History of Kanauj to the Moslem Conquest c17.s5.27

c17.s5.27

As regards Malwa, it was governed between the years V. E. 1005 = A. D. 949 and V. E. 1029 = A. D. 973 by Sīyaka-Harṣa of the Paramāra dynasty,¹ who, according to the Udepur inscription, “took away in battle the wealth of Khoṭṭiga,”² rightly identified by Bühler with his Rāṣṭrakuṭa namesake (circa 955-970), successor of Kṛṣṇa III (c. 940-955 A. D.). Sīyaka-Harṣa was followed by another powerful ruler named Muñja alias Vākpati whose kown dates range from 974 to 994 A. D. He is credited in the same Udepur *praśasti* with many notable victories over the Karṇāṭas, Lāṭas, Keralas, Colas and Cedis³; we may, therefore, safely assume that he was, like his predecessor, free from any foreign control. Malwa must have overthrown the Pratīhāra authority and declared its independence soon after the death of Mahendrapāla II, for we know from the Indore plates that even as early as V. E. 1031 = 974 A. D. the three immediate predecessors of Muñja⁴ are given the usual titles of Paramabhaṭṭāraka, Mahārājādhirāja, and Parameśvara generally signifying sovereign status.