperor as viceroy (p. 391).

Burma

v4.c25.s2.1

| A.D. | |
| 1404 | Narameikhla flies from Arakan to Bengal (p. 477). |
| 1430 | Narameikhla re-instated (p. 477). |
| 1434 | Narameikhla dies and ‘Alī Khān succeeds (p. 477). |
| 1459 | ‘Alī Khān succeeded by Basawpyu (p. 477). |
| 1531 | Minbin (Zabauk Shāh) succeeds (p. 477). |
| 1541 | Tabinshwehti annexes Pegū (p. 483). |
| 1542 | Tabinshwehti annexes Prome (p. 483). |
| 1544 | Tabinshwehti annexes upper Burma (p. 483). |
| 1546 | Tabinshwehti crowned king of all Burma and annexes Arakan (p. 483). |
| 1547 | Burmese expedition against Siam (p. 483). |
| 1551 | Tabinshwehti murdered and succeeded by Bayinnaung (p. 485). |
| 1556 | Expedition to Katha (p. 487). |
| 1560 | Envoys sent to Goa to recover Buddha tooth (p. 489). |
| 1563 | Invasion of Siam (p. 488). |
| 1564 | Rebellion in Burma (p. 492). |
| 1568 | Siege of Ayuthia (pp. 488, 489). |
| 1576 | Arrival of Buddha tooth in Burma (p. 489). |
| 1581 | Nandabayin succeeds Bayinnaung (p. 492). |
| 1593 | Minrazagyi (Salim Shāh) succeeds in Arakan (p. 478). |
| 1599 | Arakanese and Siamese invade Pegū (p. 493). |
| 1605 | Anaukpetlun succeeds Nandabayin (p. 494). |
| 1607 | Anaukpetlun takes Prome (p. 494). |
| 1610 | Anaukpetlun takes Toungoo (p. 494). |
| 1613 | Anaukpetlun attacks De Brito in Syriam (p. 494). |
| 1617 | Minhkamaung (Husain Shāh) expels Portuguese from Sandwīp (p. 478). |
| 1622 | Thirithudamma succeeds Minhkamaung (p. 479). |
| 1627 | Dutch establish factory in Burma (p. 495). |
| 1628 | Last payment of tribute by Burma to China (p. 494). |
| | Anaukpetlun murdered by Minredeippa (p. 495). |
| 1629 | Minredeippa executed and succeeded by Thalun (p. 496). |
| 1638 | Narapatigyi succeeds Thirithudamma (p. 480). |
| 1647 | British establish factory in Burma (p. 495). |
| 1648 | Pindale succeeds Thalun (p. 497). |
| 1652 | Sandathudamma becomes king of Arakan (p. 480). |
| 1658 | Yung-li, last Ming emperor of China, flies to Bhamo (p. 497). |
| 1661 | Shujā‘ executed in Arakan (p. 481). |
| | Pindale drowned and succeeded by Pye (p. 499). |
| 1662 | Yung-li surrendered to viceroy of Yünnan (p. 499). |
| 1666 | Chittagong captured by Moghuls (p. 481). |
| 1670 | Massacre of Dutch at Mrohaung (p. 480). |
| 1672 | Narawara succeeds Pye (p. 499). |
| 1673 | Minrekyawdin succeeds Narawara (p. 499). |
| 1677 | Dutch withdraw from Burma (p. 495). |
| 1680 | Jatapon horoscopes compiled (p. 500). |
| 1687 | English unsuccessfully claim Mergui (p. 500). |
| 1688 | French build fort at Mergui (p. 500). |
| 1692 | English ship seized at Syriam (p. 501). |
| 1698 | Sane succeeds Minrekyawdin (p. 499). |

v4.c25.s2.2

1710 Sandawiziya becomes king of Arakan (p. 482). 1714 Taninganwe succeeds Sane (p. 499). 1721 Italian mission founded at Āva (p. 500). 1722 English factory established at Syriam (p. 501). 1724 Yazawwingyi chronicle compiled (p. 500). Manipuri raids begin (p. 502). 1731 Sandawiziya murdered (p. 482). 1733 Mahadammayaza succeeds Taninganwe (p. 502). 1738 Manipuri raids extend to Āva (p. 502). 1740 Talaings set up Htaw Buddhaketi as king (p. 503). 1747 Htaw Buddhaketi replaced by Binnya Dala (p. 503). 1750 Manu Ring *dhammathat* compiled (p. 508). 1752 Talaings take Āva (p. 503). Alaungpaya founds new dynasty (p. 504). 1753 Alaungpaya expels Talaings (p. 504). English occupy Negrais (p. 505). 1754 Talaings execute captive king of Āva (p. 505). 1755 Alaungpaya annexes country as far as Rangoon (p. 505). Expedition against Manipur (p. 509). 1756 Burmese capture Syriam (p. 506). Alaungpaya advances on Pegū (p. 507). 1757 Negrais and site at Bassein ceded to English (p. 505). 1758 Alaungpaya enters Imphal (p. 509). 1759 Massacre of English at Negrais (p. 510). 1760 Alaungpaya takes Tenasserim and invades Siam (p. 510). Death of Alaungpaya and Naungdawgyi succeeds (pp. 511, 512). 1763 Hsinbyushin succeeds Naungdawgyi (p. 512). 1764 Invasion of Siam (p. 513). 1765 Āva becomes capital (p. 512). 1767 Ayuthia stormed (p. 515). 1768 Paya Tak reoccupies Ayuthia and founds Bangkok (p. 520). 1769 Chinese invasion repelled (p. 517). 1770 Fresh expedition against Manipur (p. 518). 1773 Talaing rebellion (p. 519). 1776 Singu succeeds Hsinbyushin (p. 520). 1782 Singu killed and succeeded by Bodawpaya (p. 522). Thamada becomes last king of Arakan (p. 482).