Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c16: Appendix II
Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c16
- Language
- English
Appendix II
c16.1
ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE NOTES.
c16.2
Alberuni.—Sachau's English translation of Alberuni's India (Trübner's Oriental Series ; original edition in two volumes).
c16.3
Aiyangar's Beg. S. I. H.—Aiyangar's Beginnings of South Indian History. (Madras University Lectures).
c16.4
Ann(ual) R(ep.) A. S. I.—Annual Report Archæological Survey of India. (Director General's Report).
c16.5
A. S. I., N. I. S.—(Reports of the) Archæological Survey of India, New Imperial Series.
c16.6
A. S. W. I.—Archæological Survey of Western India.
c16.7
Bhuvanakosha—मार्कण्डेयपुराण LVII.; मत्स्य, CXIV.; वायु XLV.
c16.8
Camb. H. I.—Rapson's Cambridge History of India, vol. I.
c16.9
C. A. S. R. ; Cunningham (A. S. R.)—Cunningham's Reports on the Archæological Survey of India in 23 volumes.
c16.10
E. H. D.—Sir R. G. Bhandarkar's Early History of Dekkan.
c16.11
E. H. I.—V. Smith's Early History of India (3rd Edition).
c16.12
E. I.—Epigraphica Indica.
c16.13
F. H.—Fa Hian. (All references are to Chapters).
c16.14
Fleet's G. I.—Fleet's Gupta Inscriptions (Corpus vol. III).
c16.15
(Führer's) Mons Antiq.—Führer's List of Monuments and Antiquities in N. W. Province (=U. P.), Archæological Survey of India.
c16.16
I. A.—Indian Antiquary.
c16.17
Ind. Alter.—Lassen's Indische Altertumskunde.
c16.18
Imp. Gaz. Ind.—Imperial Gazetteer of India. New Edition.
c16.20
J. A. S. B.—Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. J. B. B. R. A. S.—Journal of the Bombay Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. J. R. A. S.—Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. Kûrmavibhâga—बृहत्संहिता XIV.; Utpala's Com. on it gives quotations from पराशर; मार्कण्डेय LVIII. M. Bh. Mahâ Bh. } —Mahâ Bhârata. Matsya—Matsya Purâna. (Bangabâsî Press, Calcutta, Original Edition in Devanâgarî). Mâr—Mârkndeya Purâna (Pargiter's), Asiatic Society of Bengal's publication. Periplus.—Schoff's translation. Ptolemy—M'Crindle's translation of Ptolemy's Geography. Raichowdhury's P.H.A.I.—Political History of Ancient India by Hem Chandra Raichowdhury. (Calcutta University Publication). Sewell's List—Sewell's List of antiquities in Madras Presidency. (Arch. Surv.). Vâyu—Vâyu Purâna (Asiatic Society of Bengal). Y. Ch.—Yuan Chwang (Houen Tsiang) ; Watters' translation of his travels has been referred to The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.
c16.21
The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.
c16.22
The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.
c16.23
The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.
c16.24
ANCIENT INDIAN SITES
c16.25
[Figure: REFERENCE NOTE Buddhist & Jaina -- Piprawa Hindu -------- Kishtwar Mohammedan --- Seringapatam]
c16.26
The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.
c16.27
The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.
c16.28
The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.
c16.29
The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.
Linked texts (6)
- Vāyupurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Matsyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Bṛhatsaṃhitā — Varāhamihira, Sanskrit
- Parāśarasmṛti — Parāśara, Sanskrit
- Mahābhārata — Vyāsa, Sanskrit