Cunningham's Ancient Geography of India c7.51

c7.51

At the time of Hwen Thsang's visit, in the seventh century, India was divided into eighty* kingdoms, each of which would appear to have had its separate ruler, although most of them were tributary to a few of the greater states. Thus, in Northern India, the districts of Kabul, Jalâlâbâd, Peshâwar, Ghazni, and Banu were all subject to the ruler of Kapisa, whose capital was most probably at Charikâr, or Alexandria ad Caucasum. In the Panjâb proper the hilly districts of Taxila, Singhapura, Urasa, Punach, and Rajaori, were subject to the Raja of *Kashmir*; while the whole of the plains, including Multan and Shorkot, were dependent on the ruler of Tâki, or Sangala, near Lahor. In Western India the provinces were divided between the kings of *Sindh*, Balabhi, and Gurjjara. In Central and Eastern India, the whole of the different states, from the famous city of Sthâneswara to the mouth of the Ganges, and from the Himâlaya mountains to the banks of the Narbadâ and Mahânadi