Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c7.s7.t10.32

v1.c7.s7.t10.32

The Samkhya school also made persuasive arguments for the "pre-existence of effect in cause" theory (*Satkaryavada*). For instance, the No. nine of *Samkhya-karika* lists five basic arguments for this premise: the first argument, asadakaranat, states that the effect exists in its material cause before its production because no one can produce an effect from a material cause in which that effect does not exist. For example, no one can press oil without sesame. The second argument is upadanagrahanat, which states that because there is an invariable relationship between cause and effect, material cause can produce only that effect with which it is causally related. Only milk can produce yogurt because milk alone is materially related to yogurt. The third argument, *sarvasambhavabhavat*, which states that there is a fixed rule for the production or manifestation of things. A certain thing can be produced only by a certain other thing; it cannot be produced from just anything or anywhere. For example, it is impossible to produce gold and silver from grass. The fourth argument, *saktasya-sakya-karanat*, states that an effect exists in its cause in an unmanifested form before it is produced. For example, potters can manufacture a bottle from clay. The fifth argument, *karanabhavat*, states that if the effect does not exist in the cause, then that which was non-existent would be coming into existence out of nothing. For example, malt is generated from seed.