The Aravidu Dynasty of Vijayanagara, Vol. I v1.c31.119

v1.c31.119

1st. Means of acquiring knowledge (*Pramanas*). a. Terms of syllogism. (*Probans*). b. The conclusion (*Paramarsa*). c. Induction. d. Fallacies (*Hetvabhasas* : viz. *Asiddha*, *Viruddha*, *Anai-kantika*, *Prakaranasama* and *Kalatyayapadista*). e. Causes of fallacy. f. Its refutation. 2nd. Process of knowledge. a. Subject (*Paksa*). b. Discursive act. c. Causative signs. d. Every kind of sophism. 3rd. Relation (*Vyapti*). a. On conjunction or relation subsisting between things that are separable or not intimate (*Samyoga*). b. On privation. c. On the effect as proceeding from its cause. d. Conjunction in general (*Samyoga* and *Samavaya*). e. Final certitude or consequence. 4th. Casuistry. a. Cause. (*Karana*). b. Proof by self-evidence. c. Certitude from similarities (*Upamana*) d. The multiplicity of causes (*Samavay*, material or constituent cause ; *Asamavayi*, not constituent cause; *Nimitta*, efficient cause). e. The natural power and strength of the cause. f. The additional power of the cause by superaddition. 5th. Vicious states of mind (*Aprama*) a. Error. (*Bhrama*) b. Doubt (*Samsaya*) c. The variation of supposition (*Tarka*). d. False conclusion from true antecedents. e. The god Ruden (*Ruthru*) (as an instance). Part third is on authority, and speaks of the following subjects:— 1st. Oral testimony. a. Adequation of words to thoughts (*Sakti*). b. Common or universal consent, 2nd. Truth. a. The union of affections in relation to truth. b. Desire of truth. c. Corruption of the sounds. d. Corruption of the whole world, *viz.* can the whole world be deceived as to a truth? e. The excellency of the form of verifying truth. f. Whether what is not actually, could be affirmed. 3rd. Falsehood. a. Novelty of opinion. b. Annihilation. c. Personal imposture, *viz.* lie. d. How must the sign be.