The Ancient Geography of India. I. The Buddhist Period, including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang c5.s1.t7.3

c5.s1.t7.3

The only towns of the Gandaræ named by Ptolemy are Naulibe, Embolima, and the capital called Proklaïs. All of these were to the north of the Kophes; and so also were Ora, Bazaria, and Aornos, which are mentioned by Alexander's historians. Parashâwar alone was to the south of the Kophes. Of Naulibe and Ora I am not able to offer any account, as they have not yet been identified. It is probable, however, that Naulibe is *Niláb*, an important town, which gave its name to the Indus river; but if so, it is wrongly placed by Ptolemy, as *Niláb* is to the south of the Kophes. The positions of the other towns I will now proceed to investigate, including with them some minor places visited by the Chinese pilgrims.