The Early History of the Deccan (Parts I–XI) v2.c15.s3.t2.1.2

v2.c15.s3.t2.1.2

and those which are surrounded by water and forests are known as *jala* and *vana durgas* respectively; whilst that built on the top or slopes of a hill is spoken of as a *parvata* or *giri-durga*. Although the last three are in themselves natural fortresses, they can be easily occupied by the enemy without walls of fortification. The forts, to whichever of the four classes mentioned above they may belong, must have special *aṭṭālakas* (rooms) over the *gōpuras* (gates) fitted with sundry wooden contrivances (machines), guarded by warriors adept in military exercises and the use of sundry missiles and weapons of warfare, and well stocked with money, grain, condiments, &c. They should have several extensive open grounds inside to facilitate the free movement of large bodies of men; and they should be provided with plentiful supplies of grass, fuel, and water, and have passages for the entry and the exit of people without obstruction. A fort which is not so provided is but a ‘pig-sty’. The *Nītisāra* also describes the precautionary measures to be taken for the protection of the fort. Strong guards must be posted at the gates to watch them by day and by night; the garrison of the fort must be stationed at a suitable place; watches should be kept over the defiles or the passes in the hills (in the neighbourhood); efficient men should be posted to guard the central hall of audience; sentries should patrol around the palace;