History of Aurangzib, Based on Original Sources v4.c70: Maratha Navy, 1684-1688,

History of Aurangzib, Based on Original Sources v4.c70

Language: English

Maratha Navy, 1684-1688,

The only record of Shambhuji's navy during this period is one of piracy, to which the crew were driven by their arrears of pay,—varied by attacks on petty cargo-boats belonging to Portuguese subjects. For fear of the Siddi, they seem to have carefully kept away from the northern seas (near Bombay) and confined themselves to the south (Kanara.)

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On 10th March 1684 Shambhuji's "armada" brought into Karwar several rice-boats belonging to the Portuguese which they had made prize of. About 13th March, a year later, 5 or 6 of his ghurabs and gallivats, stationed at Rajapur, visited Karwar. They used to "go out one day and come in the next,...robbing and plundering both at sea and shore what they can catch, having, it is reported, little else to live upon."

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An Englishman named Robert Johnson, who had rebelled against the Company's authorities in India, got a commission from Shambhuji to serve him as his "general at sea" for 600 pagodas per annum as salary and 25 pagodas per mensem as diet money, binding himself to bring 30 more Europeans to the Rajah's service. They engaged to come up with a fleet to the mouth of the Tapti river (near which Surat stands), rob, destroy or capture the Mughal and Siddi junks there or "where they could meet with them in this piratical manner." But he was arrested by the President and Council of Surat in September 1684 and deported to England [Orme MSS. 126, Surat to Calicut, 16 Oct. 1684]

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About 2nd April 1685 two ships and 3 or 4 more ghurabs of his armada entered Karwar harbour, having taken several vessels belonging to the Karnatak people [i.e., Kanarese] and Portuguese,...and some also that belong to their own country people. It was reported that they were going again to the southward to rob some place or other in Kanara, so that the Rani [of Sunda] sent down 1000 soldiers to Mirjan to be ready to repel the raiders Some three weeks afterwards, they took two vessels out of the Mirjan river, a large and a small ghurab, belonging to the Portuguese and laden with plank &c. (Karwar to Surat, in F.R. Surat 109)

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Works of Sir JADUNATH SARKAR, C.I.E. Honorary Member, Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain.

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Complete in five Volumes, sold separately.

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Professor Sarkar's History of Aurangzib is based mainly on original contemporary Persian Marathi and European sources, viz., the Mughal State-papers, daily bulletins of the Mughal Court, the records of impartial non-official writers (such as two Persian memoirs by contemporary Hindu writers), the letters of Aurangzib, his father, brothers, sons, grandsons, officers and vassal kings, and other makers of Indian history, revenue returns &c

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Of the letters of Aurangzib and his contemporaries, more than 5,000 are in the author's possession. He has also used the Marathi bakhars and historical papers, the Assamese chronicles (Buranjis) and the French and Portuguese archives.

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Vols. I & II (in one) Reign of Shah Jahan and War of Succession (2nd ed.) Revised and cheap issue, Rs. 5. Vol. III. Northern India during 1658-1681 (3rd ed) Rs. 3-8. Vol. IV. Southern India, 1644-1689, (2nd ed.) Rs. 4. Vol. V. The Last Phase, 1689-1707, Rs. 4.

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OPINIONS.

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H. Beveridge.—"Jadunath Sarkar may be called *Primus in Indis* as the user of Persian authorities for the history of India He might also be styled the Bengali Gibbon, It is pleasant to think that England and its Government have had some share in producing such a man of wide knowledge and untiring industry as Jadunath . . All his volumes are good, and reflect the highest credit on their author. . The account of Aurangzib in the 3rd and 4th volumes is exceptionaly good. (*History*, 1922).

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Vincent A. Smith.—"You are doing first class work......I repeat with all sincerity that I have the highest opinion of your learning, impartiality and critical ability. I trust that you may be long spared to continue your good work of giving honest history." (29 Dec. 1919)

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Sir E. D. Ross.—"The author seems to me to have used all the available Persian materials and to have used them with discrimination and care. His manner of treating the subject might well serve as a model to writers dealing with other periods of Indo-Musalman history." (29 Oct. 1908).

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W. Foster, C.I.E.—"It is easily the best authority on the period with which it deals."

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Anecdotes of Aurangzib

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(English translation with notes, & a long life of Aurangzib, 2nd ed. Re. 1-8.)

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The anecdotes, 72 in number, have been translated from a Persian work (the *Ahkam-i-Alamgiri*, ascribed to Aurangzib's favourite officer Hamid-ud-din Khan Nimcha), which no other historian has yet used and whose very existence was hardly known before. Two fragmentary MSS. of it were discovered by Prof. Sarkar; and with the help of these and of two others, he has edited the text, and written an English translation, enriched with full historical and textual notes.

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The work is exceedingly interesting and valuable as it throws much new light on Aurangzib and exhibits many unknown traits of his character, his first love, pithy sayings, and principles of government, and his treatment of his sons, grandees, Hindus and Shias.

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Asiatic Quarterly Revi w.—"First comes a life of Aurangzib, succinctly yet attractively written. It sets out the perfect tragœdia of Aurangzib's career."

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Indian Antiquary.—"The ANECDOTES is of real value to English students desirous of closer acquaintance with the individuality of the last of the great Mughals . . . The anecdotes have lost little of their vigour by translation."

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AHKAM-I-ALAMGIRI (Persian text) Re. 1

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In this second edition the Persian text of the *Anecdotes* has been carefully corrected. Aurangzib has been well called a master of the sword and the pen, and this book illustrates what a powerful, and sometimes caustic, style in the Persian language he wielded. It shows that, contrary to the popular belief, he was not devoid of humour. Printed from one unique and two fragmentary MSS.

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Indian Antiquary.—"We have in detail accounts of events and incidents in Aurangzib's life, and these bring home to us in a remarkable way what manner of man he was."

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Mughal Administration

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Second edition, rewritten and enlarged to more than double the size of the first edition, 272 pages, Rs. 3.

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A complete treatise on the administrative system and constitution of the Mughal Empire, its theory and practice, its principles and aims, its effect on the people. Ends with a long philosophical survey of the achievements of the Mughal Empire, the causes of its downfall, its enduring influence upon the country, and the lessons of Indian history.

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Among the chapters are:—Characteristic features of the Mughal Government.—Daily life and powers of the Emperor.—The Diwan and his duties.—Provincial administration.—The spy system.—Condition of the peasants.—Religious policy and ordinances.—State Industries.—Mughal Aristocracy.—Revenue Regulations (in detail).—Causes of the downfall of the Mughal Empire.—Legacy of Muslim rule.—Bibliography (critical).

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India through the Ages

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Re. 1-8.

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A survey of the growth of Indian life and thought from the vedic age to our own times—with a detailed study of the contribution of the Aryans, the Buddhists, the Muhammadans, and the English to the growth of Indian civilization. It tries to show how our present is only working out the legacy of our past. Chapters on:—

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The Aryans and their legacy. The work of Buddhism. The life-story of Buddhism in India. The Muslim settlement and the changes it wrought. The English and their gifts to India. The Renaissance in British India and its effect.

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Times.—"An excellent little compendium of the history of India. The author treats his subject under five main headings. Each of these is considered as a great culture-movement, without emphasis on the battle and conquest side of the picture. He writes with a generous appreciation of the benefits, moral and intellectual, as well as merely administrative, conferred by England on India, and his closing estimate of the situation at the present day is thoughtful and valuable."

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Sir E. A. Gait.—"India Through the Ages gives a wonderfully clear bird's-eye view of a vast subject. I congratulate you in particular on your last chapter, in which you apply a much-needed corrective to modern reactionary tendencies."

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Studies in Mughal India

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Contains 22 essays:— Princess Zeb-un-nisa's character defended. History of Orissa in the 17th century. Revenue regulations of Aurangzib. Art in Muslim India. Education in Muhammadan India. Daily Life of Shah Jahan and Aurangzib. Biography of Aurangzib, 31 pp. Khuda Bakhsh, the Indian Bodley. Who built the Taj? The Companion of an Empress.

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320 pages, Rs. 2. The Wealth of Ind., 1650. A Muslim Heroine. Firingi Pirates of Chatgaon. The Mughal Conquest of Chatgaon. Education of a Mughal Prince. Shaista Khan in Bengal. Nemesis of Aurangzib. A Hindu Historian of Aurangzib. An Indian Memoir-writer of the 17th century. Oriental Monarchies. William Irvine.

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Asiatic Quarterly Review.—"A series of essays on Aurangzib and his times of the most entertaining description."

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Indian Antiquary.—"All the essays are brightly written and several contain information not hitherto available in English." (June, 1913.)

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V. A. Smith.—"The essays are charming and with constant practice your style has attained ease and flexibility."

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CHAITANYA

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2nd ed. with a portrait, Rs. 2

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Chaitanya, (1485-1533), the greatest saint of Bengal, caused a complete moral revolution in Eastern India by preaching the creed of *bhakti* or devotion to God as incarnate in Krishna. His faith conquered Bengal, Orissa and Assam, and also established its stronghold in several other places, notably Brindaban.

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The best of the three contemporary biographies of Chaitanya, the work of Krishnadas Kaviraj,—has been here translated for the first time, and thus readers of English who know not the Bengali tongue have been presented with the most authoritative and unvarnished account of Chaitanya's wanderings and preachings exactly as known to his comrades and personal disciples.

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C. F. Andrews.—"Of surpassing value . . . gives the clearest picture of the Saint, and his teaching, and is full of intense human interest from beginning to end . . . The picture drawn of the Saint is one of extraordinary beauty: a truly human figure comes before us and attracts our own love, even as it attracted the love of his first disciples." (Mod. Review, Oct. 1913).

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SHIVAJI

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(Awarded the Sir James Campbell Gold Medal by the Royal Asiatic Society, Bombay.) 3rd edition, thoroughly rewritten and enlarged, with four portraits, Rs. 5.

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It completely supersedes all the earlier editions. The book has been mostly recast by the addition of much new material, French, Portuguese, Sanskrit and Marathi, minute correction, and a restudy of the extant authorities lending to many changes in the narrative and reflections. Among the new features are a very detailed Chronology, an Index, and a full critical Bibliography. A larger type and format have been used. All his authentic portraits (the British Museum, Paris Bibliotheque Nationale, Valentyn's and Orme's) have been reproduced in this edition.

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It is the most comprehensive and correct narrative of the rise of the Marathas with minute details and exact dates. The complex interaction of Deccan politics has been clearly shown by references to the history of the Muslim Powers there in the 17th century.

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Shivaji's character and achievements, and the Maratha institutions and system of government are discussed in two long chapters, and the lessons taught by the rise and fall of the Marathas are clearly unfolded. Critical bibliography extending over 12 pages.

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A chronology covering eight pages gives in the minutest detail the dates of Shivaji's movements and the events of his time.

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H. Beveridge.—"All his books are good; but perhaps the best of them is the Life and Times of Shivaji. It is full of research, and gives a striking picture of that great event—the birth and development of the Maratha nation."

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Pioneer.—"Sarkar's Shivaji is probably the only really first-class piece of work in English on Maratha history published during the present century." (19 Nov. 1922).

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Sir R. C. Temple.—"The book is indeed History treated in the right way and in the right spirit." (Ind. Antiq.)

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V. A. Smith.—"The reputation of Professor Jadunath Sarkar as a sound critical historian......will be confirmed and extended by his new volume on Shivaji......Prof. Sarkar's bold and deliberately provocative book merits the closest study.

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LATER MUGHALS

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BY W. IRVINE, I.C.S. (retd.)

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Edited and continued by JADUNATH SARKAR.

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Thick royal octavo, 2 Vols., Rs. 8 each

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This is the most comprehensive, detailed, original and correct history of the decline of the Mughal Empire from the death of Aurangzib to the invasion of Nadir Shah (1739).

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In addition to a narrative of the events of 1707-1739 it contains full and correct accounts of the rise and early history of the Sikhs, Jats, Bundelas and Marathas.

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Prof. Jadunath Sarkar has carefully edited the book from Irvine's MS. papers, revising and completing it. He has also added a long and original narrative of NADIR SHAH'S INVASION of India.

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Pioneer.—"Prof. Sarkar has done good service to the cause of scholarship in bringing Mr. Irvine's book up to date. Indeed, it is only fitting that the historian of Aurangzib, whose knowledge of India during earlier years of the 18th century is probably unequalled among living scholars, should have undertaken the logical completion of the work by which he has gained an honourable place in the fane of History......His account of the invasion of Nadir Shah is a thoroughly good little piece of original work." (8 Oct. 1922.)

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the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.

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The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.

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The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.

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The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.

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The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.