The Greeks in Bactria and India c35: Index I. General
The Greeks in Bactria and India c35
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Index I. General
c35.2
Abdagases, 335 *n.*, 353-4 Abgar dynasty, 485 Abhīras, 171-2, 235-6, 238, 259, 380 Abiria, 172, 232-3, 235, 237-8, 240, 320, 380, 501 Achaea (town). *See* Heracleia Achaeus, 202 Achriane, 444 Adiabene, 2, 4, 64 Aelius Gallus, 444 Aemilius Paullus, 194, 207 Afghanistan, 155 Agathocleia, 78, 225-7, 230, 312, 317; ‘godlike’, 249, 265; coins, 226, 249, 271, 330, 356 Agathocles, 76-8, 87, 227; sub-king, 95, 156-7, 199; coins and types, 132, 138, 157-62, 213, 461; no Buddhist symbolism, 160; relation to Taxila’s coins, 161; his pedigree coins, 201, 263, 439-40, 450-1, 504, 506; described and explained, 447-8 Agathocles of Seleuceia, 40 Agelasseis, 251 Agesilas, 355, 392 *n.* Agni-Karachar, 289 Aias, 164 Ajātasattu, 415 Ajmer, 155, 325 Alai valley, 84 Alans, 278, 307 Alasanda, 420-1. *See* Alexandria of the Caucasus, Alexandria in Egypt Alexander: and Persia, 1; and Iran, 32, 125, 410; and nomads, 81, 291, 479; territorial arrangements, 94, 100; settlers, 35; foundations, 6-8, 18 (*see* Alexandria): in Seistan-Arachosia, 14, 94, 470-1; in Bactria-Sogdiana, 115, 118-19; in the Paropamisadae, 97, 99, 140, 460-2; in India, 16, 168, 243-4; Alexander in Bactria-Sogdiana, 115-19, 124, 410, 475-6; crosses Hindu Kush, 139-40; conquests in India, 142-3, 167-9; Alexander in India, 129-31, 371; and Brahmans, 173; questions to gymnosophists, 428-33, 435; divinity, 92; ἀνίκητος, 132; ‘reconciler of the world’, 181, 411; in the fictitious Seleucid pedigree, 446-7; stories and legends, 148, 155, 164, 170, 260, 266, 481-2 Alexander-descents, in the West, 446, 449-51; the Euthydemids, 201, 447-8; in Bactria, 302-3, 448-9; in India, 235, 325, 408 *Alexander-Romance*, the, 59, 168 *n.*, 429-31, 449 Alexander II (Seleucid), 206 *n.* Alexander Balas, 40 Alexandria-Bactra, 115, 118. *See* Bactra. Alexandria-Bucephala, 16. *See* Bucephala Alexandria in Carmania, 481-2 Alexandria of the Caucasus, 49, 96, 139, 243, 334, 341, 353, 420-1, 507; discussed, 97-8, 140, 460-2. *See* Alexandria-Kapisa Alexandria (Charax), 17. *See* Charax Spasinu Alexandria on the Chenab, 168, 247. *See* Iomousa. Alexandria in Egypt, 18, 22, 23 *n.*, 49, 421-2, 433 *n.*, 434-5 Alexandria-Eschate, 118. *See* Chodjend Alexandria-Ghazni, 54, 94, 470, 472, and see Ghazni Alexandria-Kapisa, 61, 99, 104, 137, 139-40, 157-8, 161, 216-17, 228, 270, 441, 472; mint, 98, 438, 503 Alexandria in Margiane, 72. *See* Merv Alexandria of the Oxus, 118 Alexandria-Prophthasia, 14. *See* Prophthasia Alexandrias on the Indus, 168, 243 Alexandropolis (the name), 7, 11; near Sacastene, 471, *see* Kandahar Alexandrovski Range, 111, 276, 516 Alexarchus, 12, 92, 210 Altai, 105 Amanis river, 261, 481-2, 484 Amarkot, 165, 318 Ambala, 239 Amitābha, 379
c35.3
Amlata, 455 Amogabhūti, 325 Ampelone, 6 Amphicrates, 42 Amynander of Athamania, 450 Amyntas, 331, 334-5, 342, 455, 497-8; date, 336; coin-type, 334 Amyrgian Sacas, 291, 475, 477 Anahita, 29, 102, 127, 135 Anaïtis, 19, 102, 115, 135 Ananias, 424 n. Anantakya, 422 Anariakae, 295 Anatolians, 9, 29, 250, 259, 423 Anauoi, 14 n., 20 Andhras, 150, 165 n. Andragoras, 211 Anisa, 19, 20 An-si, 281, 310, 514; the name, 281 n. Antialcidas, 48-9, 273, 331, 356, 380, 498; chronology, 313-14, 332, 472-3; coin-types, 314-15, 402; monograms, 315, 440 Antigone, the, 382 Antigonids, 157, 166 Antigonus I, 7, 176, 259, 348, 449 Antigonus Doson, 185, 215 Antigonus Gonatas, 92, 166, 269 Antilia, 297 Antimachus, 94-5, 134, 200, 293, 328, 467-8; relationships, 75-8; his subkingdom, 88-92; coins, 438-40; coin-types, 90-1, 143, 164; his pedigree coins, 201, 448, 450-1, 504, 506 Antimachus II, 78, 165, 229-30; sub-king, 239; coins, 319, 356, 440, 468; types, 230, 316, 327 Antinous, 205 Antioch-Arabis. See Antioch-Edessa Antioch-Charax, 213. See Charax Spasinu Antioch-Edessa, 7 n., 12, 15 Antioch on the Kallirrhoë. See Antioch-Edessa Antioch in Margiane, 10. See Merv Antioch-Nisibis. See Nisibis Antioch on the Orontes, 49, 62; mint, 356, 437, 440 Antioch in Persis, 6, 7, 66, 418 Antioch towards Pisidia, 6, 31 Antioch in ‘Scythia’ (? Ferghana), 83, 118 Antioch in Sittakene, 17 Antioch ‘the Syrian’, 15. See Merv Antiochus I, 5, 36, 74, 78 n., 138, 175, 191, 362, 447, 450 n.; in the East, 117, 489-90 Antiochus II, 73, 204, 362, 448, 450 n.
c35.4
Antiochus III, 27, 83, 93, 184, 186, 196-7, 202, 207, 213-14, 450-1; in the East, 15, 20, 26 n., 62, 73-4, 82, 101, 117, 463-4 Antiochus IV Epiphanes: early career, 183-6; admiration of Rome, 28, 184, 186, 206; foundations and settlers, 41, 186-7, 213, 249; hellenising policy, 190; Antioch and Rome, 190, 192; and Egypt, 190, 192, 198; marries Atargatis, 193, 265, 465; design to restore Alexander’s empire in the East, 188-90, 206, with his capital at Babylon, 187-8, 191, 194-5; plan of campaign, 199; conquest of Bactria and all eastern Iran, see Eucratides; his power, 207; his triumph at Daphne, 193-4, cf. 184, 186, 191, 195, 197-8, 206, 283, 362, 367; his Charisteria at Babylon, 195, 198, 206; ‘Saviour of Asia’, 154, 184, 195, 198, 205-6; relations with Eucratides, 208-9 (see Eucratides); two Seleucid realms, 203, 205-6, 209; his eastern campaign, 213-14; at Susa, 214, 464-5; temple of Nanaia, 463-6; at Persepolis, 465; death, 215 Antiochus V, 218 Antiochus VIII, 446 Antiochus I of Commagene, 446, 448 Antiochus (kinglet), 301 n., 323 Antiochus (of Menander’s Council), 422 Antiochus (Susa), 27 Antony, 217, 265, 345, 348, 468 An-tsai, 281. See Aorsi Anu, 59 Anubis, 268 Anu-uballit. See Kephalon Aorsi, 81, 281, 307, 479, 490 n. Apabrança, 380 Apadāna. See Susa Apama (supposed daughter of Alexander), 447-50 Apama of Megalopolis, 447, 450 Apama (wife of Seleucus I), 447 Apamea Kibotos, 13 Apamea Rhagiane, 443 Apamea on the Silhu, 17 Apamea in Syria, 70 n. Apamea, peace of, 93, 106 Aparānta, 108 n., 148 Apasiacae, 81, 91 Apate, 13 Apavarktikene, 46, 88 Apokopa, 253 Apollo, 29, 39, 132, 191, 405, 510; as coin-type, 76, 134, 164, 187, 203, 271-2, 466
c35.5
Apollodorus of Artemita, 44-5, 143-5, 219, 234, 284, 286, 293, 296, 432, 455, 459, 515 Apollodorus of Seleuceia, 40, 41 Apollodotus, ? Demetrius' brother, 76, 166; sub-king in Seistan, 95, 134; Demetrius' lieutenant in India, 140-3; conquests, 147-51, 155, 182, 243; Soter, 175-6; his sub-kingdom in India, 162-5, 166-7; returns to Gandhāra, 164, 212; defeated by Eucratides, 212; death, 215-16, 225, 230; in the Mahābhārata, 165, 167; coinage, 149, 156, 165, 318-19, 440-1; types, 163-4; types copied by others, 239, 322, 325 Apollodotus II, 316-19, 356-7 Apollonius of Myndus, 43 Apollophanes (king), 317, 356, 455 Apollophanes of Nisibis, 40 Apollophanes of Seleuceia, 40 Appian, 13, 465, and see Index II Apu Ollantay, 385 Arabia, 66, 367-8, 444, 481, 483, 485 Arabos, 253 Arabs, 367, 370, 483, 485 Arachosia (satrapy), 3, 53, 83, 93-5, 100, 142, 156-7, 199, 223, 295, 332, 345-7, 470-2 Arachosia or 'the Arachosians' (town), 94-5, 460, 469-72 Aral Sea, 81, 102, 113, 281, 491-2 Aramaic, 53, 57-8, 162 Ararene, 444 Aravalli Mts, 155, 253 Archebius, 263 n., 315, 330 n., 334, 440 Archedemus of Tarsus, 41-2 Archias, 433 Arciotis, 483 Arethusa (Arabia), 11, 66 Argeads, 446 Argos (Bactria), 11, 120 Aria, Arians, 93, 95, 199, 232, 478-9 Ariana, 443 Aris, 14 Aristarchus of Samos, 43 Aristeas, 433. See Pseudo-Aristeas Aristides Quintilianus, 509 Aristion, 371 Aristobulus, 236, 489 Aristotle, 5 Aristoxenus, 508-10 Arius river, 82, 87-9, 113, 270, 479 Ārjunāyanas, 239, 324 Armenia, 51, 62, 64, 213, 283, 293, 295 Armysia, 481
c35.6
Arrian, 479, and see Index II Arsacia-Europus, 231 Arsacid Era, 28, 30, 65, 494 Arsacids, 25, 30, 52, 92, 204, 345, 499, 502 Arsi, 284-5 Arsinoe (a woman), 444 Arsinoite nome, 242 Artabanus II, 92 Artabanus III, 27 Artabazus (Characene), 54 Artavasdes, 51-3, 62 Artaxerxes II, 115, 127, 130 Artaxerxes III (Ochus), 130 Artemidorus (king), 316, 458 n. Artemidorus of Parium, 43 Artemis, 29, 68, 463, 485; of Ephesus, 6, 29, 68, 136, 464. See Anahita, Anaïtis, Ishtar, Nanaia Artemita, 12, 44, 62; in Arabia, 66 Asclepiades, 386 Asia (as a political term), 153, 195 Asia Minor, 186, 442 Asiani, 45, 284 Asii, 45, 284, 286-8 Asoka: kingdom of, 101, 129, 152, 258, 264; spreads Buddhism, 100-1, 129, 135, 148, 170, 172, 180; ? a Seleucid, 152; stories about, 177, 266-7 Asoka-Avadāna, the, 177, 263 Aspasii, 170 Aspavarman, 241 n. Aspeisas, 73 Aspiones, 125 Aspis, 13 Assaceni, 161, 170 Astauene, Astauenoi, 87, 232 Asterusia, 99, 256 n. Astrassos, 251 Asvaka, 161, 169-70 Asylum Persarum, 13 Atargatis, 193, 265, 465 Athena, 68, 261, 265; as coin-type, 157 n., 221; in art, 363, 394; Promachos, 366; Alkis, as coin-type, 261, 318, 349, 392 (see Menander) Athenaeus. See Index II Athens, 191, 195, 360, 365, 370-1, 439-40 Atrek river, 113, 489, 491 Atropates, 101 Attalids, 166, 409 Attalus II, 185, 205 Attalus III, 185 Attasii, 81 Attene, 443
c35.7
Attic standard, 125, 273-4 Audumbaras, 239, 324-5, 406 Augasii, 81 Augustus, 110, 321, 351, 363, 373 Avanti, 151, 164, 172, 230, 236. See Malva Avroman, 9, 19, 63, 120 Ayodhya, 227-8. See Sāketa Azes I, 91, 335 n., 346-9, 401-2, 498, 502; ends Greek rule in the Punjab, 349; Era of, 348; coins, 163, 319, 344 n., 347, 350, 353, 398-9, 438 Azes II, 348 n., 498 Azilises, 348, 498
c35.8
Babylon, 17, 22 n., 57, 59, 60, 90, 115, 203, 386, 417; and Antiochus IV, 41, 184, 187-8, 191, 194-5, 252-3 Babylon (Egypt), 60 n. Babylon (Seleuceia), 15, 42 Babylon Thronia (nymph), 188, 253 Babylonia, 56-60, 68, 162, 211, 273, 434, 483 Babylonian(s), 29, 43, 56, 61, 115, 255 n.; calendar, 64-5 Babylonians (Seleuceians), 15, 22 Bacchae, the, 52 Bactra, 61, 71, 82, 89, 97, 136, 208, 231, 476; described, 114-16; bazaars, 112, 363-4; routes, 139-40; and Yueh-chi, 304-5; mint, 438; mint-masters, 202, 257, 439-40 Bactria. Histories of, 44-8; described, 102-3, 119; settlement, 118-21; products, 103-4; gold question, 105-8; trade, 87, 109-12, 363-4; art, 126-8, 211; artists, 75-8, 126, 301; monograms, 437-40; satrapies, 113, 240; cities, 118-19; military colonies, 119-20; native Bactrians, 120-5, 128, 259, 422; the 'thousand cities', 118, 120, 122; walled villages, 121-4, 299, 475-6; march state, 409, 413; shield of Iran, 143; history, 72, 82, 157, 273-4; and nomads, 80, 81, 116-17; and Euthydemus, chap. III passim; and Eucratides, 199; and Mithridates I, 222-3; nomad conquest, chap. VII passim; Chang-k'ien's account of, 298-9, see Ta-hia; noticed, 2, 55, 285, 377 Bactriane, 445 Bactrus river, 114, 119, 489 Badakshan, 85, 103, 114, 139, 280, 302-3, 506; Mirs of, 302, 449 Bāhlikas, 125, 136, 169, 171-2 Bahram Shah, 303
c35.9
Bajaur, 135, 170, 237, 323, 389, 504, 520 Bajaur hoard, 165, 229, 319, 440, 467 Balkan Bay, 491-3 Balkh, 71, 117. See Bactra Baluchistan, 91, 94, 155 Bamyan, 97, 99, 139-40, 211, 393 n., 394 Band-i-Emir river, 114 Bandobene, 97, 114 Barce, 244 Barene, 443 Barkanioi, 83 n. Barsine, 449, 450 Barygaza, 171, 243, 271, 321; old shrines at, 148, 320; the wells, 148, 311; under Apollodotus, 149-51, 163, 165; trade, 260, 362, 364, 368, 372-3, 483-4 Bassarica, the, 238 n., 381, 487 n., 512 Beas, 144-5, 167, 219 Begram, 217, 228, 441, 461-2 Bel, 187, 253, 563 Bellaios, 484 and n. Berenice II, 227 Berossus, 41, 59 Besnagar, 365, 389; column, 313, 380, 388, 406 Bhāga or Bhāgavata (king), 313-14, 406 Bhāgabhadra, 313-14 Bhagadatta (Apollodotus), 87 n., 165 Bhagavadgītā, 381, 406 Bhāgavat, 406 Bhāgavata(s), 381, 391, 406-7 Bhāgavata (a man), 406 Bhakti, 404, 406-7 Bhallas, 169 Bharhut, 396 Bhāsa, 374, 382 Bhilsa, 406 Bihar, 155 Bimaran casket, 103 n., 399 Bindusāra, 129, 152 Black Sea, 489, 490 Bodh Gaya, 211, 396 Bokhara, 93, 117, 291, 306-7 Bombay, 254, 257-8, 372-3 Brahmanism, position of, 172, 175-6; and Greeks, 175-6, 391 Brahmans, 173-4 Brahmi, 162, 359, 388 Brazil, 297 Brihat Samhitā, 108, 239, 452 Britain, 441 Bubacene, 114, 443 Bucephala, 16, 49, 98, 163, 168, 258, 262, 318, 353; position of, 245-6; capital and mint of Hippostratus, 326-7, 356-7, 438
c35.10
Bucephalus, 16, 302 Buddha, 135, 263, 388, 391, 403, 406; funeral, 264; legends, 266-7; in art, 394, 396, 400-7 (see Buddha statue(s)); Dialogues of the, 415 Buddha statue(s): in Gandhāra, 396-8, 399, 403-5, 407; at Mathurā, 396-8, 404-5, 407. Individual statues: Loryan Tangai, 399; Buddha of the Emerald, 267; others, 405 n., 407 Buddhism, 406-8, 435-6, 456; position of, 129, 172, 174, 176; and Greeks, 388-9, 391-3 Buddhists, 135-6, 396, 407, 436, 454; and Greeks, 175-8, 180 Buddhist stupas, 264 Bundelkhund, 165 Buner, 135
c35.11
Cabeiri, 204 Cadrusi, 99 n. Cadusii, 285 Caesar, 57, 110 Calanus, 428 n., 429 Callimachus, 59 Calliope: in India, 246-7; in Parthia, 12, 13, 15, 246; Muse, 246; queen of Hermaeus, 246, 337, 505 Camadi, 483 Cambaye, Gulf of, 148, 155 Cappadocia, Cappadocians, 9, 19, 64 Carmania, 63, 93, 260, 481-4 Carmania Metropolis, 482 Carrhae, 12, 51, 66 Cartana, 97-9, 333, 420 Carthage, 370, 371 Caspian Gates, 189, 199 Caspian Sea, 84, 90, 112-13, 140, 488-90, 491-3 Cassander, 208, 210, 215 Cassandreia, 208 Castana, 318 Cataces or Cateces, 99, 482 n. Cathaei, 169, 170 ‘Caucasus’, 285 Chach, 234. See Cutch Chalcis (Arabia), 11, 66 Chaldeans, 43, 484 Chambal river, 228 Chandragupta, 46-7, 100, 129, 152, 155, 168-9, 174, 374, 381 Chang-k’ien, 84, 87, 274, 277, 342, 362-4, 373, 472; his Life, 279-80, 513; his Report, 280-3, 513-14; on the conquest of Bactria, 276, 283; on the Ta-hia, 112, 118, 120-3, 295, 298-9, 300-1; on Ta-yuan, 279, 307-9, 475-7; his legend, 311 ‘Chang-k’ien’s Tablet’, 303 Characene, 53-4, 64 Charakmoba, 22 Charax Spasinu, 17, 53-4, 61, 66, 213, 261 Charis, 13 Charisteria. See Antiochus IV Χαττηνία, 443 Chaucer, 154 Chelkias, 424 n. Ch’ien-han-shu, 339, 343, 347, 418, 472-4, 497, 513-14 China, 87, 104, 110-12, 274, 276, 280, 282, 288, 297-8, 308-11; war with Ta-yuan, 149, 309-10; intervention in the Paropamisadae, 338-9, 343, 349-50, 472-3; trade, 109-12, 282-3, 311, 363-5, 367 Chinese, 87, 110, 115, 276, 278, 286, 297, 301, 307, 310-11, 336, 339-43, 477; historians, 513-14 (see Pan-ku, Ssu-ma Ch’ien) Chinese Turkestan, 279-80, 289, 355, 365; Greek extension into, 84-7, 155 Ching-ti, 340, 343, 350, 473 Chitor, 151 Chitral, 305, 506 Chodjend, 116, 118, 278, 291, 475 Cho-kie (Sāgala), 310 Chorasmia, 81, 83, 103 n., 113, 117, 293, 307, 478 Chorasmii, 81, 285, 294, 478-80 Chremonides, 450 n. Cilicia, 187 Cleomenes III, 178 n. Cleopatra VII, 74, 110 n., 217, 227, 266, 268-9, 348, 411 Cleopatra Thea, 317 Clio, 246 Colchians, 479 Commagene, 446, 448 Conchobar, 63 Crassus, 38, 50-2, 362 Crete, Cretans, 250 Ctesiphon, 60, 98 Curtius, 244-5, 249 Cutch, 148, 155, 169, 234-5, 237, 320; Rann of, 147, 234 Cynics, 116 Cyrene, (town) 36; nymph, 252 Cyropolis, 84, 145, 476 Cyrus (river), 112, 140, 489-90
c35.12
Daedala, 249-50 Dahae, 80, 89, 117, 295 n., 307 Damascus, 62
c35.13
Damtāmitīyaka. See Datāmitīyaka Daphne. See Antiochus IV Dara, 46 Dardistan, 107 Darius I, 130, 142, 162, 446; tribute, 106–8; his inscriptions, 80, 88, 103, 105, 291, 475, 478 Darius III, 291, 303, 449 Darrah river, 114, 139–40 Darwaz, 302 Datāmitīyaka, 142 n., 257 n., 458 n. Dattāmitra (Demetrius), 142, 458 n. Dattāmitrī (Demetrius), 142, 257 Deinippos, 389, 392 n. Delhi, 140, 239 Delos, 329, 375, 419 n. Delphi, 132 Demetrias in Arachosia, 83, 93–4, 143, 208, 471 Demetrias-Pagasae, 98 Demetrias in Sind (Patala), 94, 171, 235, 243, 258, 320; foundation, 142; Indian citizens, 181, 257, 356–7, 418; trade, 362, 368, 371–3 Demetrias in Sogdiana, 118–19, 208 Demetrius: chronology, 92, 132–3; family, 73–6, 78; Alexander his model, 131–2, 152, 181, 410–11; Demetrius and Bactria, 115, 118, 128, 134, 143; conquers eastern Iran, 83, 92–5, 101; foundations in Iran, 83, 98, 118–19; invades India, 130–1; occupies Gandhāra and Taxila, 135; his communications, 139–40; Apollodotus and Menander his lieutenants, 140–2; occupies Sind, 142–3; foundations in India, 137, 142; extent of his realm, 155; Seleucid calendar, 359, 495; nature of his conquest, 180, 264; his plan, 152–4; ‘King of the Indians’, 154; ‘King of Justice’, 178–9, 181, 412, 454–5; the bilingual coinage, 137–9, 181; his capital, 179, 361; his policy, 180–1, 257, 260; nature of his kingdom, 181, 412; returns to Bactria, 156, 166; reorganises his sub-kings, 156–7; withdraws from the Middle Country, 146, 458–9; defeat and death, 198, 200, 203; his career, 410–13; in Indian documents, 165–7, 178, 454–5, 457–9; transcriptions of his name, 457, 458 and n.; notices of, 67, 82, 90, 195, 226, 314, 494; his coin-types, 93, 115, 131–2, 136, 164; his pedigree coin, 201; monograms, 439–40; his types copied by others, 239, 262, 314, 321–2, 328, 330 Demetrius II, 77–8, 134, 181; sub-king, 137; joint king, 157–8, 221; and Eucratides, 221–3; coins and types, 77, 132, 138–9, 157, 201, 213; the bilingual tetradrachm, 78, 132, 138, 158, 499 Demetrius the Besieger, 265–6, 348 Demetrius I (Seleucid), 205, 218–19, 262, 467–8 Demetrius II (Seleucid), 188, 199, 206, 273, 299 Demetrius of Byzantium, 51 Demetrius the librarian, 433–4 Demetrius (of Menander’s Council), 422, 433 Demetrius (name). See Timitra Demetriya (Demetrius), 458 and n. Demodamas, 41, 83–4, 111 Denipa, 389 Derbices, 81 Deriades, 329 n., 512 Devamantiya (Demetrius), 422, 458 n. Dhamma, 256, 263 Dhammarakkita, 148, 424 n. Dhammayavana, 255–6 Dharmamita (Demetrius), 178, 378, 454, 458 n. Dharmamitra (Demetrius), 188, 458 n. Dharmamitra (a monk), 390 Dhenukākā, 258, 372 Dhulcarnein, 303 Diadochou, 13 Dimata, 457 Dimetra, 457 Diodotus, 72–4, 89, 104, 114, 216, 312, 448; cult-name, 201 n., 447, 451 Diodotus II, 74 Diogenes of Seleuceia (Epicurean), 40 Diogenes of Seleuceia (Stoic), 40, 41 Diomedes, 315, 458 n. Dion, 313, 380, 392 n. Dionysius (king), 317–18, 356 Dionysius (poet), 381, 487 n., 512 Dionysopolis, the name, 11; in Gandhāra, 96, 99, 159, 244, 258, 390 Dionysus, 158–9, 392 Dioscorias, 112 Dioscuri (coin-type), 163, 197, 203–6, 272; pilei of, 163, 205, 313–14 Docimeum, 8 n., 11 Dohā metre, 380 Dorah Pass, 506 Dosarene, 443–4 Doura, 59, 62, 65, 355, 439; foundation, 7, 11; mortgage deed, 58, 63; succession law, 7, 8, 31, 37; population, 36–8 Dudial, 165
c35.14
INDEX
c35.15
Ebousmos, 295 Ecbatana, 49, 62, 188, 214, 249, 443, 465 Ecclesiastes, 16, 434 Eddana, 10 Egypt, 34, 105, 351, 377, 382, 411; trade, 362, 366-7, 371, 374, 483. See Antiochus IV Elymaeans, 3, 29 Elymaide, 10 Elymais, 2, 10, 17, 29, 64, 214, 463-6 Epander, 315 Ephesus, 6, 29, 464. See Artemis Ephthalites, 288 n., 305 Epigenes of Byzantium, 43 Epiphaneia, 249 Epiphanes, 190, 210 Eragassa Metropolis, 155, 251 Eran, 163 Erānvēj, 293-4 Eratosthenes, 80, 100, 443, 460-1, 488-9 Eristobareia, 487 Eros, 366 E-sagila, 187 Eucratideia, 118, 207-9 Eucratides: chronology, 197-8, 212; a Seleucid, 196, 202; cousin and general of Antiochus IV, 195, 197-8, 202; his army, 198; conquest of eastern Iran and Bactria, 199-200, cf. 89, 132, 216; explanation of, 201-3; sub-king of Antiochus, 203-4; 207-9; relations with Antiochus, 203-4, 207-9, 212-13; portraits, 209; Plato probably his brother, 210; conquers Paropamisadae, 212; independent king, 215; conquers Gandhāra, 215; ‘King of kings’, 217, 264; war and treaty with Menander, 216-17; retains Paropamisadae but not Gandhāra, 217, 228, 520; connection with Timarchus, 218; recalled to Bactria, 219; defeat and death, 220-2; date of death, 218-19; results of his career, 224; notices of, 85, 118, 162, 166, 184, 315, 337-8, 466-7; house of, 312, 314, 316, 337; coinage, 94, 104, 143, 198, 207, 216-17, 272, 438-40; his Dioscuri type, 163, 203-5; the ‘Kapisi’ coin, 212-13, 215-16, 497; type imitated, 330 Eucratides II, 271-2 Eudamus, 168 Eudoxus of Cyzicus, 367, 370-1, 374 Eulaeus, 192 Eumenes II of Pergamum, 185, 187, 205, 373 Eumenes (of Samaria), 366, 444
c35.16
Euphranor of Seleuceia, 40 Euripides, 42, 52, 94, 382, 384 Europus, 11 ‘Euthydemia’, 247-8, 486-7 Euthydemid dynasty, 409, 412-13; propaganda, 201-2, 495; family loyalty, 166, 222; state-cult (?), 201 n., 451; flat kausia, 315, 467 Euthydemids, 172, 181, 198, 203, 205, 218, 261, 357, 359, 455 Euthydemus: family and relationships, 73-8, 448; king of Bactria, 74; and Antiochus III, 82-3, 117, 124; extension of his realm, see Chinese Turkestan, Ferghana, Seres, Tapuria, Traxiane; his kingdom, see Bactria; introduces a new state-form, 90; satrapies, 113-14; defence against nomads, 116-17; Greek cities, 118-19; military colonies, 119-20; his ‘thousand cities’, 118, 120, 122; walled villages, 121-4, 299, 475-6; serfs, 124; landowners, 124-5; takes Bactria into partnership, 125, 410; his search for metals, 204-5, 209; date of death, 82, 93; cult-name, 201 n., 447, 451; house of, 312, 316; coin-type, 93; mintmaster, 439-40; continuance of his coinage in Seistan, 93, 156, 164 n., 441, 502; barbarian imitations, 164 n., 212, 303 Euthydemus II, 76-8, 94, 134, 156-7, 226, 439-40 Euthymedeia, 247-8, 486-7
c35.17
Fan-ye, 514 Farah, 14 Ferghana, 87, 102, 121, 222, 363, 474-7; and Euthydemus, 83-4, 109, 111; and Sacas, 278-9; horses, 308-9; Chang-k’ien on, see Ta-yuan Focari, 84 n., 515 Fortune of cities, 254, 353; of Alexandria-Kapisa, 334 n.; of Babylon, 188; of Bucephala, 326; of Pushkalāvati, 136, 315, 336 n., 352-3; of Seleuceia, 98 n.
c35.18
Gabae, 4 n., 214-15 Galatae, 8, 117, 120, 223, 300, 500 Galatia, 500 Gandari, 285 Gandhāra, 100, 106, 137, 162, 168, 170, 180, 233; described, 135-6; provinces of, 237, 469; under Apollodotus, 163, 212; Menander, 229, 520; Heliocles, 271-2; later kings, 315-16; Sacas, 321-2, 403
c35.19
Gandhāra art, 128, 211, 393-5, 404-5, 407-8 Gandhāras, 170 Ganges, 108, 140, 144-5, 155 Ganymede, 366 Gārgī Samhitā, 132, 452-3 Gazaka or Gauzaka, 472 Gedrosia, Gedrosians, 93-4, 100, 143, 223, 260, 367, 482-4 Gerrha, Gerrhaeans, 62, 213, 261, 367-8, 443, 483-4 Ghazni, 93, 295, 332, 469-72 Ghorband (valley and river), 96-7, 99, 139-40, 460-2 Gilgamesh epic, 59 Gilgit, 477 n. Girarai, 135 Goaisos, 54 n., 484-5 Gog and Magog, 444 Gondophares, 263 n., 341, 343-4, 346-7, 352-4, 359, 471, 494, 498, 501, 503, 505 Gopalobhama, 455 Goras, 29 n. Gordyene, Gordyeni, 66 Gorgon-head (coin-type), 230, 262 Gorgos, 108 Goruaia, 237-8, 240 Goths, 120 n., 257 n. Gouraios river, 237 Gouriane, 89, 443 Gozan, 444 n. Graeco-Bactrian art, 127-8 ‘Greco-Sakian’ art, 127 Gujerat, 148, 150, 155, 165, 230, 234 Gulashkird, 481 Gupta period, 382, 386, 397, 407
c35.20
Hadda, 393 n., 394, 398 Hadrian, 205 Hagāmasha, 325 Hagāna, 325 Hamun Lake, 14, 91, 95, 127, 470 Han, the, 87, 279, 310, 339, 342-3 Hanging Pass, the, 277 Harmoza Regia, 482, 484 Harmozaei, 481-2 Harmozia, 362, 482, 485 Hāthigumphā cave, 146, 456 Hau-mi (U-bi), 477 Hazāra, 327 Hecataeus, 478 Hecate, 157-8, 460-1 Hegra, 444 Hekatompylos, 13, 14, 62, 199, 248, 502
c35.21
Heliocles (king), governor in Bactria, 218; king, 223, 270, 279; conquests in India, 271; a second Heliocles unlikely, 273; coins, 271-2, 303-4, 440; later imitations, 212, 273, 303-4, 322 Heliocles (father of Eucratides), 196-7, 210 Heliodorus, 313, 380, 388, 391-2, 406 Helios, 92, 392; chariot of, 210-11; crown of, 188, 210 Hellanicus, 475 Helmand, 223, 320 Hemodi Mts, 110-11 Heracleia-Achaea, 13, 15 Heracleidae, the, 354 n., 384 n. Heracles, 68, 392; as coin-type, 78, 93, 261, 468, 503-4 Heracles (supposed son of Alexander), 449 Heraos. See Miaos Herat, 93, 199, 270 Hermaeus, 217, 330; chronology, 326, 331, 335, 337, 342-3, 497-8; history, 339-43; relations with Hippostratus, 337-8, 343; trade, 338; coinage, 333, 338, 343, 358, 503; types, 334, 337, 503; his end, 349-50; on coins of Kujula Kadphises, 338-9, 503-7 Hermeias, 423 Hermodorus of Acharnae, 439 Herodicus, 41, 252-3 Herodorus, 29, 39, 510 Hestiaeus, 28, 30 Hieronymus of Cardia, 46, 124, 233 Himalayas, 110 Hindu Kush, 96-7, 139, 158, 460-1 Hippalos, 369 Hipparchus, 43, 57 n., 232 Hippostratus, 318-19, 325-31, 497; date, 326; capital Bucephala, 326-7; victory on the Jhelum, 329, see Nicias; ‘Great King’, 329; his tetradrachms, 330-1, 343; relations with Hermaeus, see Hermaeus; coins and types, 325-7, 329, 356-7, 394, 404; his end, 349 Hirañasame, 160 Hiung-nu, 84-5, 110, 275-7, 279-80, 288, 516 Homer, 379, 382 Honan, 363 Hou-han-shu, 287 n., 338, 354 Hsüan Tsiang, 119, 137, 139, 234, 305, 471 n., 515 Hunza, 408 Huvishka, 352, 359, 397, 405 Hyctanis, river, 108 n., 483 n.
c35.22
Hydaspes (Gedrosia), 100 Hypanis, river, 144 Hyphasis, river, 144 Hyrcania, 15, 16, 80, 232, 285, 444-5, 478 Hyrcanian Sea, 488-9. See Caspian Sea Hyrcodes, 301 n., 305 n. Hyspaosines, 214
c35.23
’Iάfoves, 296, 417, 520 Iauna, 417 Idumea, 425 n. Igdy, 491 Inapaei, 516 India: Greek historians, 44-8; dividing line in evidence about, 351; as a political term, 154; Greek conquest of, chap. IV passim; Greek provinces, 232-8, 240, 445; Greek cities and settlements, 243-52, 352-3; organisation, 240-2, 358-9; an Indian meridarch, 242, 358; Indian citizens, 255-7, 357; Indian mintmasters, 356-7; Greek stories about, 252-3; gymnosophists, see Alexander; survival of Greek language, 353-6; relations between Greeks and Indians, 375-6; Indian knowledge of Greek and Greek literature, 378-9, 432-5; Greek knowledge of Indian language and literature, 47, 380-1, 387, 391, 512; question of the drama, 381-5; some possible contacts, 385-7; Greek inscriptions in Kharoshthi, 388-9; Greeks and Indian religions, 391, 393, and see Bhāgavata, Bhakti, Brahmanism, Buddha-statue(s), Buddhism, Jains, Siva, Vishnu; trade: the gold question, 106-8; the sea route, 368-70; with China and the East, 338, 363-6; with the West generally, 112, 330-1, 361-2, 366-8, 483-4; with Seleuceia, 260-1, 362-3; in pepper, 370-3; in parchment, 373; in girls, 373-5 Indian coinages, 150-1, 160-3, 324-5 Indian months, 502, 520 Indo-China, 267, 364-5 Indo-Macedonian calendars, 359 Indo-Parthia, 49. See Suren, kingdom of the ’Indo-Scythia’, 50, 232-3, 320-2, 502 Indragnidatta, 255, 257, 371-3 Indus, 90-1, 93, 142, 216, 232, 236, 321-2, 501; as boundary of India, 96, 100 Indus Delta, 171, 233, 244 Iomousa, 246-7, 258
c35.24
Ionaca polis, 13, 297 n., 418 ’Ιωνάκός, 297, 341, 417-18. See Yonaka Iphigeneia in Tauris, parody of, 383 Iran, 55, 67, 89, 96, 102-3, 122, 124, 143, 169, 293, 311 Iranian art, 63, 127, 211 Iranian cavalry, 32 Iranians, 32, 79, 96, 121, 136-7, 170, 293, 479 Iranian satraps, 259 Irkishtam, 84, 279 Ir-shi, 149, 309 Isagouros, Isagouroi, 232, 245 Isamos, river, 144-5 Ishtar, 6, 115, 464 Isidore of Charax, 19, 21, 53-5, 344, 484. See further, Index II Isis, 393 Islam, 303 Issyk Kul, L., 111, 276, 280, 303, 516-7
c35.25
Jāguda, 245 Jain images, 397 n. Jains, 47, 381, 391 Jalalabad, 96, 159 Jalalpur, 246 Jandial temple, 360 Jask, C., 481-2 Jason of Tralles, 52-3 Javan, 417 Jaxartes, 80-1, 84, 102, 111, 113, 116, 120-1, 155, 277-8, 291, 516 Jeremiah, 253 Jews, 22, 29, 62, 65, 183, 193, 434, 444; in Pseudo-Aristeas, 423-8 Jhelum, river, 91, 167, 215, 312, 327-30; town, 246 Jihonika, 353 n., 500. See Zeionises Jiruft, 483 Josephus, 428, 463-4 Juba, 481 Judaea, 64 Judas Maccabaeus, 193 Jullundur, 239 Jumna, 144-5, 239 Junagarh, 235 Junnar, 254, 257 n., 258 Juppiter, 186, 190, 333 Justin, 50, 244, 270. See further, Index II
c35.26
Kabul, 93-4, 96-7, 99, 140, 295, 460, 469, 471-3; kingdom of, 314, 332, 337, 341-2, 344-6, 348, 472 Kabul river, 136. See Kophen, river Kafiristan, 96, 101, 138, 170, 461
c35.27
Kajangala, 420 Kalasi, 420 Kalat-i-Gilzai, 94, 469 Kalawān inscription, the, 495, 502 Kālidāsa, 228 n., 235 n., 374, 384 Kambojas, 101, 138, 170, 461 Kamnaskires I, 466 Kamnaskires II, 466 Kandahar, 62, 93, 320, 470-1 K'ang-kiu, 278-81, 291-2, 307, 309-10 Kanishka, 267, 352-5, 358-9, 397, 509; Buddha coin, 400 n., 403 Kan-su, 276, 286-7, 290 'Kanthian Gulf', 233-4 Kaoshan Pass, 139 Kaphasa (Kapasa), 505 Kapisa, 96-8, 137-8, 170, 212, 305, 350, 469, 505-6; double city with Alexandria, 460-2; under Maues, 332, 336, 497; under Telephus, 333, 497-8. See Alexandria-Kapisa Kapisene, 96-7, 101, 461 Kara-Kum desert, 493 Karategin, 302 Karduchi, 66 Karli, 254-5, 258, 372 Karnal, 165 Kasaf-Rud river, 88, 295 Kashgar, 84-5, 279 Kashmir, 155, 238, 469 Kaspeiria, 238, 240 Kaspeiroi, 487 n., 512 Kathiawar, 147-8, 150, 155, 233-5, 320 Kephalon, 25-6 Kerefto, 68 Kerman, 482, 484 Kermanshah, 366, 444 Khāravela, 146, 166, 457-9 Kharoshthi, 162; coin-legends, 138, 181, 358; initials on coins, 356-7, 438; Greek use of, 387-9 Khawak Pass, 139-40 Khorasan, 103 Khotan, 85-6, 338, 365, 519 Khyber Pass, 136 Ki'ang, 85, 276 Kidenas (Kidinnu), 43, 57 n. K'ien, 422 Ki-pin, 277-8, 321, 339-41, 346-7, 469, 472-3 Kizil-Kum desert, 102 Kizil Uzen river, 112 Koh-i-baba Range, 140 Koine, the, 517-18 Komopolis, 13
c35.28
Kophen, river, 96, 471; town (Kabul), 97, 99, 332, 340, 469, 471-3 Kophene, 97, 469, 472 Kosambi, 150-1 Krishna, 252, 381, 391-2, 406 Ksemendra, 267, 386 Kshatriyas, 173-4, 323, 420 Kucha, 276, 289 Kuei-shuang. See Kushans Küh-i-Khwāja, 127-8 Kujula Kadphises I, 334, 343, 352, 354, 441, 498; the Hermaeus coins, 338-9, 357, 503-5, 507; the Buddha coin, 403 Kulindrene, 165, 238-40 Kunāla stupa, 361, 395 Kunar river, 96, 100, 135, 237 Kunindas (Kulindas), 238-9, 324-5 Kurdistan, 64, 66 Kushans, 104, 127, 287-8, 290, 305, 359, 395, 402, 500; Kushans proper (i.e. Kuei-shuang), 305, 338, 342-3, 505-7; chronology, 352; empire, 352, 469; Saca speech of, 290, 304-5, 515; coinage, 327, 330, 503, 506, 508-9 Kusnetsk, 105-6 Kusumadjava, 145, 453-4 Kusumapura, 145 Kwarizm, 293-4, 478-80. See Chorasmia Kynna-Kynane (name), 496
c35.29
Laghman, 96-7 Lakshmī, 136 Lan-chi (Bactra), 115 n., 298 Laodice (daughter of Antiochus III), 185 Laodice (mother of Eucratides), 196-7, 201 Laodice (mother of Seleucus I), 446 Laodice, Thea Philadelphos, 446 Larisa (Arabia), 11, 66 Lasus of Hermione, 508, 510 Lena, 106 Lenaeus, 192 Lihyanites, 367 Li-kan, 347 Little Yueh-chi, 84, 110, 276, 286, 289 Livy, 35, 221. See further, Index II Lycia, 249-50 Lysias, 314-16, 356 Lysimacheia, 208 Lysimachus, 208-9, 464, 467
c35.30
Mā, 19, 29 Macae, 481, 485 n. I Maccabees, 463-5 II Maccabees, 465
c35.31
Macedonia, 301, 307; of the Antigonids, 70, 79, 143, 411, 437; a march state, 409, 413 Macedonian months, 64-5, 359, 494 Macedonians, 128, 202 Macedonopolis, 11 Madhyamikā, 150-1, 155, 170, 180, 230, 258, 459 Madras, 169, 170-1, 178, 247, 512 Magadha, 129, 155, 237 Magnesia, battle of, 82, 83, 92, 132, 186, 207 Magnesia on the Maeander, 6, 68, 75 Magnesia under Sipylos, 9 n., 74 Mahābhārata, 87 n., 107, 165, 167, 171, 269, 376, 386, 406; Greek knowledge of, 47, 379-81, 512 Mahādeva, 325, 406 n. Mahāyāna, 379, 406, 408 Maikene, 443 Maitona, 11 Malabar, 372-3 Mālavas, 169, 172 Mālavikāgnimitra, 228 n., 374 Malli, 169, 172 Malva, 151, 172, 325, 335, 501 Mānasāra, 419 n. Mandali hoard, 362 Manikyala, 135 Mankura, 422 Mara, 29, 39 Marco Polo, 302-3, 448-9 Mardi, 285 Margiane, 2 n., 3, 102, 232, 285; sub-kingdom of Antimachus, 88-90, 438 Margus, 88-9; river, 479 Massagetae, 81, 91, 105, 117, 120, 278, 281, 469, 471, 479-80; and the invasion of Parthia, 275, 292, 294, 306-7 Mathurā, 61, 145, 159, 165, 180, 227, 238-9, 359, 406, 453-4, 458; king of, 169, 259; ἡ τῶν θεῶν, 245, 251-3; lost to Greeks, 323-4; art of, 396-8, 404-5, 407 Mathurā (the southern), 511 Matiani, 285 Mauakes, 381, 496. See Maues Maues, 91, 314-16, 344-5, 348-9, 400, 402-3; chronology, 233, 335-6, 494-9, 501; forms of name, 496; victory on Indus, 322; takes Taxila and Gandhāra, 321-2; and Kapisa, 332-3; contemporary with Telephus, 332, 496-8; ‘Great King of Kings’, 322, 500; fleet defeated on Jhelum, 329; takes and loses Ujjain, 335; death, 330; date of death, 335; break-up of his empire, 336; coins, 321, 357; coin-types, 135, 159, 163-4; the Buddha coin, 400-3 Maurya dynasty, 130, 152-3, 366 Mauryan empire, 129, 133, 152-4, 169, 410 Media, 56, 112, 122, 218-19, 443 Megalopolis, 446-7, 450 Megasthenes, 41, 107-8, 129, 154, 429 Mēn, 31 Menander: chronology, 133-4; birthplace, 99, 310, 420-2, 432-3; not royal, 141, 421; Demetrius’ general, 140-2, 166-7, 182, 411; advance to Pātaliputra, 143-6, 155, 453-5; abandonment of the Middle Country, 200, 212, 454; new frontier, 227-8; checks Eucratides, 216-17; recovers and rules Gandhāra but not Paropamisadae, 217, 229, 520; treaty with Eucratides, 217, 230; king, 225; marries Agathocleia, ib.; extent of empire, 227-30, 458; sub-kings, 229, 319, 468; the satrapies in the south, 232-7; in Gandhāra, 237-8; east of the Jhelum, 238-40; his Council, 259, 418-19, 423; organisation, 240-1; strategi and meridarchs, 241-2; capital, 247, see Sāgala; Greek towns and settlements, 243-51; Greek literature, 247-9, 378, 380; trade, 260-1; nature of his empire, 258-60, 411; Indian citizens, 255-7 (see Demetrias in Sind); dating by his regnal years, 520; Soter, 175-6, 178; rules with equity, 263; a Dharmaraja, 263; a Chakravartin, 217, 263-4; ‘weds Athena’, 265; attitude to Buddhism, 268-9; no Buddhist symbolism on his coins, 262-3; a Greek king, 261, 392; death, 228; date of death, 226, 520; his house, 312, 356; a Menander literature, 434-5; coins, 149, 156, 217, 225, 319, 356, 440-1; mint, 438; coin-types: Athena Alkis, 161, 269, 318, 330, 349; others, 164, 262-3; notices, 47-8, 98, 101, 135, 163, 165-6, 351, 412 Menander legend, the: a great Buddhist monarch, 265-8, 436; in the Milindapañha, 414-15, 432-6; in Indo-China, 267, 364; stories transferred to him, 266-7; his funeral, 264 Menander (writer of comedies), 384-5 Menander (wrestler), 355, 389 Menapia, 120 n. Menedemium, 11
c35.32
Merv, 10, 15, 54, 72, 84, 88, 93, 102, 112, 117, 199, 223, 270, 364, 438, 479; taken by the Suren, 55, 89, 95, 281, 291, 501 Mesene, 4, 213–14, 483 Metz Epitome, 246 n., 429–31 Miaos (Heraos), 305, 340 n., 342–3, 505–7, 509 Mihr Yast, 479–80 Miletus, 6, 36 Milinda. See Menander Milindapañha, 259, 266–9, 378–9, 414–15, 432–5, 460–1; Chinese translation, 310, 414, 416, 421–2; Greek elements in, 416–20; presuppose a short Greek Questions of Menander, 432–3, 434–6 Minaeans, 367 Minnagara, 235 Mithras, 479 Mithridates I, 30, 42, 94, 114, 184, 224, 317, 464, 499; chronology, 197, 218; takes Media, 219, Tapuria and Traxiane, ib.; temporary occupation of Bactria, 222–3; coins relating to, 221, 222 and n.; his empire, 272–3; his part in the Saca settlement in Seistan, 222–4, 495, 500 Mithridates II, 30, 45, 48–9, 55, 114, 203; and the Saca invasion, 89, 95, 199, 224, 281, 320; and Seistan, 54, 209, 320, 344, 495, 499–500 Mithridates III, 90 Moa, 321, 496, 501 n. See Maues Modoura (nymph), 252–3 Moga, 321, 494, 496, 502. See Maues Molon, 124, 202, 485 Monaeses, 345 n., 468 Mongolia, Mongols, 105, 107, 109, 363, 492 Monoglosson Emporion, 244 Mu-k'ua, 308–10, 321, 496 Muses, 246 Musicanus, 169 Muttra, 245 Muziris, 368 Mysia (town), 9 Mysians, 9, 251
c35.33
Nabataea, Nabataeans, 64, 66, 443–4 Naburiannu, 3 n., 43 Nacrasa, 8 n., 10, 19 Nagara, 96, 99, 159, 244, 390. See Dionysopolis Nagarahāra, 159 Nagari, 150–1 Nāgasena, 267–8, 414–15, 419–20, 423, 433–5 Nagir, 408
c35.34
Nahapana, 318 Nameless king, 208 n., 354 Nanaia, 6, 29, 69, 214, 463–6 Nanda, 435 Napaei, 516 Nasik, 142 n., 254, 257 n., 258, 371, 416–18 Naumachaeorum promontorium, 482 Nearchus, 108, 260–1, 367–8, 481–2 Nero, 109, 483 Nesaean fields, 189 New Jerusalem, 379 Nicaea, in Bithynia, 419; on the Jhelum, 168, 258, 328; in the Paropamisadae, 99 Nicanor, 7 n. Nicephorum, 62 Nicias, 325–30, 349, 497; victory on the Jhelum, 329–30; its date, 336; coin-types, 328–9 Nicocles of Paphos, 73 Nië (Neh), 20 Nike as coin-type. See Victory Nisibis, 7 n., 10, 40, 63; in Aria, 10 Niya, 365 Nomads, 79–81, 116–17, 274–6, 300. See Asii, Dahae, Hiung-nu, K'ang-kiu, Kushans, Massagetae, Parsii, Sacaraucae, Sacas, Sai-wang, Tochari, Wu-sun, Yueh-chi Nonnus, 10 n., 265, 329 n., 487, 512 North-West Frontier, 155 Numenius, 213, 483
c35.35
Ochus river, 113. See Arius O-ik-san-li, 14, 204 n., 347 Olympias, 446–7 Oman, 481 Omana, 108 n., 441, 481–5 Omani, 481, 484–5 Onesicritus, 115–16, 429, 481 Opian, 97, 460–1 Opiane, 96–7, 140, 460–1 Opis, 61, 98, 181, 360 Orchoi. See Uruk Orhāi. See Orrhoë Ormuz, Gulf of, 93, 261, 367, 441, 481–4 Orodes II, 90, 326, 331, 345, 499 Orrhoë, 7, 11 Ortospana, 97, 460–1, 471. See Kabul Osrhoene, 4, 15, 64, 485 Ouranopolis, 12, 92 ‘Oxo-Caspian trade route’, 112–13, 488–90, 491 Oxus, 80–1, 112–13, 119, 277, 479, 488–90; goddess of, 102, 115; fleets on, 91, 120, 143; supposed connection with Caspian, 112–13, 491–3; Treasure of the, 105
c35.36
Oxyartes, 96, 101, 211, 449 Oxydracae, 240 'Οζηνή, 151, 443. See Ujjain
c35.37
Pacores, 352-3; name, 422 Pacorus, 52; name, 422 Pactolus, 105 Pahlavi, 79, 422, 496 Palestine, 242 Palibothra, Palibothros, 150, 518. See Pāṭaliputra Palmyra, 61-2, 64 Palmyrene, 444 Pamirs, 84, 280, 475-7 Panassa, 251 Pañchālas, 145, 453-4 Pāndava, 511 Pāndava-Pāndus, 218, 511-12 Pāndhya, 511-12 Pandion, 321, 511 Pāndus, 47, 511 Pānini, 332, 406 Panjshir (valley and river), 96-7, 104, 137, 139, 338, 342, 460-2, 506 Pan-ku, 14, 278, 281, 300 n., 307, 311, 342 n., 346-7, 418, 472-3, 477, 513-14 Pantaleane, 76-8, 94-5; sub-king, 156-8, 162; coins and types, 138, 157-8, 460 Pantyene, 442 Parabalei, 86 n., 243 Paraitakene, 95 Paricani, 285 Parni, 80, 502 Paropamisadae, 141, 162-3, 249-50, 310, 323, 445, 473; account of, 95-102; capital, 460; under the Euthydemids, 137, 156-8; under Eucratides, 217, 228; under Heliocles, 270; Antialcidas, 315; interregnum, 331-5; Hermaeus, 337-43; lost to Greeks, 349-50, 497; Kujula Kadphises, 504 Parsā, 293 Parsagadae, 292. See Pasargadae Parsia, Parsiana, 292, 332, 469 Parsii, 50, 54; name, 293; account of, 292-5, 469, 480; conquests of, 293, 314, 472-3; coins, 294; kingdom of, see Kabul, kingdom of; put an end to Greek rule in India, see Azes, Spalirises Parsua, 293-4 Parsus, 332 Parthava, 478 Parthia, 80, 124, 189, 199, 214, 224, 273, 283, 326, 331, 364, 377, 484, 501; invasion of, see Sacas; eastern Parthia, see Suren, kingdom of the. See generally An-si, Arsacids, Merv, Mithridates I, II, Orodes II, Phraates II, III, IV Parthian chargers, 302 n., 308; monograms, 437, 439 n. Parthians, 2, 28, 34, 36, 42, 44, 47-9, 54-5, 64-5, 117, 220, 223, 281, 300, 306, 422; copy Greeks, 21 n., 65, 90, 113, 203-4, 240, 317 Parthian survey, the, 55, 94, 344 Parthyene, 88, 445 Pasargadae, 292 Pasiani, 284, 292. See Parsii *Pasii (*Pasi), 292 Passagadae, 292. See Pasargadae Patala, 142, 168, 236, 260, 483. See Demetrias in Sind Patalene, 94, 147, 233, 235, 237-8, 260, 320 Pāṭaliputra, 61, 67, 129-30, 140, 177, 180, 458, 518; Greek occupation of, 132-3, 144-5, 152-3, 166, 453-5; abandonment of, 200, 227 Patañjali, 150, 235, 459; date, 145-6 Patrocles, 41, 112-13, 444, 488-90 Paurava, 512 Peithon, 168 Pella, 357 Pembrokeshire, 228 Pentagramma, 243 Pentheus, 265 Pergamene frieze, 333, 394 Pergamum, 179, 373, 394, 510 Perikephalaia, 13 Periplus, 320, 351, 443, 481-3, 505; date, 148 n. Persepolis, 62, 68, 93, 214, 465, 483 Perseus, 192, 357 Persian empire, 80, 83, 153-4 Persian Gulf, 43-4, 62, 66, 213, 261, 367, 483 Persian months, 64 Persians, 29, 31-2, 259, 293, 474-5, 478-80 Persis, 33, 121, 215, 483-4 Peshawur, 238 Peucela, 237, 244-5, 315. See Pushkalāvatī Peucelaïtis, 237-8, 240, 245, 469 Peucolaos, 135 n., 244-5, 315-16, 334, 455 Peutinger Table, 55 n., 119 n., 442, 483 Pharasmanes, 479 Pharnouches of Nisibis, 63 Phasis (river), 112, 489-90 Philadelphia, 232 Philip IV, 215
c35.38
Philip V, 185 Philip of Megalopolis, 447, 450 Philippus, 195, 205 Philostratus, 164, 341, 354 *n.*, 360, 395 Philoxenus, 315-16 Phoenicians, 10, 62, 329, 331, 510 Phra, 14 *n.* Phraates II, 223, 317, 464 Phraates III, 45, 331 Phraates IV, 53-4, 92, 248-9, 306, 346 Phraates, official in Bactria, 223; official at Susa, 27 Phraates-Phraatakes (name), 496 Phrada, 14 *n.* Phraotes, 341 Phriapatius, 92 Phryni (Phuni), 84-5 Phseigacharis, 305 *n.* Pilusāra, Mt, 97, 138, 213, 497 Pindar, 508 Pisidians, 250 Plato (king), 198, 209-11 Plato (philosopher), 5, 378-9, 415, 434 Pliny, 287, 351, 443, 470, 511, 515. *See further*, Index II Plutarch, 249, 302, 357, 380, 382, 427 *n.*, 436. *See further*, Index II Pokhpu, 302 Polybius, 82, 99, 418, 444, 446. *See further*, Index II Polytimetus, 102, 104 Pompey, 489-90 Pontus, 283 Popillius Laenas, 192 Porphyry, 116 *n.*, 449 *n.*, 465 Portus Macedonum, 13, 481-2, 485 Porus, 46, 137, 164, 167, 169, 259, 357 Poseidon (as coin-type), 90, 322, 328, 349 Poseidonius, 40, 374 Prasiane, 236-7, 240 Prasii, 237 Pratitae, 189 *n.* Propasta, 14 *n.* Prophthasia, 13, 14, 94, 347, 469, 482 *Pseudo-Aristeas, Letter of*, 416, 432-5; analysed, 424-8. *See further*, Index II Pseudo-Isidoros, 54 Pterion, 9 Ptolemais, 227 Ptolemies, 367, 370, 441 Ptolemy I, 131, 175, 450 *n.* Ptolemy II, 67, 450 *n.*, 467-8; his *pompe* at Alexandria, 194, 366-7; trade, 366, 374; in Pseudo-Aristeas, 266, 424, 432-3
c35.39
Ptolemy II, *Questions of*, 268, 425-8, 431-3, 435-6 Ptolemy III, 188, 451 Ptolemy IV, 427 Ptolemy VI, 134, 192 Ptolemy VII Euergetes II, 370 Ptolemy Caesar, 348 Ptolemy ‘the Telmessian’, 468 Ptolemy (geographer): method and materials, 230-2, 351, 363, 395, 445; on Bactria-Sogdiana, 83, 208-9, 223, 295, 423, 515, 517; eastern Iran, 470, 482; India, 151, 159, 232-8, 243-53, 381, 442-3; Margiane, 88, 102, 443; Parsii and Sacas, 80, 292, 469, 472; Tochari, 515-17, 519. *See further*, Index II Punch, 327 Punjab, 155, 165, 170, 180; eastern, 233, 271, 319, 323 Purali river, 100 Purushapura, 136, 469. *See Peshawar* Pushkalāvatī, 173, 258, 315-16, 403; name, 244-5; account of, 135-6; mint, 438; autonomous coin, 336, 352; humped bull of, 135, 163, 315, 400, 402, 437 Pushkar, 165 Pushyaka, 455 Pushyamitra, 133, 145-6, 156, 164-5, 180, 459; career, 175, 227-8; alleged persecution by, 176-8; death, 228 Puspapura, 454
c35.40
Rabbath Ammon, 232 Rajputana, 150, 155, 262 Rājuvula (Rājula, Rañjubula), 325 Rāmagrāma, 263 Rann of Cutch. *See Cutch* Ras Mussendam, 481 Ras Shamra, 417 Rho, 508-9 Rhoetea (Bactria), 11, 120 Ri..nu, 317 Roh, 165 Roman empire, 24, 351, 363 Rome, 4, 28, 45, 184, 186, 190, 192, 206-7, 300 Roruka, 171 Roshan, 302, 449 *n.* Roxane, 303, 449 Roxolani, 110 Russian Turkestan, 155
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Saba, 465 Σαβάδιοι, 423 Sabaeans, 367
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Sabalassa, 251 Sabazios, 334 *n.*, 423 Sabba-Sambethe, 423, 496 Sabbadinna, 422–3, 433 Sabbatistes, Sabbatistai, 423 Sacaea, 115 Saca Era, the old, 224, 348, 494–6, 499–502; name, 496; not Parthian, 494–6, 499, 502 Saca Era (A.D. 78), 335, 352, 501–2 Saca language, 63, 79, 267–8 Sacaraucae, 48, 80, 117, 275, 278; described, 291–2; conquests, 291, 294; ‘perishing of the’, 306 Sacarauli, 284. *See* Sacaraucae Sacas: generally, 79–82, 275, 299; the name, 79, 506; those ‘beyond Sogd’, 80, 291, 475; with Mithridates I, 222; settlement in Sacastene, 223; the Sacas occupy Ferghana, 84, 278–9, 475; their invasion of Parthia, 89, 281–2, 291–2, 294, 306, 320, 469, 472, 499, 501; its date, 294, 495; their supposed conquest of Bactria a myth, 283–4, 287 *n.*, 502; their invasion of India, 50, 232–3, 278, 312, 320–1, 455, 501; their first kingdom, *see* Indo-Scythia; take Taxila and Gandhāra, 322; Kapisa, 332; Mathurā, 325; take and lose Ujjain, 335; the Sacas in India, 104, 171, 173, 331, 345–6, 473; at Taxila, 179, 232, 501; satraps, 243, 325; the Western Satraps, 151, 243, 318, 335, 501; they copy the Greeks, 242–3, 300, 323, 358–9; their fleets, 91, 319–20, 322, 329, 349; early coins, 438, 502. *See* Sacaraucae, Massagetae, Saiwang, K’ang-kiu, Maues, Azes, Ki-pin Sacastene, 95, 223, 320, 344, 471–2, 499, 500, 502, and *see* Seistan Sāgala, 61, 133, 145, 177–8, 239, 318, 325; Menander’s capital, 49, 98, 171, 247, 414, 420–1, 435; mint, 357, 438. *See* Euthymedeia Sagalassos, 250 Saharanpur, 239 Sai-wang, 275–8, 291–2, 321, 336, 516 Sāketa, 145–6, 180, 228, 453–5, 459 Sakuntalā, 384 Salagissa, 250 Sāmaññaphala Sutta, 415–16 Samarcand, 102, 117, 277, 280, 307 Samaria (Fayûm), 366, 444; (Palestine), 444 Samariane, 444 Sambethe. *See* Sabba-Sambethe
c35.43
Sambos, 169, 422, 430–1 Samkassa, 251 Samothrace, 204 San, 508–10 Sanabares, 305 *n.* Sanchi, 396 Sapadbizes (?), 301 *n.*, 305 *n.* Saphā, 389 Saracene, 444 Sarakhs, 16 *n.* Sarangae, 285 Saraostos, 147, 150, 234 Saraucae, 284. *See* Sacaraucae Sardis, 105–6 Sary Kamish, 491–3 Sauvīras, 142, 171, 238 Sauvīra-Sindhus. *See* Sauvīras Savila, 455 Scythians, 79, 110 Seistan, 62, 90, 127, 198–9, 223, 470–2, 483, 495–6; Euthydemid rule in, 93–5, 156–7. *See* Suren, kingdom of the Seleuceia (i.e. on the Tigris): 17, 18, 22, 93, 208, 351; description, 60–2; nickname, 15; people, 58; history, 42, 49, 51, 67; relation to Opis, 61, 98; to Ctesiphon, 98; a measure of autonomy, 30, 31; coins, 30, 98 *n.*, 441; literature, 41; scalings, 467–8; calendar, 64; trade, 261, 362, 367 Seleuceia on the Eulaeus. *See* Susa Seleuceia on the Hedyphon, 17 Seleuceia on the Persian Gulf, 17, 42, 66 Seleuceia in Pieria, 17, 25, 28 Seleucid coin-types, 76, 90, 164, 187, 191, 197, 204, 213, 262; monograms, 437 Seleucid empire, 1–5, 153, 190, 195, 215, 241, 258, 261, 388, 411, 437; the eparchies, 2–4, 442–5; foundations, 5–31; settlers, 36–7, 186–7; land system, 31; literature, 40–3 Seleucid Era, 28, 30, 47 *n.*, 56, 64–5, 495, 500; in India, 359, 399 Seleucid pedigree, the fictitious, 201, 302–3, 408, 446–51 Seleucid survey, the, 55, 153, 442 Seleucus I, 5–7, 11, 31, 46–7, 60, 64, 72, 153, 189, 196, 208, 221, 263 *n.*, 410, 446, 451 *n.*; and Chandragupta, 100, 131, 152, 174; coins, 131, 191, 204, 221, 439 Seleucus II, 73–4, 196–7, 204, 213, 299, 450–1 Seleucus III, 197 Seleucus IV, 184–6, 464 Seleucus (astronomer), 43–4
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Selgessos, 250 Septuagint, 424 Seres, 84, 109-11 Seven Sages, Banquet of the, 427 n., 431, 436 Shan-Shan, 519 Sheba, queen of, 427 n. Shignan, 302, 305 Shi-ki, 513-14 Shorkot, 151 Sialcot. See Sāgala Siao-yuan, 474 Siberia, 105-6, 109, 112 Sibi, 151, 170, 180 Sigerdis, 147, 234 Sigerus, 368, 372 Sigma, 508-9 Silpasāstras, 419 n. Sinatruces, 45, 54 n., 306 Sind, 130, 142-3, 155, 165, 233, 271, 318, 320, 358; river, 228 Sindhu river, 228, 374 Siracians, 16 n. Sirakene, 16 n. Sirok, 16 n. Sirynx, 13, 15-16, 20 Siva, 135-6, 163, 172-3, 213, 392, 402-3 Skanda, 168 Skythes, 333 n. Smyrna, 24, 268 Sogd, 80, 291, 475 Sogdiana, 82-3, 102-4, 119, 121-2, 199, 223, 270, 475, 479 Sogdian language, 79, 125, 287, 303-4, 363, 422 Sogdians, 80, 478 Somaliland, 367, 485 Sōn river (Soamos), 144 Sonipat, 239 Sopeithes, 108 Sophagasenos, 101, 130 Sophe, 389, 390 n., 392 n. Sophocles, 94, 382 Sophon, 389 n. Sosibius, 443; in Egypt, 440 Soteira (town), 13 Souastene, 237-8, 240 Spabāris, 305 n. Spalagadames, 332, 341-2, 344-6 Spalahores. See Spalyris Spalirises, 305, 332, 341, 344, 346-8, 498; seizes power, 346; ends Greek rule in the Paropamisadae, 350; coins, 354, 505, 509-10, 516 Spalyris, 326, 332, 340-1, 344-6 Spitamenes, 121, 222, 447, 476
c35.45
Ssu-ma Ch'ien, 281-3, 300 n., 303, 311, 342 n., 362, 472, 477, 513-14 Stasanor, 72, 116 n. Stasis, 13 Stephanus, 119 n., 443, 484, 485 n. See further, Index II Stoics, 41-2, 387 Strabo, 113, 187, 418, 442, 464, 470, 483, 515. See further, Index II Strato I, 48-9, 76, 225-6, 271, 299, 314, 317-19, 323-4, 330-1, 356-7, 440 Strato II, 226, 317, 323 Stratonice (wife of Antiochus I), 268 Stratonice (wife of Eumenes II), 185 Stratonicea in Caria, 22 Sudines, 43, 63 Sūdras, 173, 453-4, 456 Sun, the, 210-11, 263, 333; coin-type, 92. See Helios, Sūrya Sungas, 175, 313, 380, 455 Surāshtra, 147, 150, 180, 234. See Surastrene Surastrene, 148, 169, 234-5, 237, 240, 260, 271, 311, 318, 320, 441, 501 Surat, 150, 234 Suren, the, 95, 203, 224, 306, 495, 500; takes Merv, see Merv; kingdom of, 49, 54, 65, 204, 209, 344-7, 494, 499, 501. See Gondophares, Vonones Surenas, 38, 51-2, 345, 499 Surogana of Phrates, 223 Sūrya, 211, 392 Susa, 12, 62, 93, 326, 331, 351, 382, 387, 434, 441, 485; account of, 27-30; constitution of, 17, 18; cleruchs at, 23; poetry, 39; manumissions at, 68-9; Apadāna at, 103, 105-6, 478; and Antiochus IV, 28, 214, 464-6; city-goddess, see Nanaia Susia. See Tōs Swat, 135, 161, 170, 229, 237, 242, 388, 412; river, 237 Syagros, 368 Syracuse, 16, 82 Syria, 58, 63, 123, 310, 362, 371, 374, 377, 419, 442 Syrians, 10, 22, 29, 329 Syrinx. See Sirynx Szechuan, 87
c35.46
Tachoroi, 515, 517 Tagorae, 516-17 Tagouraioi, 516-17 Ta-hia, 277-8, 281, 283, 477; account of, 298-9; meaning of, 295-7; not Tochari, 295-6; not Greeks, 296-7; the legendary Ta-hia, 297-8, 300
c35.47
T'ai-Tsong, 16, 264 Takoraioi, 516-17 Tambrax, 4 n., 15 Tanagra (Persis), 11 Tao-ki, 347 Tapuria, 88, 114, 219, 293 Tarim basin, 84, 109-11. See Chinese Turkestan Tarmita, 118 Tashkent, 71, 278, 307 Tatakene, 95 Taxila: before Demetrius (Bhir), 61, 135-7, 152, 164, 167, 258; coinage, 104, 162; Demetrius' capital (Sirkap), 137, 179; under Greek rule, 126, 159, 169, 173, 271, 313, 328, 406; mint, 165, 438; coin-types of, 163-4, 313, 403; under Saca rule, 242, 321-2, 347; under Parthian, 164, 359-60; inscriptions from, 85, 136 n., 137 n., 242, 358 n., 389, 494, 500, 502 Taxiles, 150, 169, 259 Ta-yuan, 278-81, 311, 474; Chang-k'ien on, 307-8, 474-7; the heavenly horse, 308-10 Tazarene, 442 Teheran hoard, 362 Telephus, 165, 316, 331, 394, 496-7; chronology, 497-8, 500-1; types, 333; monograms, 332, 400, 404, 497 Teos, 255 n., 449 Tepé Hissar, 106 Terek Pass, 84, 279 Termedh, 118-19 Teucros, 59 Thagouroi, 285, 515, 517 Thales, 436 Thar desert, 106 Themisonium, 9 n., 11 Theocritus, 249, 450 n., 510 Theodamas, 312, 323, 389, 392, 504 Theodorus Datiaputra, 125 n., 389, 391, 392 n. Theodorus the meridarch, 242 n., 388, 391, 392 n. Theodorus son of Theoros, 389, 392 n. Theophila, 147, 164, 171, 234-5, 243, 258, 371-2 Theophilus, 164, 328, 392 Theophrastus, 371 Theoros (Thavara), 389, 392 n. Thera (Bactria), 11, 120 Therogonos, 253 Theragūha, 253 Thibet, Thibetan, 107, 118, 515
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Thocari, 515, 517 Thogara, 285, 515, 517 Thogari, 515, 517 Thracians, 9, 70, 118 Θροάνα, Θρόανοι, 519 Thronia. See Babylon Thronia Thybrassene, 442 Tiberias, 20 Tien-shan Range, 111, 290 Tigraios, 441, 485 Tigranes, 50 Tigris, 53, 57, 60-2, 98 Timarchus, 212, 218-19, 467 Timitra, 389, 391, 392 n., 458 Tiridates I of Parthia, 65, 74 Tiridates (usurper), 53, 306, 346 Tissa Mogaliputta, 267 Tochari, 84, 110-11, 276, 284-5; not the Ta-hia, 295-6; part of the Yueh-chi, 285-7; race and language discussed, 288-90; forms of the name, 515-19 Tocharian, 289 Tocharistan, 290, 305, 515 Toxrī, 284, 290 Togara, 286, 516 Tōs, 4 n., 88, 295, 438 Tosmos, 295 Trapezus (Arabia), 66 Traxiane, 88-9, 95, 114, 219, 293, 295 Trigartas, 239, 324 Tripolis, 206 Triton(s), 326, 328-9, 394 Trogus, 142, 224, 515. See further, Index II 'Trogus' source', 154, 221, 233, 245, 282, 286, 293, 306-7, 381, 469, 472, 515-16; attempt to reconstruct, 45-50 Tsade, 508 Ts'in, 310-11 Ttaugara, 286, 517 Tukhāra, 286, 515 Tu-k'in, 350 Tullia, 221 Tupac Yupanqui, 385 Turdetani, 105 Turfan, 110, 276, 289-90 Turki, 287-8 Tushaspa, 147 Tyre (India), 10, 329
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