The Early History of India, from 600 B.C. to the Muhammadan Conquest, including the Invasion of Alexander the Great c35.s1.28

c35.s1.28

¹ *Tamil Studies*, p. 60, puts the date of its 'destruction' in the second century A. C. This theory of the ruin of the city does not accord with the view held by C. P. Venkatarāma Ayyar (*Town Planning in Ancient Dekkan*, Madras, 1916) that 'this ancient sea-port, which had an extensive commerce, has ceased to be of importance owing to the silting-up of the Kavery'. *The Tamils Eighteen Hundred Years Ago*, pp. 16, 25, 31, 36, 38. Puhār is also written Pugār or Pukār. The 'Peutingerian Tables', a collection of ancient maps believed to date from about A. D. 226 (ed. Scheyb, 1733; Mannert, Leipzig, 1824; Charles Ruelens, Brussels, 1884; Walker, *On the Tabula Peutingeriana*, Cambridge, 1883, in *Cambridge Antiquarian Society's Communications*, vol. v, p. 237), are the authority for the temple of Augustus at Muziris, which is indicated on the map by a rough sketch of a building marked 'templ. augusti' inserted beside 'Muziris'. The identification of Muziris with Cranganore is well established. Kāviripaddanam = Puhār; = Kākanthi (Kākandi of Bharhut inscription, No. 101, *Ind. Ant.*, xxi, 235); = Kamara (*Periplus*, ch. 60, *Ind. Ant.*, viii, 149); = Khabēris (*Ptolemy*, Bk. vii, ch. 1, 13, *Ind. Ant.*, vii, 40; xiii, 332). For the bronze vessels see the collection in the British Museum, and the labels on the specimens; *Ind. Ant.*, 1905, p. 229; Breeks, *An Account of the Primitive Tribes and Monuments of the Nīlagiris*, London, 1873; Foote, *Catal. Prehist. Antiq. Madras Museum*, 1901, pls. x–xiii. The *Periplus* (ch. 56), states that 'ships which frequent these ports are of a large size, on account of the great amount and bulkiness of the pepper and malabathrum of which their lading consists'. A full list of exports and imports is then given. Malabathrum (μαλάβαρρον) was not 'betel', as McCrindle erroneously supposed, but the leaves of different species of *Cinnamomum*, especially *C. Zeylanicum* (Schoff, transl. of *Periplus* p. 84; with references). The massacre at Alexandria, perpetrated in 215 by Caracalla, stopped most of the direct trade between that port and India (*J. R. A. S.*, 1907, p. 954).