The Dynastic History of Northern India (Early Mediaeval Period) v1.c17.3

v1.c17.3

¹ See *infra*, chapter on the Haihayas. Though in its narrow sense *Kaliṅga* was always distinguished from Oḍra, Utkala and Mahākosala, yet the fact that the Purāṇas definitely state that the Narmadā drained Amarakaṇṭaka, situated in the western half of *Kaliṅga* (*Kaliṅgadeśe paścārdhe parvate'marakaṇṭake*) seems to support our contention. See *Matsya* (Ed. by Jīvānanda Vidyāsāgara), Chap. 184, V. 12. Note also the three Kaliṅgas mentioned by Pliny, viz., *Calingae*, *Macco-Calingae* and *Gangarides-Calingae*, *AGI*, p. 594. *Macco* may signify *Mekala* or the Dravidian *Muka* meaning *three*. In the latter case *Macco-Calingae* may be *Muk-Kalingam* (=*Mukha-Liṅgam*) = *Trikaliṅgam*. See *JBORS*, Vol. XIV, pp. 539-47; *ibid*, Vol. XIV, pp. 635-42.