Encyclopedia of India–China Cultural Contacts v1.c7.s7.t8.39

v1.c7.s7.t8.39

Jainism regards Dharma, Adharma, Akasha, Pudgala and Jiva as the five eternal substances (draya’s), pointing that the fundamental elements of universe are the five substances plus time. *Tattvarthadhigamasutra* 5.1-4 states, “Dharma, adharma, akasha and pudgala constitute the Ajiva. They are called drayas or substances. Jivas are also substances. The five substances are eternal in nature and they, along with time, form the whole universe.”