The Foundation of Muslim Rule in India: A History of the Establishment and Progress of the Turkish Sultanate of Delhi, 1206–1290 A.D. c6.s3.3

c6.s3.3

The extent of his kingdom cannot be determined with any amount of certainty. It probably included Peshawar to which Muizzuddin led his first attack on the Ghaznawide possessions in India. Mahmud had wrested Multan from the Qaramitah sect of the Shiite Muslims but with the reassertion of the latter's power a few years after his death, it fell off from the Punjab province². Sialkot appears as the boundary towards the state of Jammu which, according to a late chronicle, was hostile to Khusrau Malik³. The Ghaznawide frontier, however, was far from stable, for the Rajputs steadily pushed it back. An inscription of the Chauhana prince Prithviraja I records his conquest of Asi (Hansi) and its conversion into a fortified outpost against the Muslims, in V.S. 1224/1167 A.D.⁴ That this pressure must have continued is proved by the fact that Bhatinda (written Tabarhinda), situated further north, appears a few years later, in the possession of Prithviraja II from whom Muizuddin was to capture it in 1191.