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Historical Geography of Ancient India c5.s6: Important Publications on Ancient Indian Geography

Historical Geography of Ancient India c5.s6

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English

Important Publications on Ancient Indian Geography

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We have at present some useful works on the early geography of India. Cunningham's *Ancient Geography of India* is mainly based upon the accounts of Fa-Hien and Hiuen Tsang, and on those of the Greek writers. The author's own great archaeological discoveries have also been embodied. This work has been re-edited with introduction and notes by S. N. Majumdar (Calcutta, 1924). N. L. Dey's *Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Mediaeval India* is not a systematic treatise, but a dictionary and a very useful hand-book. It is defective because it omits in general the grounds of identification. In it the geography of southern India has been neglected. The first edition of the book appeared in Calcutta in 1899, and a second edition was published in 1927, by Messrs. Luzac & Co., London. Both these works are wanting in relevant inscriptional data. B. C. Law's *Geography of Early Buddhism* attempts for the first time at presenting a geographical picture of ancient India drawn from Pali Buddhist Texts. It may be added here that the same author has also written, by way of a supplement to the above work, an article entitled *Geographical Data from Sanskrit Buddhist Literature* published in the *Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute* (XV, 1934, Oct.-Jany.) and later incorporated into his *Geographical Essays* published by Messrs. Luzac & Co., in 1937. *Geographical Essays*, Vol. I, is a collection of articles eliciting geographical and topographical information which will be of value especially to geographers of ancient India.

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The *Vedic Index of Names and Subjects* by the late Professors A. A. Macdonell and A. B. Keith incorporates all the geographical information contained in the most ancient Sanskrit works. Sorensens' *Index to the Mahābhārata* and Malalasekera's *Dictionary of Pali Proper Names* are very useful from geographical standpoint.

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B. C. Law’s *Some Kṣatriya Tribes of Ancient India* (1923), *Ancient Mid-Indian Kṣatriya Tribes* (1924), *Ancient Indian Tribes*, Vols. I and II, and *Tribes of Ancient India* (1941) deal with the history and historical geography of a large number of Kṣatriya tribes. The location of the place occupied by each tribe and the extent of its kingdom at different periods of time have been dealt with in detail.

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B. C. Law’s *Historical Gleanings* (1922) may be found useful for a geographical study of ancient India.

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B. C. Law’s *Holy Places of India*, published by the Calcutta Geographical Society in 1940, contains a brief account of almost all the important sacred places belonging to the Hindus, Buddhists and Jains, arranged regionally and illustrated with maps and sketches.

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B. C. Law’s *Mountains of India* and *Rivers of India* published in 1944 by the Geographical Society of Calcutta, are the historico-geographical studies which present a systematic account of the mountains and rivers of India based on the materials available from Indian literature, the accounts of the Greek geographers, and the itineraries of the Chinese pilgrims.

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B. C. Law’s *Ujjayinī in Ancient India* published by the Archæological Department of the Gwalior Government in 1944 gives a connected account of the ancient city of Ujjayinī based on the original literary sources, the itineraries of the Chinese pilgrims, and the relevant epigraphic and numismatic evidences.

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B. C. Law’s *India as described in early texts of Buddhism and Jainism* published in 1941 and his book entitled *Some Jaina Canonical Sūtras* published by the B.B.R.A.S. in 1949 will be of great value to geographers.

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B. C. Law’s *Śrāvastī in Indian Literature*, *Rājagriha in Ancient Literature*, *Kauśāmbi in Ancient Literature* and *Panchālas and their capital Ahicchatra* published by the Archæological Department of the Government of India as their Memoirs Nos. 50, 58, 60 and 67 contain exhaustive and systematic accounts of the four ancient Indian cities based on literary, epigraphic and numismatic materials as well as on the accounts of the Greek and Chinese travellers in a handy form so as to render them useful to the archæologists and historians.

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*Indological Studies*, Pt. I, by B. C. Law is a helpful aid to the study of ancient Indian geography.

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Pargiter’s *Ancient Indian Historical Tradition*, his translation of the *Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa* and Wilson’s translation of the *Viṣṇupurāṇa* elicit geographical information from the *Purāṇas*.

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*Studies in Indian Antiquities* by H. C. Raichaudhuri (Calcutta University, 1932) is a collection of detached essays, of which five are geographical.

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*Die Kosmographie der Inder* by Prof. Kirfel is a valuable work which is so much interwoven with geography and which is not unrepresented in the Buddhist *Piṭakas*.

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*Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India* is the title given to a book consisting of French articles by Sylvain Levi, Jean Przyluski and Jules Bloch, translated into English by P. C. Bagchi (University of Calcutta, 1929). *Pre-Aryan and Pre-Dravidian in India* is an article by Prof. Levi included in this book, which originally appeared in the *Journal Asiatique*, Tome CCIII (1923). It begins: ‘The geographical nomenclature of ancient India presents a certain number of terms constituting almost identical pairs, differentiated between themselves only by the nature of their initial consonants. I propose to examine some of them here: (1) *Kosala-Tosala*, (2) *Anga-Vanga*, (3) *Kalinga-Trilinga*, (4) *Utkala-Mekala*, (5) *Pulinda-Kulinda*, (6) *Kāmarūpa-Nāmarūpa*, etc.’

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The paper entitled *Names of Indian Towns in the Geography of Ptolemy* by Jean Przyluski was first published in the *Bulletin de la Societe de Linguistique*, 1926. Kodumbara or Odumbara was taken from J. Przyluski’s article: *Un ancien peuple du Punjab: les Udumbara, Journal Asiatique*, 1926. *Paloura-Dantapura* by Sylvain Levi was first published in the *Journal Asiatique*, CCVI, 1925, (*Notes Indiennes*). Pithuṇḍa, Pithuda, Pituṇḍa by Sylvain Levi (J.A., CCVI, 1925-26) is also included in this book. The *History of Bengal*, Vol. I, published by the Dacca University (1943) contains much geographical information concerning Vaṅga.

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For a systematic study of our ancient geography we find the works of classical writers very much useful. They are as follows:

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*Notes on the Indica of Ctesias* by H. H. Wilson (Oxford, 1836).

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*Etude sur la Geographie Grecque et Latine de l’Inde, et en particulier sur l’Inde de Ptolemee*, by Vivien De Saint-Matin.

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*Ancient India as described by Megasthenes and Arrian* by J. W. McCrindle (reprinted from *Ind. And.*, 1876-77; Calcutta 1877; new ed. Calcutta, 1926).

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*The Commerce and Navigation of the Erythraean Sea* by J. W. McCrindle (reprinted from *Ind. Ant.*, Calcutta, 1879).

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*Ancient India as described by Ptolemy* by J. W. McCrindle (reprinted from *Ind. Ant.*, 1884; Calcutta, 1885).

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*Two notes on Ptolemy’s Geography of India* by E. H. Johnston (J.R.A.S., 1941).

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*Notes on Ptolemy* by J. Ph. Vogel (B.S.O.A.S., xii, xiii and xiv, Pt. I).

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*Ancient India as described by Ktesias the Knidian* by J. W. McCrindle (reprinted from *Ind. Ant.*, 1881; Calcutta, 1882).

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*The Invasion of Alexander the Great* by J. W. McCrindle, new ed., 1896.

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*Alexander’s passage of the Jhelum* by Sir Aurel Stein (*The Times* dated the 5th April, 1932).

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*The Sangala of Alexander’s Historians* by Hutchison (*Journal of the Punjab University Historical Society*, Vol. I).

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*Ancient India as described in Classical Literature* by J. W. McCrindle, 1901.

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*The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea*, translated and annotated by W. H. Schoff, London, 1912.

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*La geographie de Ptolémeé l’Inde* (VII, 1-4) by L. Renou, Paris, 1925.

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In this connection mention must be made of *The Gates of India* by T. Holdich (London, 1910), and Sir Aurel Stein’s *On Alexander’s Track to the Indus* (London, 1929), and his paper on *Alexander’s Campaign on the North-West Frontier* in the *Geographical Journal*, London (Vol. LXX, 1927, Nov.-Dec., pp. 417ff., 515ff.).

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A list of noteworthy contributions published in different periodicals is given below:

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*Journal of The Royal Asiatic Society*

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1873. Hiouen-Tsang’s Journey from Patna to Ballabhi by J. Fergusson. 1893. The Sarasvati and the Lost River of the Indian desert by Oldham. 1894. Geography of Rāma’s exile by F. E. Pargiter. 1897. The birthplace of Gautama Buddha by V. A. Smith. 1897. Piṣṭapura, Mahendragiri, and Acyuta by V. A. Smith. 1898. The kingdom of Kartṛpura by Oldham. 1898. Kauśāmbi and Śrāvastī by V. A. Smith. 1898. Kapilavastu in the Buddhist books by T. Watters. 1898. The Geography of the Kandahar Inscription by J. Beames. 1902. Vaiśāli by V. A. Smith.

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1902. Kuśinārā or Kuśinagara and other Buddhist holy places by V. A. Smith. 1903. Kauśāmbi, Kāśapura, and Vaiśāli by W. Vost. 1903. Rāmagāma to Kuśinārā by W. Vost. 1903. Setavyā or To-wa by W. Vost. 1903. Where was Malwa? by A. F. R. Hoernle. 1904. Kauśāmbi by W. Vost and V. A. Smith. 1904. The Middle country of Ancient India by T. W. Rhys Davids. 1905. Sāketa, Sha-chi or Pi-so-kia by W. Vost. 1905. Mo-la-p’o by R. Burn. 1906. Gaudadeśa by B. C. Mazumdar. 1906. Kapilavastu by W. Hoey. 1907. The Five Rivers of the Buddhists by W. Hoey. 1907. Veṭhadīpa by G. A. Grierson. 1907. Dimensions of Indian cities and countries by J. F. Fleet. 1908. Śrāvastī by J. Ph. Vogel. 1909. The Modern Name of Nālandā by T. Bloch. 1910. Mahiṣamaṇḍala and Māhiṣmatī by J. F. Fleet. 1912. The Kambojas by Grierson. 1913. Proposed identification of two South Indian place-names in the Periplus by W. H. Schoff. 1916. Some notes on the Periplus of the Erythræan Sea by J. Kennedy. 1917. Some river-names in the Ṛg-Veda by M. A. Stein.

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Sir Aurel Stein discusses the identification of the rivers mentioned in Ṛg-Veda (X, 75), the famous Nadī-stuti. He identifies the Marudvṛdhā with the Maruwardwan, the Asiknī with the Ans, and the Suṣomā with the Sohān.

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F. W. Thomas writes a short note on Udyāna and Urdi, the latter being derived from the form ‘Aurdāyānī’ as in Patañjali (1918). Magadha and Videha by Pargiter (1918).

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Mr. S. V. Veṅkaṭeśwara makes Satiyaputa, mentioned in the second Rock-Edict of Aśoka, equivalent to Satyavrata-Kṣetra, the ceremonial designation of Kāñci or Conjeevaram (1918). S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar refutes the above identification, and concludes that ‘these Satiyaputras were a Western people, and have to be looked for between the Keralas and the Rāṣṭrikas along the Western hills, and that it is likely that the Satpute are their modern representatives. If so, could it not be the collective name of the various matriarchal communities like the Tulus and the Nayars of the Malabar and Kanara districts of today?’ (1919).

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V. A. Smith accepts that Satiyaputra should be identified with the Satyamangalam Taluk in Coimbatore, which adjoins Coorg in the Western Ghats (1919).

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Sagara and the Haihayas, Vasiṣṭha and Aurva by F. E. Pargiter. The author discusses geographical locations of the Haihayas, Māhiṣikas, Dārvas, Khasas, Coḷas, Culikas, Śakas, Yavanas, Pahlavas, Kambojas, Druhyus, etc. (1919).

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Identification of the ‘Ka-p’i-li country’ of Chinese authors by V. A. Smith (1920).

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An unidentified Territory of Southern India by K. V. Subrahmanya Aiyer (1922). It identifies the ancient Mūṣaka kingdom as mentioned in the Mahābhārata, Viṣṇupurāṇa, Bhārata-Nāṭya-Śāstra and in the inscription of Khāravela, in the Mahākūṭa pillar inscription of the Western Cālukya king, Mangaliśa Raṇavikrānta, etc., with Irāma-kuḍam on the west Coast of the Deccan extending from Tulu or South Canara to the Kerala dominions.

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S. Krishnaswami Aiyangar denies that in the days of Aśoka the Kosar were a people so closely associated with the Tulu country that they gave their name to the region (1923).

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Kauśāmbī by Dayaram Sahni (1927). The identification of the ancient Kauśāmbī with the village of Kosam in the district of Allahabad, which was first proposed by Sir Alexander Cunningham, is finally proved.

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Kauśāmbī by Sita Ram (1928).

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Two Notes on the Ancient Geography of India by J. Ph. Vogel (1929).

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Hathur and Arura by Jwala Sahai (1932). Hathur near Ludhiana is identified with Arhatpur of Jaina fame and Arura near Hathur identified with Ahicchatra.

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Indian Antiquary

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Note on Pauṇḍravardhana by E. V. Westmacott (1874).

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The Geography of Ibn Batuta’s Travels in India by Col. H. Yule (1874).

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On the identification of places in the Sanskrit Geography of India by J. Burgess (1885).

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The Topographical List of the Brihat-Saṃhitā by J. F. Fleet (1893).

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The Topographical List of the Bhāgavata Purāṇa by J. E. Abbott (1899).

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Four villages mentioned in the Nasik Cave Inscriptions by Y. R. Gupte (1912).

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Kollipaka by Lewis Rice (1915).

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Some literary references to the Isipatana Migadāya (Sarnath) by B. C. Bhattacharyya (1916).

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The extent of Gautamīputra’s territory as described in the Nasik cave Inscription by D. R. Bhandarkar (1918).

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Contributions to the study of the Ancient Geography of India by S. N. Majumdar (1919 and 1921).

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Deccan of the Sātavāhana period by D. R. Bhandarkar (1920).

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The early course of the Ganges by N. L. Dey (1921).

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The Māhiṣmatī of Kārtavīrya by Munshi Kanaiyalal (1922).

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Geographical Position of certain places in India by Y. M. Kale (1923).

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History of Important ancient towns and cities of Gujarat and Kathiawaḍ by A. S. Altekar (1924).

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Triliṅga and Kuliṅga by G. Ramdas (1925).

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The capital of Nahapāna by V. S. Bakhle (1926).

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A possible identification of Mount Devagiri mentioned in Kālidāsa’s Meghadūta by A. S. Bhandarkar (1928).

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To the East of Samataṭa by N. N. Das Gupta (1932).

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The river courses of the Punjab and Sind by R. B. Whitehead (1932).

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Mandāra Hill by R. Bose (Vol. I).

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Frescoes and architecture of the Ajanta caves (Vols. I, II, III, XXII, XXXII, XL).

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Nilgiri Hills (Vols. II and IV).

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Ramgarh Hill (Vols. II and XXXIV).

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Kumbhakonam (Vol. III).

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Khandesh (Vol. IV).

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Account of Champā (Vol. VI).

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Nepal (Vols. XIII, XIX, XXII).

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A note on Ptolemy’s Geography by V. Ball (Vol. XIV).

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Identity of Nandikeśvara (Vol. XIX).

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Proposed identification of Kong-Kin-na-pu-lo with Karnul (Vol. XXIII).

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Antiquities at Mandasor (Vol. XXXVII).

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Ramtek, Nagpur Dist. (Vol. XXXVII). Buddhist caves in Malwa (Vol. XXXIX). The Mandasor Praśasti of Vatsabhaṭṭi (Vol. XLII). A note on a few localities in the Nasik Dist. mentioned in the ancient copper-plate grants by Y. R. Gupte (Vol. XLII). Chandra's conquest of Bengal by R. G. Basak (Vol. XLVIII). Contributions to the study of the ancient geography of India by S. K. Bhuyan (Vol. XLIX).

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Asiatic Researches

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Description of the caves or excavations near Ellora by C. Mallet (Vol. I). Remarks on the city of Tagara by Lieut. F. Wilford (Vol. I). Some account of the caves in the island of Elephanta by J. Goldingham (Vol. IV). On the course of the Ganges through Bengal by Major R. H. Colebrooke (Vol. VII). The principal peaks of the Himalayas by J. Hodgson and J. D. Herbert (Vol. XIV). Geography of Assam by J. B. Neufville (Vol. XVI).

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Journal of The Asiatic Society of Bengal

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Geographical notice of Tibet by Csoma de Koros (J.A.S.B., Vol. I). Further account of the remains of ancient town discovered at Behut near Saharanpur by Capt. P. T. Cautley (Vol. III). Notes on the locality of Rājagriha of the town of that name in Behar by T. R. (Lt. T. Renny) (Vol. III). H. P. Śāstri's identification of the names of places ruled over by the allies and feudatories of Rāmapala as mentioned at the beginning of the second chapter of Sandhyākara Nandi's Rāmacarita (Vol. III) is noteworthy. R. D. Banerjee's identification of those places (Vol. IV). Excursions to the ruins and site of an ancient city at Bakhra 13 Cos north of Patna and 6 north from Singhea by J. Stephenson (Vol. IV). Note on the above by James Prinsep (Vol. IV). Some account of the sculptures at Mahabalipuram usually called the seven Pagodas by J. Goldingham (Vol. V). Observations upon the past and present condition of Oujein or Ujjayinī by Lt. Edward Conolly (Vol. VI). The course of the Narmadā by Lt. Col. Ouseley (Vol. XIV). Notes on the vihāras and chaityas of Bihar (Vol. XVI). A comparative essay on the ancient geography of India by Col. F. Wilford (Vol. XX). The Rajmahal hills by W. S. Sherwill (Vol. XX). An account of the Antiquities of Jaipur in Orissa by C. S. Banerjee (Vol. XL). Independent Sikkim by W. T. Blauford (Vol. XL). Contributions to the geography and history of Bengal by H. Blochmann (Vol. XLII and XLIII). Note on Mahāsthān near Bagura, Eastern Bengal by C. O'Donnell (Vol. XLIV). The Kaimur range by C. S. Banerjee (Vol. XLVI). On the temples of Deoghar by Dr. Rajendralal Mitra (Vol. LII). Antiquities of Gayā by T. F. Peppe and C. Horne (J.P.A.S.B., 1865). Antiquities at Bairāṭ, Ajmir, Gwalior, Khajuraha and Mahoba by Major Genl. A. Cunningham (1865). Remarks on some temples in Kashmir by Bishop Cotton (1865).

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*Note on Māhiṣmatī or Maheśvara (Mahesar) on the Narmadā and the identification of Hiouen Thsang's Maheśvarapura by P. N. Bose (1873).* *Notes on Sunargaon, Eastern Bengal by James Wise (1874).* *Ancient dwellings and tombs in Baluchistan by Capt. E. Mockler (1876).* *Antiquities of Bagura (Bogra) by H. Beveridge (1878).* *Ancient Countries in Eastern India by F. E. Pargiter (1897).* *Notes on Chirānd in the district of Saran by N. L. Dey (1903).* *Notes on the history of the district of Hughli or the ancient Rāḍha by N. L. Dey (1910).* *A forgotten kingdom of East Bengal by N. K. Bhaṭṭasāli (1914).* *Notes on ancient Aṅga or the District of Bhagalpore by N. L. Dey (1914).* *Aṅga and Campā in Pali Literature by B. C. Law (1915).*

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*Journal of The Bombay Branch Royal Asiatic Society*

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*Notes on the Shrine of Mahābāleśvara by V. N. Mandlik (1871–74).* *Notes on the History of Antiquities of Chaul by J. Gerson Da Cunha (1876).* *The Sudarśana or Lake Beautiful of the Girnar Inscriptions (B.C. 300–A.D. 450) by Ardeseer Jamsedji (1890).* *Besnagar by H. H. Lake (1914).* *Ancient Pāṭaliputra by J. J. Modi (1916-17).* *The antiquity of the Poona District by D. R. Bhandarkar (1930).*

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*Journal of The Bihar and Orissa Research Society*

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*The Magadhapura of Mahābhārata by Sir George Grierson (Vol. II).* *Sites in Rajgir associated with Buddha and his disciples by D. N. Sen (Vol. III).* *Hiuen Tsang's Route in South Bihar: an identification of the Buddhavana Mountain and a discussion of the most probable site of the Kukkuṭapādagiri by V. H. Jackson (Vol. IV).* *A Note on the Kongoda Country by Binayaka Misra (Vol. XII).* *Ajapura of Skandagupta, and the area round Bihar by P. C. Chaudhuri (Vol. XIX).*

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*Indian Historical Quarterly*

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*Rāḍha or the Ancient Gaṅgārāṣṭra by N. L. Dey.* *The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki mentions two Kosalas by L. P. Pandeya Sarma (Vol. III).* *The Study of Ancient Indian Geography by H. C. Ray Chaudhuri (Vol. IV).* *The Study of Ancient Geography by H. V. Trivedi (Vol. IV).* *Eastern India and Āryāvarta by H. C. Chakladar (Vol. IV).* *The Karoura of Ptolemy by K. V. Krishna Ayyar (Vol. V).* *Identification of Brahmottara by K. M. Gupta (Vol. VII).* *Some Janapadas of Ancient Rāḍha by P. C. Sen (Vol. VIII).* *Udayapura-nagara by D. C. Sircar (Vol. IX).* *Pundravardhana—its site by P. C. Sen (Vol. IX).* *Uḍḍiyana and Sāhore by N. N. Das Gupta (Vol. XI).*

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*Indian Culture*

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*The Vaṅgas by B. C. Law (Vol. I, No. 1).* *The Geography of Kautilya by Harihar V. Trivedi (Vol. I, No. 2).* *Some Notes on Tribes of Ancient India by B. C. Law (Vol. I, No. 2).* *Yavanas in early Indian Inscriptions by O. Stein (Vol. I, No. 3).*

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Some Ancient Indian Tribes by B. C. Law (Vol. I, No. 3). Kauśikā and Kuśiārā by K. L. Barua (Vol. I, No. 3). Kośala by B. C. Law (Vol. I, No. 3). Geographical Data of the Dekhan and South India as gathered from the Rāmāyaṇa by V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar (Vol. I, No. 4). The identification of Satiyaputa by B. A. Saletore (Vol. I, No. 4). Candradvīpa by N. N. Das Gupta (Vol. II, No. 1). Notes on the Śakas by Sten Konow (Vol. II, No. 2).

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Quarterly Journal of The Andhra Research Society The Pathless countries of the Lāḍhas by B. Singh Deo (Vol. II). Tosali and Tosala by B. Singh Deo (Vol. III). Hippokoura and Sātakarṇi by Jean Przyluski (Vol. IV). Capital of Bṛhatphalāyanas by D. C. Sircar (Vol. VII).

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Quarterly Journal of The Mythic Society The Seven Dvīpas of the Purāṇas by V. Venkatachellam Iyer (Vols. XVI and XVII). The Sringeri Mutt by K. Ramavarma Raja (Vol. XVI). Identification of Sopatma and Phrourion of the Greek writers by S. Soma Sundara Desikar (Vol. XXI).

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Ceylon Historical Review (April 1952, Vol. I, No. 4) The Geographical aspect of the Pāli Chronicles by B. C. Law.

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