Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c7.s7.t2.78

v1.c7.s7.t2.78

Under new Hetuvidya, errors (faults or occasions for rebuke) were organized, replenished and closely connected with “trairupya”, and were divided into *paksābhāsa, hetvābhasa* and *drstantābhāsa*. Samkarasvamin, in *Nyāyapravea*, gave a most systematic list of 33 errors, including nine *paksābhāsa* ie pratyaksa-viruddh, anumana-viruddha, svasastra-viruddha, loka-viruddha, svavaccana-viruddha, aprasiddha-visesan, aprasiddha–visesya, aprasiddhobhaya, and prasiddha – sambandha, 14 “hetvābhasa” that include ubhayasiddha, anyatar-siddha, samdigdhadhsiddha, asrayadsidddha, sadharana-anaikantik, asadhāraṇa-anaikantika, sapaksa-eka-desa-vrtti-vipaksa-vyapin-anaikantika, vipaksaikadesa-vrtti-sapaksa-vyapaka—anaikantik, apaksa-vipaksalkadesa-vrtti, viruddhavyabhicarin, dharma-svarupa-viruddha, dharma-visesa-viruddha, dharmi-svarupa-viruddha and dharmi-visesa-viruddha. Ten *drstantabhasa* include sadhana-dharmasiddha, adhya-dharma-asiddha, ubhyaya-asiddhah, ananvaya, viparitanvaya, sadhya-avyavrtta, sadhanavyavrtta, ubhayavyavrtta, avyavrtta and viparita-vyatireka