Die Kosmographie der Inder nach den Quellen dargestellt c11.s1: a) Der Brahmāṇismus
Die Kosmographie der Inder nach den Quellen dargestellt c11.s1
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a) Der Brahmāṇismus
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(Bhāgavatap. III. 11. 4 ff., Brahmāṇḍap. Utt. Bhā. 2. 117 ff., Brahmavaivartap. IV. 96. 48 ff., Mārkaṇḍeyap. 46. 28 ff., 49. 37 ff., Vāyup. 101. 93 ff., Vṛhannāradīyap. 28. 37 ff., Amarakośa I. 3. 11 ff., Hemacandra: Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 136 ff., Kauṭilya: Arthaśāstra S. 106 ff., Manu: Dharmaśāstra VIII. 131 ff., Yājñavalkya: Dharmaśāstra I. 361 ff.)
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Die Raumgrössen sind nach Angabe der Purāṇa und einiger anderen Texte folgende:
1. Gruppe: Brahmāṇḍap. Utt. Bhā. 2. 117 ff., Mārkaṇḍeyap. 49. 37 ff. und Vāyup. 101. 115 ff. Das Paramāṇu ist ganz fein und nicht mit dem Auge zu erfassen. Das Stäubchen, das man sieht, wenn ein Sonnenstrahl ins Wasser eindringt, ist das erste der Masse und führt obigen Namen.
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In den einzelnen Bezeichnungen weichen Brahmāṇḍa- und Vāyupurāṇa einerseits und Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa andererseits von einander ab; drum sollen die Namen für die Raumgrössen in zwei Gruppen aufgeführt werden:
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| Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa Utt. Bhā. 2. 117 ff., Vāyup. 101. 115 ff. | Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa 49. 37 ff. |
| 8 Paramāṇu = 1 Trasareṇu = 1 Padmarajas | 8 Paramāṇu = 1 Parasūkṣma |
| | 8 Parasūkṣma = 1 Trasareṇu |
| 8 Trasareṇu = 1 Rathareṇu | 8 Trasareṇu = 1 Mahīrajas |
| 8 Rathareṇu = 1 Vālāgra | 8 Mahīrajas = 1 Vālāgra |
| 8 Va(ā)lāgra = 1 Likṣā | 8 Vālāgra = 1 Niṣkā (Likṣā) |
| 8 Likṣā = 1 Yūkā | 8 Yūkā = 1 Yūkā |
| 8 Yūkā = 1 Yava | 8 Yavadara = 1 Yavadara |
| 8 Yava = 1 Aṅgula | 6 Aṅgula = 1 Aṅgula |
| | 6 Aṅgula = 1 Pada |
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| Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa Utt. Bhā. 2. 117 ff., | Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa 49. 37 ff. |
| Vāyup. 101. 115 ff. | |
| 12 Aṅgulaparvan = 1 Vitasti | 12 Aṅgula = 1 Vitasti |
| 21 Aṅgulaparvan = 1 Ratni | |
| 24 Aṅgulaparvan = 1 Hasta | 24 Aṅgula = 2 Vitasti = 1 Hasta |
| 42 Aṅgulaparvan = 2 Ratni = 1 Kiṣku | |
| | 48 Aṅgula = 4 Vitasti = 2 Hasta = 1 Nāḍikā |
| 96 Aṅgulaparvan = 1 Dhanus, Daṇḍa, Yuga, | 96 Aṅgula = 8 Vitasti = 4 Hasta = 2 Nāḍikā, |
| 300 Dhanus = 1 Nula [Nāli | [= 1 Dhanus, Daṇḍa |
| 2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyūti | 2000 Dhanus = 1 Gavyūti |
| 8000 Dhanus = 1 Yojana. | 4 Gavyūti = 1 Yojana. |
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D. Gewichtsgrössen nach Manu: Dharmaśāstra, Yājñavalkya: Dharmaśāstra u. Vṛhannāradīyap. Eine gewisse Verwandtschaft mit dieser Skala der Längenmasse hat die Skala der Gewichtsgrössen, die wir sozusagen wörtlich übereinstimmend in Manu: Dharmaśāstra VIII. 131 ff., Yājñavalkya-Dharmaśāstra I. 361 ff. und Vṛhannāradīyap. 28. 37 ff. vorfinden.
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Das feine Stäubchen (trasareṇu), das sieht, wenn ein Sonnenstrahl durch das Fenster scheint, heisst Atom.
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8 Trasareṇu = 1 Likṣā (Vṛhannāradīyap.: Niṣka), 3 Likṣā = 1 Prājasarṣapa, 3 Prājasarṣapa = 1 Gaurasarṣapa (Vṛhannāradīyap.: Gosarṣapa), 6 Gaurasarṣapa = 1 Madhyayava, 3 Madhyayava = 1 Kṛṣṇala, 5 Kṛṣṇala = 1 Māṣa, 16 Māṣa = 1 Suvarṇa, 4 oder 5 Suvarṇa = 1 Pala, 2 Kṛṣṇala = 1 Rūpyamāṣa, 16 Rūpyamāṣa = 1 Dharaṇa, 10 Dharaṇa = 1 Satamāna oder Pala, 4 Suvarṇa = 1 Niṣka, 1 Kupfer-Paṇa hat das Gewicht eines Karṣa, 250 Paṇa ist die erste Geldbusse, 500 Paṇa ist die mittlere Geldbusse, (sāhasa) (Manu). 1000 Paṇa ist die oberste Geldbusse.
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Die Raumgrössen nach Arthaśāstra II. 28. 38 sind folgende:
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8 Paramāṇu = 1 Rathacakravipruṭ 8 Rathacakrapruṭ = 1 Likṣā 8 Likṣā = 1 Yūkāmadhya 8 Yūkāmadhya = 1 Yavamadhya
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8 Yavamadhya = 1 Aṅgula von mittlerer Grösse 4 Aṅgula = 1 Dhanurgraha 8 Aṅgula = 1 Dhanurmuṣṭi
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12 Aṅgula = 1 Vitasti = 1 Chāyāpauruṣa, 14 ” = 1 Śama = 1 Śala = 1 Pariraya = 1 Pada, 2 Vitasti = 24 ” = 1 Aratni = 1 Prājāpatyo hastaḥ, 2 Vitasti+1 Dhanurgraha = 28 ” = 1 Pautavavītamāna, 2 Vitasti+1 Dhanurmuṣṭi = 32 ” = 1 Kiṣku (Text: Kipku), 42 Aṅgula = 1 Takṣṇa = 1 Krākacikakiṣku = 1 Skandhāvāradurgarājaparigra- 54 " = 1 Kupyavanahasta, [hamāna, 84 " = 1 Vyāma = 1 Rajjumāna = 1 Khātapauruṣa, 4 Aratni = 96 " = 1 Daṇḍa = 1 Dhanus = 1 Nālikāpauruṣa, 108 " = 1 Gārhapatyam dhanuḥ = 1 Pathiprākārāmāna = Pauruṣam agni- 1 Daṇḍa = 6 Kamsa = 1 Brahmadeyātithyamāna, [cityānām, 10 " = 1 Rajju, 2 Rajju = 1 Parideśa, 3 " = 1 Nivartana, 1 Rajju+2 Daṇḍa = 1 Bāhu, 1000 Dhanu = 1 Goruta, 4 Goruta = 1 Yojana.
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Die Zahlengrössen nach Taittirīya-Saṃh. IV. 4. 11. 2 ff., VII. 2. 20. 1; Vājasaneyi-Saṃh. XVII. 2, XXII. 34 und Kāṭhaka-Saṃh. XXXIX. 6 (s. auch A. Weber in: Zeitschrift d. Dtsch. Morg. Ges. XV (1861) S. 134 u. Zimmer: Altindisches Leben S. 348):
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| Eka | = | 1 | Niyuta | = | 100 000 | Samudra | = | 1 000 000 000 |
| Śata | = | 100 | Prayuta | = | 1 000 000 | Madhya | = | 10 000 000 000 |
| Sahasra | = | 1 000 | Arbuda | = | 10 000 000 | Anta | = | 100 000 000 000 |
| Ayuta | = | 10 000 | Nyarbuda | = | 100 000 000 | Parārdha | = | 1 000 000 000 000 |
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In Kāṭhaka-Saṃh. wird hinter Nyarbuda Bhadra eingeschoben. Infolgedessen erhöhen sich hier die Zahlen für Samudra bis Parārdha je um 10.
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Die Zahlengrössen nach Jaiminīya-Upaniṣad-Brāhmaṇa ed. and transl. by Hanns Oertel (Journal of the Amer. Orient. Soc. 16 [1896] S. 79 ff.) I. 10. 4, 28. 3, 29. 5:
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| Daśa | = | 10 | Prayuta | = | 100 000 | Nikharva | = | 1 000 000 000 |
| Śata | = | 100 | Niyuta | = | 1 000 000 | Padma | = | 10 000 000 000 |
| Sahasra | = | 1 000 | Arbuda | = | 10 000 000 | Akṣiti | = | 100 000 000 000 |
| Ayuta | = | 10 000 | Nyarbuda | = | 100 000 000 | Vyomānta | = | 1 000 000 000 000 |
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Die Zahlengrössen nach Vāyup. 101. 93 ff. und Brahmāṇḍap. Utt. Bhā. 2. 92 ff. sind folgende:
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| Eka | = | 1 | Koṭi | = | 10 000 000 | Padma | = | 10 000 000 000 000 |
| Daśa | = | 10 | Arbuda | = | 1 000 000 000 | Samudra | = | 100 000 000 000 000 |
| Śata | = | 100 ¹) | Abja (Ny- | | | Antya (Anta) = | 1 000 000 000 000 000 |
| Sahasra | = | 1 000 ²) | arbuda) | = | 1 000 000 000 | Madhya | = | 10 000 000 000 000 000 |
| Ayuta | = | 10 000 | Kharva | = | 10 000 000 000 | Parārdha | = | 100 000 000 000 000 000 |
| Niyuta | = | 100 000 | Nikharva | = | 100 000 000 000 | Para (Apara) = | Parārdha × Parārdha. |
| Prayuta | = | 1 000 000 | Śaṅku | = | 1 000 000 000 000 | | | |
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Die Zeitgrössen sind folgende:
1. Gruppe: Bhāgavatap. III. 11. 4 ff. und Brahmavaivartap. IV. 96. 48 ff.
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2 Paramāṇu = 1 Aṇu, 3 Aṇu = 1 Trasareṇu, 3 Trasareṇu = 1 Truṭi, 100 Truṭi = 1 Vedha, 3 Vedha = 1 Lava, 1 Lava = 1 Nimeṣa, 1 Nimeṣa = 1 Kṣaṇa, 5 Kṣaṇa = 1 Kāṣṭhā,
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1) auch Parivṛḍha genannt. 2) auch Paripadma genannt.
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15 Kāṣṭhā = 1 Laghu, 15 Laghu = 1 Nādikā (Brahmavaivartap.: Daṇḍa), 2 Nādikā (Daṇḍa) = 1 Muhūrta, 60 Daṇḍa = 1 Tithi (Brahmavaivartap.), 6 oder 7 Yāma (Brahmavaivartap.: 1/8 Tithi) = 1 Prahara, je 4 Yāma (Brahmavaivartap.: Prahara) = 1 Ahar oder 1 Rātri (ein Nychthemeron der Menschen), 15 Ahorātra (Brahmavaivartap.: Tithi) = 1 Pakṣa, 2 Pakṣa = 1 Māsa (ein Nychthemeron der Väter), 2 Māsa = 1 Rtu, 6 Māsa = 1 Ayana, 12 Māsa = 1 Vatsara (ein Nychthemeron der Götter), 100 Vatsara = das höchste Lebensalter der Menschen.
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2. Gruppe: Mārkaṇḍeyap. 46. 25 ff., Hemacandra: Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 136 ff. und Amara-kośa I. 1. 3. 11 ff.
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| Mārkaṇḍeyap. 46. 23 ff. | Hemacandra: Abhidhānacintāmaṇi 136 ff. | Amara-kośa I. 1. 3. 11 ff. |
| 15 Nimeṣa = 1 Kāṣṭhā | 18 Nimeṣa = 1 Kāṣṭhā | 18 Nimeṣa = 1 Kāṣṭhā |
| | 2 Kāṣṭhā = 1 Lava | |
| 30 Kāṣṭhā = 1 Kalā | 15 Lava = 30 Kāṣṭhā = 1 Kalā | 30 Kāṣṭhā = 1 Kalā |
| | 2 Kalā = 1 Leśa | |
| | 15 Leśa = 30 Kalā = 1 Kṣaṇa | 30 Kalā = 1 Kṣaṇa |
| | 6 Kṣaṇa = 180 Kalā = 1 Nādikā | |
| 30 Kalā = 1 Muhūrta | 2 Nādikā = 360 Kalā = 1 Muhūrta | 48 Kṣaṇa = 1 Muhūrta |
| 30 Muhūrta = 1 Ahorātra | 30 Muhūrta = 1 Ahorātra | 30 Muhūrta = 1 Ahorātra |
| 15 Ahorātra = 1 Pakṣa | 15 Ahorātra = 1 Pakṣa | 15 Ahorātra = 1 Pakṣa |
| 30 Ahorātra = 2 Pakṣa = 1 Māsa | 2 Pakṣa = 1 Māsa | 2 Pakṣa = 1 Māsa |
| | 2 Māsa = 1 Rtu | 2 Māsa = 1 Rtu |
| 6 Māsa = 1 Ayana | 3 Rtu = 1 Ayana | 3 Rtu = 1 Ayana |
| 2 Ayana = 1 Varṣa | 2 Ayana = 1 Vatsara | 2 Ayana = 1 Saṃvatsara |
| 1 Varṣa = 1 Divyāhorātra | | |
| 1 divyam varṣam = 360 varṣa | | |
| 12 000 divyavarṣa = (4 320 000 varṣa =) 4 Yuga | | |
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Kṛtayuga = 4000 divyavarṣa + 400 + 400 divyavarṣa am Anfang und am Ende Tretāyuga = 3000 ,, + 300 + 300 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Dvāparayuga = 2000 ,, + 200 + 200 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, Kaliyuga = 1000 ,, + 100 + 100 ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, ,, 12 000 divyavarṣa + 1000 + 1000 divyavarṣa am Anfang und am Ende = 12 000 divyavarṣa.
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12 000 divyavarṣa = Kṛta- + Tretā- + Dvāpara- + Kaliyuga = 1 Brahmaṇo divas.
3. Gruppe: Arthaśāstra II. 20. 38 (S. 107).
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| 2 Truṭa | = 1 Lava, | 30 Kāṣṭhā | = 1 Kalā, |
| 2 Lava | = 1 Nimeṣa, | 40 Kalā | = 1 Nāḍikā, |
| 5 Nimeṣa | = 1 Kāṣṭhā, | 2 Nāḍikā | = 1 Muhūrta, |
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15 Muhūrta = 1 Tag oder 1 Nacht im Monat Caitra oder Aśvayuga. In den anderen Monaten nimmt die Tageslänge bis 3 Muhūrta zu resp. ab. 15 Ahorātra = 1 Pakṣa. Wenn der Mond sich füllt, haben wir den hellen (śukla) und wenn er abnimmt, den dunkeln (bahula) Pakṣa. 2 Pakṣa = 1 Māsa. Man unterscheidet:
1. Der bürgerliche Monat (Prakarmamāsa) = 30 Nychthemera,
2. Der Sonnen-Monat (Sauramāsa) = 30 1/2 ,,
3. Der Mond-Monat (Cāndramāsa) = 29 1/2 ,,
4. Der Sternen-Monat (Nakṣatramāsa) = 27 ,,
5. Der Mala-Monat = 32 ,,
6. Der Aśvavāhā-Monat = 35 ,,
7. Der Hastivāhā-Monat = 40 ,, 2 Māsa = 1 Rtu. Die sechs Jahreszeiten sind:
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| Die Monate | Śrāvaṇa u. Prauṣṭhapada | bilden die | Regenzeit (Varṣas) | Südl. Lauf |
| ,, | ,, | Aśvayuga u. Kārttika | ,, | den Herbst (Śarad) | der Sonne |
| ,, | ,, | Mārgaśīrṣa u. Pauṣa | ,, | ,, | Winter (Hemanta) | (Dakṣiṇāyana) |
| ,, | ,, | Māgha u. Phālguna | ,, | ,, | Vorfrühling (Śiśira) | Nördl. Lauf |
| ,, | ,, | Caitra u. Vaiśākha | ,, | ,, | Frühling (Vasanta) | der Sonne |
| ,, | ,, | Jyeṣṭhāmūliya u. Āṣāḍha | ,, | ,, | Sommer (Grīṣma) | (Uttarāyana) |
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2 Ayana = 1 Saṃvatsara, 5 Saṃvatsara = 1 Yuga.
Linked texts (14)
- Mārkaṇḍeyapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Bhāgavatapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra — Kauṭilya, Sanskrit
- Mānava Dharmaśāstra — Manu & Bhṛgu, Sanskrit
- Yājñavalkyasmṛti — Yājñavalkya, Sanskrit
- Taittirīyasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
- Jaiminīyopaniṣadbrāhmaṇa — Sanskrit
- Kāṭhakasaṃhitā — Sanskrit
- Vājasaneyisaṃhitā — Sanskrit
- Brahmavaivartapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Brahmāṇḍapurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Vāyupurāṇa — Vyāsa, Sanskrit
- Tibetan translation ('Chi med mdzod) — Classical Tibetan
- Abhidhānacintāmaṇi — Hemacandra, Sanskrit