History of Mediaeval Hindu India (being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.) v2.c30: Appendix VI.

History of Mediaeval Hindu India (being a History of India from 600 to 1200 A.D.) v2.c30

Language: English

Appendix VI.

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NOTE.—RECENT RESEARCH AND THE LIGHT IT THROWS ON THE HISTORY OF THIS PERIOD.

Professor Velankar of Wilson College, Bombay has recently discovered a copper-plate grant made by a Śilāhāra king of Thana in Śaka 915 or A.D. 993, which will shortly be published by him, but which we have had an opportunity of inspecting before publication; and we were surprised to find therein not only a complete genealogy of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas of Malkhed, who were the overlords of these Śilāhāras of Thana but a correct reflection of the political condition of India in the tenth century A.D. It must be remembered that this grant was made after the fall of the Rāṣṭrakūṭa dynasty in about 974 A.D., and the grant actually contains expressions of sorrow over the destruction of Ratta-rājya by Tailapa. This clearly shows how the rule of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas was popular even among the feudatory chiefs; for who would be disposed to deplore the downfall of their overlords after the destruction of their power? The genealogy given in this copper-plate grant, of the Rāṣṭrakūṭas does not differ from the one we have given. Thus we are assured that the genealogy hitherto accepted is substantially correct. The grant highly extols king Kṛṣṇa, grand-father of Kakkala in whose reign the Rāṣṭrakūṭa power came to an end and declares that his sovereignty was accepted by the whole of India from the Himalaya to Ceylon and from the western to the eastern ocean. As this eulogy comes from a grant made by an entirely different line of kings and after the loss of their power by the Rāṣṭrakūṭas, it may be taken to be based on substantial truth. In the following śloka* the exact political condition of India at this time is portrayed. "The Chola trembled with fear and the lord of

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चोलो लोलो भियाभूद्रजपतिरपतज्जान्हवीगह्वरन्तः ।
वाजीशस्त्रासशेषः समभवदभवच्छैलरन्ध्रे तथान्त्रः ॥
पाण्ड्येशः खाण्डितोऽभूदनुजलधि जलं द्वीपपालाः प्रलीना ।
यस्मिन्दत्तप्रयाणे सकलमपि तदा राजकं न व्यराजत् ॥

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It may be noted that Gajapati and Hayapati became in later times hereditary titles of certain lines of Kings.

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The first of these, the *Gospel of the Hebrews*, was used by the Jewish Christians of Palestine, and was probably a version of the Gospel of Matthew, though it contained some traditions not found in our canonical books. The *Gospel of the Egyptians* was used by the ascetic sects of Egypt, and was marked by a strong tendency towards mysticism and asceticism. The *Gospel of Peter* was used by the Docetists, and taught that Christ did not really suffer, but only appeared to do so.

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These gospels, and others like them, were not accepted by the Church as a whole, and were gradually lost or suppressed. The Church, however, felt the need for a standard collection of writings that would serve as a guide for faith and practice. This led to the formation of the New Testament canon, a process that took several centuries to complete.

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The first step in this process was the collection of the letters of Paul, which were widely circulated among the churches. Then came the four Gospels, which were accepted as the authoritative accounts of the life and teachings of Jesus. The Acts of the Apostles and the other epistles were gradually added, and finally the Book of Revelation.

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By the end of the second century, the core of the New Testament was generally accepted by the Church. The process of canonization was not a formal act of a council, but rather a gradual recognition by the churches of the writings that were most valuable for their life and worship. It was only in the fourth century that the canon was formally closed by the councils of the Church.

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The formation of the New Testament canon was a crucial event in the history of the Church. It provided a standard of faith and practice that helped to unify the Church and to protect it from the influence of heretical sects. It also ensured that the teachings of Jesus and the apostles would be preserved for future generations.

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on this point we may be certain that by ‘Hayapati’, only kings of Kanauj are meant. As we have already shown, they were, even according to the accounts of Arab travellers, strong in cavalry and we find in the above Śilāhāra grant the word Vājīśa used clearly with reference to the king of Kanauj. Hence though Kanauj kings had not the title ‘hayapati,’ nor did they call themselves so, other kings and their documents described them usually as ‘lords of horses’ much as the Rāṣṭrakūṭas called the Pratihāras Gurjaras though the latter did not call themselves so. We may, therefore, feel sure that the Hayapati Devapāla son of Herambapāla spoken of in the Khajuraho inscription from whom the image of Vaikuntha was obtained by Yaśovarman is the same Devapāla spoken of in the Siyadoni inscription as son of Shitipāla and ruling from Kanauj. The genealogy which Pandit Gaurishankar Ojha gives on the supposition that the Devapālas are different need not, therefore, be considered. But the genealogy which he gives on the supposition that the two are one must be given here, and it is as follows.

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VII Mahendrapāla I (903, 909 A. D.)

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IX Bhoja II X Mahīpāla, or Kshitipāla 910 alias Herambapāla or Vināyakapāla 917, 931 and 941

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Mahendrapāla II XII Devapāla XIII Vijayapāla 946 948 960

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XIV Rājyapāla 1018

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We may, however, add two observations. It is possible that Mahendrapāla may be another name of Devapāla himself as the date 946 is very near 948 a certain date of Devapāla; and Mahendra is only an amplification of Deva. Secondly, a difficulty is further presented by the fact that the Khajuraho inscription above noted and dated Samvat 1011 or 954 A. D. ends with the expression “In the reign of Vināyakapāla” as stated at page 128 of this volume. We have there stated that the Chandellas still nominally recognised the suzerainty of Vināyakapāla alias Mahīpāla who was then dead. But if we believe that this was a reference to a living Vināyakapāla on the throne of Kanauj also acknowledged as emperor, like the last Mogul emperor acknowledged by the Marāthas and the English, we shall have to suppose that Devapāla had a son named Vināyaka- The first of these, the *Gospel of the Hebrews*, was used by the Jewish Christians of Palestine, and was probably a version of the Gospel of Matthew, though it contained some traditions not found in our canonical books. The *Gospel of the Egyptians* was used by the ascetic sects of Egypt, and was marked by a strong tendency towards mysticism and asceticism. The *Gospel of Peter* was used by the Docetists, and taught that Christ did not really suffer, but only appeared to do so.

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controversy at page 145 of this volume and stated at the end of the para that we may accept the story of Dantidurga being uprooted by Kṛiṣhṇa though given in one grant only. Mr. Sukthankar in publishing this new inscription of Kṛiṣhṇa I, dated śaka 694 or A. D. 772 says that as Kṛiṣhṇa himself says nothing wrong about Dantidurga, the story of his getting into evil ways and his eventual supression may be disbelieved. We think after looking into the several documents that the story may be accepted with some variation. The Baroda grant which is dated 812 A. D. i. e., only 40 years later cannot be set aside altogether. There can be no reason why a false statement should have been made so shortly after Kṛiṣhṇa. Any statement in an inscription should be given its due weight unless we can show how an erroneous idea might have arisen. Now this account may very easily have been forgotten in later times or may have been omitted from a sense of propriety. The Kardā grant which is dated 972 A.D. may have made, after 200 years, the mistaken statement that Dantidurga left no issue since his uncle Kṛiṣhṇa succeeded him and we may believe that Dantidurga left behind him a son who was ill-behaved and who consequently was set aside by his powerful uncle Kṛiṣhṇa. The words in the Baroda grant are wide enough to admit this possibility; यो वंश्यसन्मूल्य विभागभाजं राज्यं स्वयं गोत्रहिताय चक्रे mentions only a Vamśya or a person to whom inheritance goes and may include a son of Dantidurga. This indeed lays down a good maxim viz: that any rightful heir, if he is unfit to govern by his licentious behaviour should be set aside by the next heir for the benefit of the family (गोत्रहित). We see that this was done at the very next step; for we are told that Kṛiṣhṇa's elder son Govinda was immersed in sensual pleasures and was therefore set aside by his younger brother Dhruva (Deoli grant). In fact a battle was fought between them according to the Paiṭhan grant (Ep. Ind. III. p. 167) which states that Dhruva defeated his brother Govinda though assisted by Kāñchi, Gaṅga, Veṅgi and Mālava. This also shows that outsiders are ready enough to interfere in internecine quarrels; but it also shows that the Rajputs who came to the front about this period were men of strong moral fibre and the people also sided with virile and well-conducted claimants. It may, in short, be accepted that though Dantidurga was not himself ill-behaved nor was himself uprooted by Kṛiṣhṇa, his son most probably was from the Baroda grant.*

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∗ The several records of the Rāṣhṭrakūṭas in order of date are as follows : 1 The recently published Bhandak plates of Kṛiṣhṇa I (Ep. In. XIV 772 A.D. 2. Paiṭhan grant (Ep. In. III. 167) of 794 A.D. 3. Baroda grant (Ind. Ant. XII. p. 162) of 812 A.D. 4. Bagumra grant (Ind. Ant. XII. p. 187) of 867 A.D. 5. Alas plates of Govind III. (Ep. Ind. VI. p. 209) and Samangad plates (ditto) of......7. Kardā grant (Ind. Ant. XII. p. 267) of 972 A.D. etc.

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Abul Fazal 133. Abu Zaid—a peculiarity recorded by—190 f. —statement about ornaments and Queens in darbar of—and refutation thereof 187. —statement of practice of suicide of—191. Abhiyara—23. Abu mountain or Arbuda mountain, legend of—67 f. Abhira 25. Addaka 116. Administration—sources of system of 229. —Civil and Military 229 ff. —Civil leading to happiness 255f. Ādisura cannot be identified 142. Agastya 56 ff. —origin of—86. Agnihotra gradually disappearing 200f. Agnikulas 9; 16. —are they Gujars ? 27ff. —correct interpretation of story of—16. —examination of caste of—30ff. —exploded myth of—12ff. 91. —fancy, misconception 13. —Gotras of supposed—50. —mere mith; tradition 11. —origin of—unhistorical, misconception and of recent date 12. —story of, accepted 13. Agnikulas story of—first told by Chand 12f. —story of—not correct representation of tradition but misinterpreted 15f. Āgamas—list of different—200. —the result of different deity worship 199f. Ahichchhatra (City) same as Ahichchhatra of Pañchāla 92. Ahichchhatra town 36. Ahimsā doctrine—influence of—202f. Āhīra 25. Aingra Mainyu 264. Ajmidha 58f; 290. Akālavarsha, son and successor of Amoghavarsha—account and exploits of—148. Alexander—40; 292. Al Idrisi—extract about religion from work of—196. —statement of noble characters of Indians of—191f. Al Istakhri—extracts from writings of—166. —statement of dress of Sind, Multan etc. of—187. Allaṭa son of Khommāṇa III 80. Al Masaudi, an Arab traveller, 36, 105, 184f. —extract from writings of—on caste, 181. —accounts of—and inference therefrom 107. —identification of writings about India of—164ff.

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Banerji 354. Bappayarāja—Vindhya Nṛipati 93f Bappā Rāwal—4f, 26, 70ff, 99, 177, 322ff, 346f. —accession story of—73f. —belonged to Guhila Vamśa according to Naravāhana Inscription 88. —commander-in-chief of Mori forces 73. —compared with Charles Matrel 72ff. —descent of—72. —evidences and discussion of dates of birth, accession and retirement of—74ff 338ff. —evidences of his being Brahmin 84f. —evidences of and conclusion from the place in genealogy of Guhilots of—342ff. —facts of life of—in author’s opinion 88f. —golden Valaya legend of—77. —identical with Guhādatta and founder of the line 82, 85f. —identification with Khumāṇa of—76. —identification with Khumāṇa of—impossible 82. —interpretation of date St. 191 of—75. —legend of abdication of—74. —not Brahmin 88, 232ff. —Nagara Brahmin 85. —number of his successors varying 78. —proper name; similar examples 76. —śaivait; divotee of Hārita worshipper of Ekaliṅga 88f. —story of—71ff. —successors of—77f. —though taken to be a Nāgara Brahmin still not foreigner 87f. Bappā—why looked upon as brahmin ?86f. Baudhāyana 56. Baurā—identification of—165. Bbhandikula—mentioned in Sāgaratala Inscription 112. Badāmi 14. Bālaka 41. Bālhika 42. Bāṇa 29, 103, 178. —uses Rājputra as Kshatriya soldier 44. —uses Rājaputra in good sense 45. Begging bands—absence of—252f. Benares 5. Bhadra 41. Bhandarkar—Dr. Sir—318, 321. Bhandarkar—Dr. D. R.—9ff 27ff, 40, 65, 69, 72, 82ff, 98, 111, 113, 144, 148, 332ff, 345, 347f, 352. —Theory of Gujars as foreigners of—mistaken 10 f. —theory of Rajputs as descendants of Gujars of—refuted 10f. —theory of Guhilots of—83. —wrong interpretation of sapāda-laksha by 92. Bharadvāja 56ff, 273f. Bhāradvāja 14. Bharata Dauśyanti 296. Bharatas—conclusion from reference to—in Bhāgavata 267. —reference to—in Nirukta 268. —inference from reference to in Rigveda 269ff. —conclusion from reference to—in Vāyu Purāṇa 267f. —conclusion from reference to—in Vedic Index Vol. II. 269f. —theory of—267ff. —wrong view of scholars about 267ff. Bharmayaśva 59. Bhars 8. Bhartṛipaṭṭa son of Kālabhoja 79f.

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Chand Baradai, the bard—12f. 16, 18ff, 25f, 67f, 91, 117, 125, 131. —story of fire origin of—imaginary 97. Chandana 94. —Chāhmāna king 159. —successor of Gūvaka II defeated by Rudreṇa 96. Chandels 8, 25, 55. —Bhars or Gonds by origin; arguments in support of Smith 130. —coins of—and history of coins in general 128. —examination and reply to arguments of origin of—131ff. —genealogy and dates of—129. —of Jajhoti or Bundelhand 124ff. Chandra 94. Chandragupta, the Emperor 100, 225. Chandrarāja, Gūvaka's successor 96. Chakrāyudha 103, 140. —last Varmā Emperor 98. Charles Martel 4, 72ff. Chaṭa 42. Chāhmānas or Chauhānas 9, 13f, 15f, 23, 27, 35ff, 50, 53, 55, 69, 90ff. —available sources of history of—91f. —compared with Guhilots 95f. —descendants of Gūvaka, and of Solar race 14, 97. —examination of arguments of Gujar descent of—35ff. —history of—very little known 91f. —original seat of power of—92. —valorous and chivalrous like Guhilots 90f. —why second in rank to Guhilots 90f. Chāhamāna or Anahila—fabulous date of—33f. Chālukyas of Badāmi 4, 9, 13ff, 16, 23, 27, 33f, 47, 50, 5ff, 55.

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Chālukyas—examination of arguments of Gujars descent 33f. —early history of 32ff. —of Badāmi different from Chālukyas of Anahilapaṭṭaṇa 14. —of lunar race 14. —origination story of 86. —and other families compared with Bhosale, 324ff. —and others—rule of—not foreign 328. —theory of origin of—14. Chālukya—Avanivarman 14. Chāpas of Vardhamāna—account of—116. —śaivas 116. Chāpoṭkaṭa 23. Chāvadas of Anhilwāḍ Pāṭaṇ 114ff. —history of—not much known 114. —important facts of—116. —short account supported by Bombay Gazetteer and others 114ff. Chhand 25. Chhandaka 23. Chitod 21. Chūḍāsama 55. Clans or families—names of—not to be looked into 134f. Combinations of kings possible in Mediæval times 227f. Coining—Art and history of—241f. Coins—names of—241. Countries' names not through rulers 34. Cow—sacredness of—2. —its slaughter a heinous crime 2. Crooke—9ff, 14, 74f, 159. Cunnigham 35, 37, 51f, 68, 329. —wrong view on Gotras like Mitāksharā of—51f.

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Dadabhai Nowroji 319. Dadhishaṭa 25.

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Daṇḍakāraṇya 67. Dantidurga 171, 322. —discussion and evidences about uprootment by Kṛṣṇa of—352f. —son of Indrarāja—exploits and territory of 144f. —story of death of—145. Dasyu and Mlechchha—meaning of—65. Dayitaviṣṇu, father of Gopāla 140. Dāhala or Bundelkhand—extent of—40f. Dāhima 25. Deccan ruling families were Marāṭhās not Kshatriyas—all evidences that—329ff. Deccan settlement 321. Delhi 36f. Deity—favourite—changeable—examples 197. Deorā 23. Devabhadra 42. Devapāla, nephew and successor of Dharmapāla—date of—141 —Devapāla, successor of Mahīpāla—account of—107. Devaśakti or Devarāja, brother and successor of Kakutsa—date of—100. Devaśravas 271, 274. Devavāta 291. Devavrata 271f, 274. Dhanakaṭaka 47. Dhanapāla poet 120. Dhaṅga, successor of Harṣa—inscriptions, exploits and extent of Empire of—126ff. Dharaṇivarāha, subordinate to Mahīpāla 116. Dharmapāla, son and successor of Gopāla—exploits date and account of 140. Dhruvabhaṭa 116. Dhruva Nirūpama, younger brother and successor of Govind II—exploits of—146. —defeats Mihira 104f. Dhānyapāla 25. Dhānyapālaka 23. Diḍḍā, queen—some facts of—158. Didiot 23. Dining—inter 250f. Divisions—usual—of countries for administration; their names and examples 230f. Divodāsa 60, 269, 273f, 276, 281, 283, 295. Doyāmata 23, 25. Drāḍa 41. Drupada 14, 291. Draupadi 24, 44. Drinking—generally abstained from 202. Droṇa Bhāradvāja 14, 52. Druhyus 276ff, 281f, 284ff, 297. —progress of—294. Durgāvati Rāṇi—inference by Smith from story of—and author's reply to it 133. Durlabharāja 93f. Durlabha 93. —brother and successor of Vigraharāja 97.

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Economical condition, good as result of political condition 255. Elliot 162ff, 168. Elorā temple of śiva 153. Ekaliṅga Māhātmya 84f. Ekabāhu 41. Ekapāda 40f. Empire never meant annexation but subordination, examples 221. Engl'sh 102. Ethnology 8.

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Fleet Dr. 148, 150, 352. Flesh eating—state of things with regard to—202f. Foreign descent theory 7ff. —criticised 29ff. —loses support 17. —refuted 15. Foreign domination—external and internal—bad effects of—255. —invasions, stopped 256f. —rule characteristics of—examples and inference therefrom 319f.

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Gājanaka—extent of—fabulous 39, 41. Gaṅga King 146. Gāṅgeyadeva, son of Kokkaladeva—date of—136. Garga—explanation of—in Āṅgirasa stock 58f. —descent of—58. Gaura 23. Garua 24f. —identical with Gujar 25. Gauḍa—Bengal—extent of 39ff. —deśa—Thanesar 69. Gauḍapāda—commentator on Sāṅkhya Kārika 214. Gaurishankar Ojha 122, 332f, 336, 338ff 345f 348, 350, 352. —views of and authorities relied upon by—on Bappā Rāwal—332ff. Gautama 56ff. Gautamiputra Śātakarṇi, a śūdra 47. Gectoe 6. Geholts 4. Genealogies not proper to distrust for averages 345f. Ghaghaḍa or Rāhapa, successor of Muṇḍrāja—date of—115. Ghārwar 8, 55, 124. Gibbon 5, 12. Gifts and taxes for temples 236ff. Gohila 23. Gohilaputra 23. Goṇḍas 8. Gopāla Avanti 102. —descendant of Pratihāra Pāla dynasty—and evidence thereof 139f. —the elected Emperor, capital and exploits of—139. —Kshatriya and a Buddhist—account, exploits and date of—139f. Gopāla II son and successor of Rājyapāla 141. Gopendra 93. Gotra—Bhāradvāja 14. Gotras borrowed from Purohits—theory of—50; this theory a misconception 50ff. —by descent and not by discipleship, instances 52f. —eight—according to Baudhāyana 56. —four—according to Mbh. and Pravarādhyās 56. —history of—of Solar and Lunar races 56f. —mention of—necessary 51. —mention of—by Rajputs useless 51. —of Brahmins, Kshatriyas and Vaishhyas—why the same 54. —of Marāṭhā Kshatriya families 331. —of Modern Rajputs with Gotras of their Purohits 55. —of the Rajputs 49ff. Gotra and Pravar 56ff. —minute examination of—56ff, —system—benefit of 49f.

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Gotras—reasons of theory of Vijñāneśvara about 53. Gotra Rishi founder of the family examples 87. Gotra Rishi and Pravara Rishi, latest view of—56 —relation of and difference between 57. —rule in śrauta sūtras and author's interpretation of it 50f. —śloka in Mahābhārata on 56. —Vasiṣṭha 14. Govind I 144. Govind II son and successor of Kṛṣṇarāja—some facts of—145f. Govind III 107, 119, 140. —Jagatunga, Dhurva Nirūpama's son and successor—exploits and account of—146f. Govind IV 154. Govindrāja—successor of Indra III—confusion about him in different plates and account and date of him 150. Grant Als of Yuvarāja Govind II 145, 171, 230. —Amāgācchi of Vigraharāja III 140. —Bhagumrā 105. —Balavarman 106. —Baroda 145. —Bhadān by a Śilāhāra king 350. —Bhālgur 234. —Bhāgalpura 140ff. —Copperplate by a Śilāhāra king of Thana—political condition described in—349f. —Daulpurā of Bhoja—contents of the seal there on—108f. —Dighwa Dubauli by Mahendrapāla 106, 230.—contents of the seal of—108f. —Khardā 120, 147ff.—date of and inference from 151. of karkarāja dated 812,—176. Grant—Kavi 146. —Khārepāṭana 147, 149f. —Khalimpurā of Dhanapāla 139f. —Mālwa 234. —Navasāri 148f, 152f. —Paiṭhan of Govind III 171, 234. —Rādhanpūra 145f. —Samangadh 145.—date of and inference from 144. —Sangali 176.—date of 149f. —Sarvanātha Mahīpāla—date and inferences from—141. —Vani Diṇḍori 146. —Wardhā 144ff, 175. Grierson Dr. 12, 172f, 265, 280, 293, 294. —extracts from writings of—on Indian languages etc. 133f. Gristmada—story of—60. Guhādatta 83. —distinct from Guhila and identified with Guhasena of Valabhī—result thereof not satisfying the requirements 346f. —name—how used for Bappā 347f. Guhasena 75. Guhila 55, 346ff. —son of Bappā 79. Guhilots 8, 23f, 26, 50, 55, 69ff. 83, 90. —are they foreigners' 83ff. —Kings—comparative genealogy of—81f. —line—virtues of—77. —story of—70f. —theory of—some extracts from—83. Gujars—8, 101, 17, 25, 27, 29ff. —characters and profession of—10. —not foreigners 31. —Prākṛit for Gaurs 25. Gujarāti Language 33f. Gujarātra 40f. Guṇādhya 279. Guptas 3.

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Gupta Empire 9. Gurjars 9, 83. —of Bhinmāl 69. Gūvaka 94. —compared with Bappā 95f. —first great king of Chauhāns of Sambhar according to Harsha stone Inscription 92f. Gūvaka II son of Chandrarāja 94, 96.

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Hāḍas of Bundikoṭa 16. Hāeala plates 106. Haihaya Keyurvarsha 14. —Sahasrārjuna—Aryan 30. —Record 50. Haihayas not Mlechchhas 30. —origin and territory of—134. Hamira 70. Hammira Kāvya—story of origin of Chauhāns and Pushkara lake in 14, 97. Harbilas Śarad 92. Harīśchandra 96, 272. Harivamśa 30. Hariyāla 41. Harsha 1, 29, 101, 124, 148, 154, 182. —Bāla, son and successor of Mughatuṅga 136. —son and successor of Rāhila—account of—125. —Śiva, family deity of 95. Harshacharita 29, 44f, 103, 135. Harsha—Empire of 138. Hāritaṭa 23, 25. Hāritas 59. Hārita 73, 96. Hindu India, beginning of—1f. Hindus, against amalgamation 31. —firm belief in Metempsychosis 201 Hinduism—condition of—248f. —prominent feature of—2. —and tolerance 109.

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Hieun Tsang 4, 28, 37, 39, 45f, 47, 107, 117, 124f 157, 171, 206, 210f, 229, 248, 329. Hocrule Dr. 265, 295. Homer 22, 80. Hūla 23, 26. —not Hūṇa 26. Hume 71. Huṇas 4, 6, 9f, 26, 29f, 35f, 68f, 82f —not Kshatriyas 26. —mentioned as foreigners 30. —not included in 36 families, 30.

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Ibbetson 7. Ibn Haukal—extracts from writings of—166. —statement about dress by—187. Ibn Khurdabda—information of India by 164. —examination of the extract from work of—on caste: and its identification 178f. Idār 72, 75. Idols—famous—of India 199. Idol worship of Aryans and non-Aryans 198f. Idolatry why permitted in Hinduism and its significance 198f. Ikshvāku 274f, 289. Iliad 22. Ināma villages—privileges of owners of—234f. India—Mediæval—resemblance and difference of—with holy Roman Empire 227. —old and new—divisions of and different kingdoms in 136. —other kingdoms in—from 800-1000 A.D. 157ff. —why enslaved by foreign domination 222. Indians—dress of—187. —food of 184ff.

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Indians—how asserted right of chosing a king 222f. —not flesh eaters—some exceptions 185f. —noble character towards foreigners of—191f. —ornaments—of 187f. Indra II—story of marriage of—144. Indra III—captured Kanauj 106. Indrachandra 159. Indrarāja or Indrāyudha 101. Indrarāja of Kanauj 140. Indrarāja III,—successor of Akālavarsha—some facts of—149. Inscriptions—Achaleśvara 77, 81, 84ff. —Achalagaḍh 82. —Bappa's legend and interpretation there of 73. —of Aśoka 329. —Ātapurā 78ff, 82f, 86, 154, 301, 332f, 336, 342, 345f, 348.—examination of verse in 85ff. —Bānapurā—Genealogy given in— 348. —Bharut Toraṇa 51. —Copperplate of Benares 135. —Benares and Bhillauri 105. —Benares and Assam 107. —Benares of Dhanaṅga—examination of contents of—124f. —Bhāgalpurā mentioning standing army 224. —Bijolia 50, 91ff.; translation and interpretation of beginning verse of—93. —Bilhauri-stone 14, 135f, 238. —Buchakalā 103f. —of chahāḍadeva of Ranthambhor 92. —chātsu 334, 336; —Examination of Guhila Vamśa in—345. —Chitoregaḍh 77, 81, 84ff 384. —Daulatpurā and others—Date of 112.

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Inscriptions — Dharaṇivarāha —Date count of 116. —Ekaliṅga 74, 84. —Ghātiālā—inference from account of 111; reason of nonmention of Kanauj Soverign 111. —Gawaliar Bhoja 13. —Valabha Swāmi 235. —Bhoja Praśasti—relating to Imperial Pratihāras of Kanauj 304f. —Haihayas of Chedi 14. —Harsha stone 13, 91ff, 159. interpretation of expression in by Keilhorn and author—95. —relating to chāhamānas 302f. —Kalachūri Haihaya 52. —Kānheri—date of and inference from 147. —Khājurāho 126ff, 350f. —must be verified 84. —Navasāri—Chālukya 73. —Naravāhana, 80, 82, 86f, 177, 333f, 346. —Nasika cave of Gautamī Putra Śatakaṛṇi 47, 329. —Nilaṅguṇḍa—date of and inference, from—147, 155. —Nityavarsha 322. —Pāla and Rāshṭrakūṭa 102. —Pātanārāyaṇa 50. —Pratāpagadh 350, 352. —Pratihāras 29. —Pratihāra—published by Gaurishankar—discussion of genealogy therein 350f. —Pehewā—Date of—159. —Rai Sāgara 340. genealogy of, —kings in—348. —at Rajor 31, 108. —relibility of—71. —Sāgaratala—of Bhoja 98, 103f. —extract about Vatsarāja and its meaning 100f; 4 verses in praise of Nāgabhaṭa 103. —Śiyadoni 106, 110, 235ff, 241.

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Inscript —some—in original 301f. —Sundarahill Chāchigdeva 92. Itihāsa and Purāṇa, tradition of Kshatriyas 261f. Itsing—chinese traveller 218.

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Jabulistāna 35, 37. Jackson 38. Jagannātha records 160. Jagattuṅga, son of Akālavarsha—account of—149. Jahahuti 41, Jain work—translation of and inference from a verse stating conquest of Kanauj 101. Jainism—condition of—248. —growth of—in different parts 203. —not yet prominent 197. Jaipur 24. Jamadagni 56ff. Jammuval 55. Janamejaya 19. Jarāsandha 100. Jayachand 68. Jayachandra 158. Jayapāla 108. —Date of—157. Jayarāja 93. Jayaśakti and Vijayaśakti 125. Jayāpīḍa of Kakoṭa dynasty 158. Jadeja 55. Jādhava 23ff. Jālandhara 40f. —or Kaṅgrakoṭa kingdom of Trigarta—history of—158f. Jejjaka name—derivation and date of—125. Jhalā 22, 25, 55. Jñāneśvara 330. Jogarāja, son of Vanarāja—date of—115. Johnson 11. Juzur—kingdom of—32.

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Kabul kingdoms, history, names of kings and dates of 157. Kachchhamandala 40. Kachchhavāḥṭas 24f, 55. Kakkal—successor of Khoṭṭiga—account and exploits of—151. Kakustha or Kakkuka, nephew and successor of Nāgabhaṭa—Date of 100. Kakutsa 23, 25. Kalachūris of Chedi 134ff. —branch of Haihayas—extent and date of 134f. —genealogy of—137. —not new branch but old one, 137. —pure Kshatriyas and Śaivas 137. Kalasha 23. Kalhaṇa 22, 159. Kali age myth—effect and reasons of—43, 46f. —interpretation of—47. —later than 7th century, 47f. Kaliṅga 103. Kālabhoja 80. —and Khommāṇa foot-note on 82. —Śila's successor 79. Kālachchhuraka 23. Kālahayañjaya 41. Kamalākara Bhaṭṭa 312. Kamalu—date of—157. Kamāsha 23, 25. Kāmboja or Kabul 34, 40, 42. Kāmbojas 30. Kāmarūpa or Assam—extent of 40f. Kanauj 13, 98ff. —Empire—contest for—102. Kanuj Empire—decaying—compared with Mughal Empire 102. Kaṇḍāhara—history of kingdom of 158. Kāntipura 41.

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the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.

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The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.

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The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.

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The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.

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The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.

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the *Gesta Romanorum*, the *Legenda Aurea*, and the *Speculum Historiale* of Vincent of Beauvais. These were the books that fed the imagination of the Middle Ages, and they were the books that the Church, in its wisdom, provided for the instruction of the faithful. They were not history in the modern sense of the word; they were moral tales, designed to illustrate the power of God and the vanity of the world.

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But even in these works, we can see the beginnings of a more critical spirit. The *Gesta Romanorum*, for instance, contains stories that are clearly derived from classical sources, and the *Legenda Aurea* is full of accounts of the lives of the saints that are based on earlier, more reliable records. The Church was not entirely indifferent to the truth; it was simply that its conception of truth was different from our own. It was a truth that was not to be found in the dusty archives of the past, but in the living experience of the present.

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It is in this context that we must understand the work of the great chroniclers of the Middle Ages, such as Matthew Paris and William of Malmesbury. They were not merely recording events; they were interpreting them in the light of the Christian faith. They saw the hand of God in every event, and they sought to show how the history of the world was, in reality, the history of the salvation of mankind.

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This, then, was the task of the historian in the Middle Ages: to show how the world was governed by the providence of God, and how the Church was the instrument through which that providence was made manifest. It was a task that required not only learning and industry, but also a deep and abiding faith. And it is for this reason that the history of the Church is, in many ways, the history of the Middle Ages themselves.

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the *Gesta Romanorum*, the *Legenda Aurea* of Jacobus de Voragine, and the *Speculum Historiale* of Vincent of Beauvais. These were the books that fed the imagination of the Middle Ages, and they were the books that the Church, in its wisdom, provided for the instruction and edification of the faithful.

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But the Church did not merely provide books; it also provided the means of their dissemination. The monastic scriptoria, where monks labored in silence to copy the sacred texts, were the precursors of the printing press. And when the press finally arrived, it was the Church that first harnessed its power, using it to spread the word of God to the corners of the earth. The Gutenberg Bible, the first major book printed in Europe, was a testament to the Church's commitment to the written word.

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Yet, even as the Church championed the spread of knowledge, it also sought to control it. The *Index Librorum Prohibitorum*, or List of Prohibited Books, was a tool used by the Church to suppress ideas it deemed dangerous or heretical. This tension between the desire to educate and the need to control would define the Church's relationship with literature for centuries to come.

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It is a complex history, one that is marked by both enlightenment and suppression. But it is a history that cannot be ignored, for it is the history of the very foundation of Western civilization. The Church, in its role as the guardian of knowledge, has shaped the way we think, the way we write, and the way we understand the world around us.

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Linked texts (14)

Rājataraṅgiṇī — Kalhaṇa, Sanskrit
Hammīramahākāvya — Nayacandrasūri, Sanskrit
Harṣacarita — Bāṇabhaṭṭa, Sanskrit
Epigraphia Indica
Purāṇa — Sanskrit
Śūdrakamalākara — Kamalākarabhaṭṭa, Sanskrit
Śaṅkaravijaya — Mādhava, Sanskrit
A Grant of Dhruva III., of Bharoch — Sanskrit
Kardā plates of Kakka III (Amoghavarsha IV), Śaka 894 — Sanskrit
Bhuvanēśvar inscription of Bhaṭṭa-Bhavadēva Bālavalabhībhujaṅga — Sanskrit
Dhiniki grant of King Jāikadeva — Sanskrit
Udayendiram plates of Nandivarman (ed. Kielhorn 1895) — Sanskrit
Kanheri Inscription (No. 15) — Sanskrit
Nasik cave inscription (No. 16, N. 5) (ed. Hultzsch 1906) — Prakrit