Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahabharata: Upayana Parva c9: Index

Geographical and Economic Studies in the Mahābhārata: Upāyana Parva c9

Language: English

Index

Abhisāra, identified with Chibhāl, 37. Afghānistān, 2, 9, 10, 12, 13, 19, 37, 66, 67, 81, 87, 91. Agrodaka, identified with Agrohā; on trade route from Takṣaśilā to Mathurā, 89. Agrohā, 64. aidān, woollen-cloth, 36 Aimāks, wandering tribes of Central Afghānistān, 88. See also Vaiyamakas ajina, deer-skin, 36. akārāpasam vastram, not cotton-cloth, 69 Alai Range, 80 Alexander of Epirus, a mission sent to him by Aśoka, 25 Alexandrovsky Range, 15. Al-Jurqan, a mountain chain, 103 Alketas, 80 Ambaṣṭhas, an eponymous king mentioned in the Aitareya Brāhmaṇa; identified with Abastonoi or Sambastai; in the Bārhaspatya Arthaśāstra mentioned with Kāśmīras, Hūṇas and Sindhus; probably settled on Lower Chenab, 101 Amethyst, its sources, 57 Amoghabhūti, a Kuṇinda king, 78 Andarāb, a river in Afghānistān, 12 Anartta, 105 Amboh, 40 Andhras, dubbed as false rulers, 4, 24, 77 Aṅga, located in Bhāgalpur District, Bihār, 109, 113 Antākhī, identified with Antioch, 24 Antigonus, a mission sent to him by Aśoka, 25 Antioch, 24; a city founded by Seleucus in Syria, 25. See Antākhī. Antiochus I, friendly relations with the Mauryas, 25 Antiochus II, a mission sent to him by Aśoka, 25 Antiochus III, meets the Mauryan Prince Sophagasenus, 25 Antiochus IV, no direct connection with India, 26 Aparānta, not Konkan but north-western tribal-land, 70-71; products; felts, skins and good weapons, 70 Apollodotus, laid seige to Madhyamikā, 28 Arabii, their country a part of India; their home on river Porāli in Baluchistān, 51 Arabios River, identified with modern Porāli, 51. See Arabii. Arachosia (Kandhār), 21; ceded by Seleucus to Chandragupta Maurya, 24, 66 Arasces, 37 Araṭṭas, 47 ardhanārāca, a kind of, arrow forming present from the people of Eastern India, 74 Aria (Herat), a part ceded to Chandragupta Maurya, 24, 66, 91 Ariana, 91 Arius, 17 Arjuna, his conquest of north, 8, 9; his conquest divisible in several parts, 11; 12, 13, 19, 48, 77 Arodas, 65 Aromatic woods, Assam their source, 85. See also Kiratas. Ārśī kānta, the language of the Sakas, 14 'Arvāṭī, a pearl exporting country, 118 āsana, chairs, 73

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Ashkuman, 93 Asiani, equal to Yüe-chi according to Tarn, 16 Asii, a component of the Yüe-chi, 16; lords of Tochari, 23 aśmagarbha, a semi-precious stone, 57 aśmasāra, amethyst, 57; may be jadeite, 58 Aśoka, sent missions to foreign kings, 25, 70, 105 Assam, 57, 58, 71, 85, 112, 113 Asses, their distribution in Syria, Gobi, Balūchistān and Western India, 5 Astorias, 87 Aswan, 102 Atāri, identified by Cunningham as a city of the Brāhmaṇas, 32 Athenaeus, gives an account of drugs and presents sent to Seleucus; also an account of Bindusāra's embassy to Antiochus I, 25 Attalos, 80 Audambara, 90. See Audumbaras. Audras, the Oriyas Audumbara, 90. See Audumbaras. Audumbaras, their coins; their kings; their location; mentioned in Gaṇapātha, 88; the Vinaya of the Mūlasarvāstivādins mentions a trade-route through their country, 89; their prosperity; intermediaries of trade between the hills and the plains; special variety of cloth produced in their country, ib; Koṭumbara and Audumbara, 90; durvibhāga denoting probable connection with the Sālvas, ib; 96, 98; located in Paṭhānkoṭ region, 99 Aupamanyava, 33 aurṇam, woollen-cloth, 68 Aurnikas, dubbed as false rulers, 4 Auṣṇīṣas, a wandering tribe, 59 Austanes, 80 Avanti, 38 āvikam, lamb pelts, 69; Eastern Afghānistān famous for lamb pelts, ib. Ayodhyā, 68, 72 Azar-i-asp, a fire temple at Balkh, 91

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Babricon, a port from which Chinese hides and furs were exported, 69 Bactria, 15; its conquest by Sakas erroneous; the conquest attributed to four tribes, 16; 17, 18, 22, 23, 24, 79; Greek geographers on Bactria, 91; principal part of Ariana, ib. Bactrianē, 91. See Bactria. Bactrus, a river in Bactria which is now the united stream of Band-i-Amīr and Darrah, 91 Badakhshān, 12, 13, 18, 38; its natural products, 39; its azure and ruby mines, 40; 45, 58, 59, 87 Baghlan, a river in Afghānistān; the route taken by Wood and Lord between the Oxus and Kabul passed along this river, 12, 13. Also see Phalgu. Bāhikas, identified by Pargitar with Vāhlikas, 90 Bāhlikas, their country identified with Bactria, the modern Balkh, 12. See also Vāhlikas. Bāhukān, alternative reading for Romakān, 59. Bajaur, 92. See Ghorakas. Balkh, 38, 90, 103. See also Bactria, Bāhlika and Vāhlika. Ballāvar, 87. See Dārvas. Band-i-Amīr, 91. See Bactrus. Bārahsenīs, 64 Barbara, 4; the pearls imported from, 118 Barygaza, 48 Bhadramkara, 96. See Śākala. Bhadrapur, 96. See Śākala.

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Bhagadatta, 57, 58, 61 Bhāradvāja, 27 Bharata, 47, 68 Bharukaccha, modern Bhroach; same as Barygaza of Greek navigators, 48; 78 Bhauṭṭas, 38. See Bolor. Bhils, 60 Bhīma, his conquest of east, 8; 84 Bhirā, 99 Bhulinga, one of the components of the Sālva Federation, 78, 90, 96; located on the upper courses of the Beas and Satlaj, 99 Bhūmiyas, an aboriginal tribe, 110 Bhuvanakośas, their geographical value, 2 Bihār, 2, 74, 84, 102, 109 Boghazlangar, 65 Bokhāra, 13, 66, 72 Bolingae, placed on the right bank of the Son, 78 Bolor, 21; identified with the Bhauṭṭa country of the Rājatarangiṇī, 38, 68 Brahmaputra River, 85 Buddhism, its attitude towards caste ridden society, 8 Buleda, 55 Byssos, 112 See dukūla.

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Cakrapālita, 105 Cambdia, 54 Camels, their distribution; the southern limit from mouth of Indus to Upper Satlaj, 4 Cāṇḍālas, 78 Candra, 17 Capisa, spelt also Caphusa and Capissa by Pliny and his editors, 42; discussion on various forms, 43. See Kapiśa. Cappodocian Pontus, 16 Cat's-eye, its sources, 117. See vaidūrya. Chahār Aimāks See Aimāks and Vaiyamakas.

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Chang Kien, the Chinese Ambassador who visited the Yüe-chi while they were living north of the Oxus, 15 Chibhāl, not Kamboja but Abhisāra, 12, 37. See Abhisāra. Chilās, the country of Chilāsis, 86. See Daradas. Chilkā Lake, 114 Chillidara (Swāt), 70 China, 68, 71, 73, 76, 79 Chinese silk, early acquaintance with, 69 Chitral, 45-46, 87, 92. See Citrakas. Choaspes. See Ghorakas. Choriene, 79 Chou-le, same as Kāshgar, 76. See Kāshgar. Churrai (Swāt), centre of blanket manufacture, 70 Cinas, 20; ethnic term denoting the Chinese and Chins of upper Burma, 61; casteless Kṣatriyas according to Manu, ib. Cinarattha, 67 Citrakas, probably the people of Chitral, 45; the boundary of their land, 45-46. Cittala, the name of a mountain in the Viśuddhimagga, 45 Colakas, inhabiting Coromandel Coast, 117 Conch-shell, found in the Gulf of Manaar, 118; chaṅk-shell-cutting industry of Korkai and Kāverīpaṭṭinam, ib. Cossack, 86

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Dahae, 86 Dahistan, 86 Dahyu, an ethnographical term, 86. See Dasyus. Dāmalipta, a city of Suhma, 111. See Tāmralipti. Danuar, a Kirāta tribe of Nepal, 84. See Kirātas. Daradas, conquered along with the Kāmbojas by Arjuna, 11, 13, 18, 35, 38, 87; the people of Dardistān, 86; the term probably restricted to the Shinas of Gilgit, Gurez, Chilas, Indus and Swāt Kohistān, ib.; mentioned with Kāśmīras and Kāmbojas; expert in slinging stones; condemned as Mlecchas, ib.; 90. Dārvas, the people living in the district of Jammu and Ballāvar, 87 Dardistān 38, 75, 86. See Daradas. Darra, 91. See Bactrus. Darwāz, 19; identified with Dvārakā, the capital of Kamboja, 38; 80 Daśārṇa, 113 Dasht Valley, Kalāt State, 49 Dasūya Tahsil, 46, 47, 64 Dasyūs, 4; the robber chiefs in the north-western direction of the land of the Kāmbojas and Dardas, 11; identified with the Eastern Iranian speaking peoples, 13 Demetrius, 26 Derdai, 81. See Daradas Digvijayas (universal conquests), their multiplicity in the Mahābhārata, 8; their importance for the elucidation of geographical and historical points, 8-9; copious supplementation from the contemporary events, 9 Dionysius, sent by Ptolemy Philadelphus on embassies to Bindusāra and Aśoka, 25 Dīrghavenus, a wandering tribe (pradarāḥ), 76 Dogs, good bread of dogs of Kekayan country, 100 Donkeys, their distribution from the north to south excluding Eastern India, 5 Dravidas, 24 Dora Pass, chief Pass over Hindūkush, 13 Dorasene, the region about Orissa, 74 Duber (Swāt), 70

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*dukūla*, cloth made from *dukūla* fibre, 112; probably *byssos* of the Greek writers. Dvārakā, the capital of Kamboja, 34, 38. See Darwāz. Dvyakṣas, identified with the people of Badakhshān, 58-59

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Ekapādas, 58; mentioned in Sahadeva's expedition to south, 60; probably the ancestors of the Bhils of Gujarāt, Kach and Kathiāwād; mythological description by Megasthenes, *ib.* Ekāsanas, they lived a settled life, 76 Elephants, from Prāgjyotiṣa, 57; hailing from Kāmyakasara and from other parts of India, 113-114; elephant-housing manufactured in Ceylon, 118 Emerald, its synonyms, 101; its origin from the biles of Asura Bala, 102; situation of the mines in Turuska and Magadha, *ib.*; identification of sources, *ib.* Emodos, 67 Epidaphnes, 25 Erānvez, modern Khwarizm, 16 Eucratides, 26

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Ferghana, 15, 21, 22, 72, 73 Firozkohīs, a constituent tribe of the Chahār Aimāks. See Vaiyamakas. Folk-song, of the Vāhīkas extolling fresh food, wine and women of Panjāb, 6

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Galcha, the Eastern Iranian tongue of the people of Tadzhik Republic, etc., 12, 37, 39

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Gandhāra, 2, 34, 70 Gandharva, probable identification with Gandhāra, 115 Gangadvāra, 7; identified with Haradvār. Garuda, 101, 102 Gauda wine, 6 Gaya, 110; Gayas, the ancient people living in the region of Gaya, ib. Gebel Zebrah, ‘Mountain of Emeralds’ situated on the Red Sea, 102; Idrisi’s description of the mine, ib. See Emerald. Gedrosia (Balūchistān), a part ceded to Candragupta Maurya by Seleucus, 24 Gharan, 40 Gharzestan, 103 Ghor, country, 87 Ghorakas, location identified with the Goruaia of Ptolemy, the modern Bajaur, 92 Ghorband Valley, 86 Gilgit, 46, 71, 86, 87, 93 Girivraja, the ancient Kekeyan capital identified with Girzak, 100 Goat-skin, dress of poor Kaffirs, 45 Gokprosh, a hill chain in Kalāt State, 49 gostanī, grapes from Khotan, 65 G(T)anganoi, see Tanganas. Gulf of Manaar, pearls found, 117-118 Gurdāspur, 100 Gorya, 92. See Ghorakas. Gorys, 92. See Ghorakas. Goruaia, 92. See Ghorakas. Gouraios, Lower Swāt River, 92 Gurez, 86. See Daradas. Gwātar Bay, Kalāt State, 49

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Hala, an off-shoot of Pab Range on the west of Kalāt, 50 Harnai, a pass in Balūchistān, 107

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Haimavatas, 63; location not settled, 67; mentioned in a Sāncī Inscription ib.; also a religious order of the Buddhists, ib. Hamsakāyanas, linked with Paurakas; probable identification with the people of Hunza and Nagar, 92; same as Hamsamārgas and Hamsapādas, 92-93 Hamsamārgas, see Hamsakāyanas. Hārahūras, 63; their country famous for wine, 65; coupled with Ramathas, ib.; country connected with Sindh basin, ib.; probable identification with the people of Herat, 66 Haraiva, 67 Hazāras, probably Mongols, 87; a constituent tribe of the Chahār Aimāks, ib.; Chinghiz Khān probably settled them in Central Afghānistān, ib. Harsha, 91, same as Ārpatha, 93 Haumavarka Sakas, mentioned in the Inscription of Darius, 20. See Sakas. Hayu, a Kirāta tribe of Nepal, 84. See Kirātas. Hazārībāgh, emerald mine at, 102; 110, 114 Helmand Valley, 66, 80 Hemodos, 67, 68 Heorta, a city of the Tanganas, 79 Hephaistion, 51 Hermatalia, identified with Brahmanābād, 32 Hien-fu, ‘hanging pass,’ 21 Hemavata, 68 Himavanta, 12, 67 Hindūkush, 13, 31, 37, 45, 73, 86, 91, 93 Hingol, a river in Kalāt State, 50 Hiung-nu, their wars with Yüe-chi, 15, 19, 23 Horses, presented by Rṣikas, 12; good quality of Bokhāra horses; their mention in the Chinese Annals, 73; Bokhāra horses believed to be descended from Raksh, the horse of the Iranian hero Rustam, *ib.* Hos, 110; a non-Aryan tribe, 116 Hots, a tribe of Makrān, 51; the same as Uṭii of Xerxes' army, *ib.* Hūṇas, 20; identified with Hiung-nu, 29; 61 Hunza, 87; description of the country, 93 Hunza River, 93 Hu-shi-kan, 103 Hyperboreans, idea got from the Uttara Kurus, 84

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Ichthyophagoi, 54 Imaos, probably derived from Haimavata, 68; at first identified with Hindūkush, later on with Bolor Range, *ib.*; 80. Indus Kohistān, 86. See Daradas. Indus, river in Panjāb, 4, 21, 63, 72, 86, 106, 108 Iran, 5 Iraq, 66 Irāvatī, 6. See Rāvī. Irippal, in Kangrā; Audumbara coins found there, 88. See Audumbaras. Ishkāshm, 40 Iṣi, Iṣī, 18, Prākrta for Rṣika. Issyk-kul, a lake in the Pāmīrs, 15, 16, 19, 23, 75, fn., 209 Ivory, handles made of, 57

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Jadeite, 57. See also *aśmasāra*. Jāguḍa, identified with Tsau-ku-ta (Yuan Chwang), 66 Jālandharāyaṇas, 88 Jammu, 87, see Darvas. Jamshedīs, a constituent tribe of the Chahār Aimāks, 87-88. See Vaiyamakas. Jamuna (Yamunā), 77, 78, 94 Jasrat, 47 Jaxartes River, 15, 20, 21, 75 fn., 209, 80 Jhalawan, 50; its climate; cultivation dependent on occasional floods, *ib.* Jhelum, 46, 47, 99, 106; Jhelum District, 100 Jīvaka, represented as taking a journey from Takṣaśilā to Mathurā, 88-89 Johar, see Jyohas. Johiyas, identified with the ancient Yaudheyas, 104; their identification with Ossadioi not correct, 106. See Yaudheyas. Jūnagaḍ, 104 Jyohas, probable identification with the people living in Johar Pargaṇa, Almora, 76

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Kābul, 12, 13, 21, 24, 65, 91 Ka-bu-sa, in the Tibetan version of the Mahāmāyūrī; same as Kapiśa, 42. See Kapiśa, Kārpāsika, etc. Kacchī, in Baluchistān, 106, 107 Kach, 47; good breed of horses from, 60, 90 *kadalī*, a kind of deer or rodent, 36; *candrottara-kadalī*, a variety of *kadalī*, *ib.* Kadphizes, origin of the word, 43; perhaps belonged to Kapiśa, etc. Kāfiristān, 37, 38, 39, 45 Kāfirs, 86 Kaitavyas, 55. See Kitavas. Kalāt, 49; part of Gedrosia; scene of Alexander's exploits; full of barren mountain ranges; sparsely populated *ib.*; 107. Kalindendra, a mountain, 78

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Kalingas, 24; 47; their country situated in the region of river Vaitaraṇī in Orissa according to the Mahābhārata, 111; the boundary of the ancient Kalinga, *ib.*, 113. Kām, lower part of the Bashgol Valley, 43; called Kamoz in Pushtu, *ib.* Kāmah, a river in Kāfiristān, 43 Kāmarūpa, 113 *kambala*, blankets, 36 Kamboh, an agricultural community in Panjāb; its probable connection with the Kāmbojas, 40 Kāmbojas, dubbed as false rulers and liars, 4; conquest by Arjuna, 11; 12, 13, 18; references in Vedic literature, 33; Yāska on some peculiarities of their language, *ib.*; Grierson's identification, *ib.*; Kuhn's discussion on Kāmbojas and their Iranian origin, 33, 34; in Buddhist literature, Asoka's ins. Mahābhārata and Harivaṃśa, 34-35; Kamboja horses, mules, cows and chariots, 35-36; furs and woollen-cloth, 36; different opinions about their location ranging from Kābul, Kāfiristan, Tibet and Rājauri, 36-37; located in the Pāmīrs, Badakshān and Tadzhik Republic, 37; proofs of the location given above, 38-39; 70, 86 Kambrom, in Kafir language same as Kāmdesh, 43 Ka(m)bujiya, 43, = Cambyses. See Kamboja. Kāmdesh, a Kāfir tribe, 43 Kamoz, 44. See Kām. Kampylinus, a river, 81 Kamtoz, 43. See Katirgol. Kāmyaka forest, near Chotā Nāgpur, 113; wild nature of the country beyond it, *ib.* Kāmyaka-sara, probable identification with the Chilkā Lake, 113-114

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Kāna (Swāt), 70 Kandhār, 24, 66 Káng-kiu, their grazing ground Tashkent plains, 21, 23. See Kaṅkas. Kāngrā, 88, 89, 94 Kaṅkas, 20; identified with Kang-kiu, the inhabitants of Sogdiana, 23; under the political pressure of the Yūe-chī and Hiung-nu, *ib.*; their country described by Chang Kien, 72; their location in the region of Bokhāra and Samarkand; probable identification with Kangs, a Jat tribe of Panjāb, *ib.* Kansu, 13, 14, 22, 23 Kao-fu, identified with Kābul, 42 Kapiśa, 41, 42 Kapiśa-Kamboja, the identity of the terms, 42, 43-44; alteration suggested in the Kashmīr Recension of the Rāmāyaṇa and Kṣemendra’s Kathāmañjarī, 43 Kāpiśāyanī, a celebrated wine in ancient India, till recently manufactured in Kāfiristān from grapes, 45 Kapūrthalā, 47 Karakorum, 74, 75 Kāraskaras, 47; mentioned by Budhāyana and others, *ib.*; identified with the people living in Kāshkār Valley, *ib.* Karategin, 80 Karezes, subterraneous canals in Kalāt State, 49 Karki, a river in Nepal, 84 Karna, 5 Kārpāsika, probably mentioned in a Sāñchī ins., 40; Ki-pin or Kapiśa called Karpiśaya, 41; their gifts included slave-girls, goat-skins, deer-skins, 45 Karpiśaya, according to Bagchi, the correct form Kapiśaya, 41. See Kārpāsika and Kapiśa. Karuj, near Herāt, 66 Karūṣa, 113

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Kāsapagota, 67 Kashkār Bāla, Upper Kashkār in Chitral, 45. See Kāras-karas. Kashmīr, 21, 81, 83, 89, 91 Kashtawār, 60, 75 Kāsī-cloth, 69 Kāsmīras, 86; people living in Kashmīr State, 91 Kaspeiria, identified with Kashmīr, 42 Katanēs, 80 Katirgol, upper region of Bashgol Valley, 43; called Lutdeh in Chitrali and Kamtoz in Pushtu, *ib.* Kaulūtas, 54 Kauṇīndra, 77. See Kuṇindas. *kauśika*, silk; Bengal famous for silk manufacture, 112 Kaveripaṭṭinam, 118 Kāyavyas or Kāvakhyas, the race which perhaps gave Khāwak Pass its name, 86 Kej, a river in Kalāt, 49 Kekayas, linked with Madras; their country identified with the districts of Shāhpur and Jhelum; Girzak, the ancient Girivraja, their capital; good breed of dogs of the Kekayan country, 100 Kemboja, 39, 54 Keralas, 24 Keria, 65 Khakha, tribe, 75. See Khasas. Khalkhāl, 67 Khambu, a Kirāta tribe of Nepal, 84. See Kirātas. Kharan, part of Baluchistān famous for camels and felts, 57 Kharoṣṭra, described as the land of donkeys and camels; contemptuous interpretation of the word, 4; Lévi’s interpretation, *ib.* Khaśas, an ethnic term in Nepal and Kashmīr from Kashtawār to Vitasta Valley; a term employed for semi-Hiduised tribes inhabiting Himālayas, 75; in Central Asia living in Kashgar region, 76 Khawak Pass, 12 Khojend, 22 Khokhars, 46-47. See Kukuras. Khokharain, 46, 64 Khorsabād, 67 Khotan, 22, 65 Kho Valley, below Mastuj, 45 Khurāsān, 53 Khryse Khora, identified with Lower Burma, 85 *kīcaka* bamboo, grown on the banks of river Śailodā, 74 Kirthar Range, mountain range east of Las-bela, 50 *kīṭajam*, silk, 68 Kitava, 55; an important Trans-Indus tribe, perhaps to be identified with Kej; also mentioned with the Kulūtas; as such to be identified with the people of Suket. Kobah, a curious custom in Dadistan, in which a bull presented to a guest was sacrificed by him, 87. See Daradas. Ki-lien, a hill in China, 14 Ki-pin, entered by Sai-wang, 16; its extent, 21; identified with Kashmīr but later on with Kapiśa, 41-42; probably a rendering of an Indian word Kapir, 42; identified with Kārpāsika or modern Kāfiristān, *ib.* See Kārpāsika. Kirantades, 84. See Kirātas. Kiranti, 84. See Kirātas. Kirātas, 31, 83-84; their country lying with Dudh-kosi and Karki rivers in Nepal; include Khambu, Limbu, Yakha, Danuar and Thami tribes; their location in the Mahābhārata; their dress and presents, 85 Kirati, 84. See Kirātas. Kirghiz, 76, 86 Kitavas, 48 also known as Kaitayas, 55; same as Kufs or Kufij of Makrān, *ib.* Komedai, 80

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Konga, corresponding to Salem, Coimbatore and parts of Tinnevelly and Travancore, 117 Kolwa, 54 Koras, 54 Korkai, 118 Kośakāras, the country of the ‘cocoon-makers’ probably located in Bengal or Assam, 112 Kosī, a river in Bengal, 110

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koṭumbara, a special variety of cloth probably decorated with the figures of swans and geese manufactured in the Audumbara country, 89. See Audumbaras. Krateros, 79 Kṣudraka-Mālavas, 98, 106; linked with the Vasātis and Mauleyas; mentioned in the Mahābhāṣya; perhaps the same as the Oxydrakai and Malloi of the Greek historians; the theory of M. Przyluski about the Iranian origin of the Mālavas, 108-109; their capital probably near Multān, 108 Kucha, 23 Kufs or Kufiz, 55; a tribe of Balūchistān; the variants of the name. See Kitavas. Kukuras, 20, 46; part of ancient Vṛṣṇi federation; described by the Greeks; mentioned in inscriptions; identified with the Khokhurs of Panjāb, 46-47; their origin, 47 Kulanch, a part of Kalāt State, 49, 56 Kulinda-Pulinda, an ethnic pair, 77 Kulindas, 78. See Kuṇindas Kulindrine, 78. See Kuṇindas. Kulūtas, 55 Kulu Valley, 55 Kunār, a river, 92 Kundamānas, 91, same as the people of Kuṭṭāparānta. Kuṇḍāparantas, their country identified with Kuṭhār, a pargana in Kashmīr State, 91; situation, 91-92 Kuṇḍuz River, in Afghānistān, 12 Kuṇindas, living in Terai region near Haradvār, 76; their coins, 78; occupied a narrow stip at the foot of the Siwāliks, ib. Kun-Lun, a mountain range separating Tibet from Chinese Turkistan, 75 Kurus, 40, 78 Kurujāṅgala, 6 Kurukṣetra, 6, 7, 90 kutha, elephant housing, 118 Kuṭ-hār, a pargana in Kashmīr, 91 Kuṭṭāparānta, 91. See Kuṇḍāparānta. kuṭṭiṇṭam, felt, 69 Kuṭumbara, 90. See Audumbaras and Koṭumbara.

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**L**

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Lalāṭākṣas, probably the people of Ladakh, 59 Lampākas, 21, called Muruṇḍas or lord. Langs, 54 Lapis lazuli, mine in Kokcha Valley, Badakshān, 40 Lās-bela, 50; its boundaries and conditions of life. Lāṭa, 78 Lathikas, 34 Lauhityas, 84 Lavaṇas, 24 Limbu, a Kirāta tribe of Nepal, 84. See Kirātas. Locharna, 48 Lohajaṅghas, 47, 48; identified with the people living in Logar Valley in the south of Kābul, 48 Lohas, 11, 13, 19 Lohita, the Brahmaputra River, 85 Lohitas, with their ten maṇḍalas; probable identification with the people of Leh, 48

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Madhya-deśa, 7, 90 Madhyamikā, identified with Nagari near Chittor, 27; seige by the Yavanas, 28; 93 Madrakāras, a constitutent republic of Sālva federation, 90; Iranian origin of the word meaning warrior, 95, 96; located in Siālkot region, 97. See Madras. Madrakas, their low estimation by Karṇa, 5; the sexual morality of their women. Madras, 5; held in esteem in Vedic literature, 95; their capital at Sākala, ib.; a component of Sālva federation; probable Iranian connections, 95-96; the characteristic costume of the Madra warriors, 96; 101 Magadha, 89, 102, 103 Mahābhārata, its encyclopaedic character, 1; the geographical information in various parvas, ib.; the range of the dates of its various strata, 10 Majjhima, propogated Buddhism in Himavanta, 67 Makrān, climatic conditions same as described in the Upāyanaparva, 48; famous for camels, 56 Maladā, a river in Mahābhārata, 104 Malana, Malan Bay, the western boundary of the Oroeitai, 52. See Oroeitei. Māldah, 110 Malin, near Herāt, 66 Malloi, 108. See Kṣudraka-Mālavas. Mānbhūm, 110 Mand, 55 Mandara, probable identification with Kun-Lun Mountain Range, 75 Maṇḍi, a Hill State, 94 Margiana, 91 Markatah, a port on the Red Sea which exported emerald; perhaps Sanskrit *marakata* originating from this name, 102. See also Emerald. *masāragarbha*, same as *masāragalva*, 57 Mastuj, 21, 46 Mathurā, terminus of the route from Takṣaśilā, 89 Matsyas, 100 Mauleyakas, 107. See Mauleyas. Mauleyas, their location in Mula Valley, Balūchistān, 107; mentioned in the Arthaśāstra as Mauleyakas, ib.; 108 Meds, 54 Media, 80 Menender, 89, 92 Meru, probable identification with Karakorum, 75 Merv-al-Rud, 103 Mohmands, a frontier tribe, 104 Monghyr, 110 Mongolia, 61 Mula Pass, 107 Mula River, its course and different names, 107 Mulkho Valley, in Chitral, 45 Multan, 32, 94, 106, 108 Mumān, middle portion of the Bashgol Valley called Madugal in Chitrali, 43 Mundas, 110. See Santāls. Muṇḍā-Khmer, 54, 55, 90, 111 Muñjānī, an Eastern Iranian tongue, 39 Murgh Pass, 12 Murshidābād, 110 Muruṇḍa, a Saka word meaning master, 21 *musāragalva*, semi-precious stone, 57 Musk-deer, its distribution, 70; different grades of musk, ib. Mustāgh Range, 74, 93 Mūtibas, 77

c9.38

c9.39

Nābhā, 40 Nāgapura, identified with Choṭā Nāgpur, 113

c9.40

Nagar, 87; description of the country, 93 Nagari, an archaeological site near Chitor, 16; identified as Madhyamikā, 28, 31 Nāgas, famous weavers of Kalinga, 112 Naimiṣāraṇya, 113 Nakula, his conquest of the West, 8; 27, 28 Narbadā, 48 Nepal, 67, 71, 75, 84 Nihing, a river in Kalat, 49 Nile River, 102 Nineveh, 16 Niṣāda Kingdom, 7

c9.41

c9.42

Odeonbares, placed by Pliny in Kach, 90. See Audumbaras. Odras, 20, 24; the inhabitants of Swāt, 29; the name connected with Uḍḍiyāna whose traces remain in modern Uḍegrām, 61 Ods, a vagrant tribe of Panjāb and Rajputānā, probably connected with the ancient Odras, 63. See Odras. Odumbara, See Audumbaras. Okupedes, 60. See Ekapādas. Ora, of Greek historians, identified with Odra, 62. See Odras. Orh-Pān, 116. See Pāmsu Rāṣtra. Ormara, a port in Kalāt State, 50 Oroeitei, a tribe mentioned by the historians of Alexander inhabiting Southern Baluchistān, 51; spelt variously as Oritoe, Oraitai, Horaitai; identified with the Hots of Makran, *ib.*; their name derived by Cunningham from the river Aghor, 52 Oromenus, Salt Range in Panjāb, 59 Ossidioi, identified with Vasātis, 105. See Vasātis.

c9.43

Oxus, a river on the boundary of Afghānistān and Russia, 9, 10, 12, 15, 37, 73, 80, 91 Oxydrakai, 108. See Kṣudraka-Mālavas.

c9.44

c9.45

Pahlavas, 18; linked with Vastrapas, 104; probably some ancient Iranian colony in Kathiāwad, 105 Pāmīrs, 12, 13, 20, 37, 38, 39, 40, 59, 68, 75 Pāmsu Rāṣtra, invited to join Pāṇḍavas in the Great War; linked with Audras; identified with Orh-Pān, 116 Pañcajanas, 114 Pañcanada, 104 Pāṇḍavas, 9 Pānīpat, 94 Pāṇḍyas, 24 Panjāb, 2; derisive attitude towards its population, 4; people addressed a Mlecchas, Yavanas, Barbaras, Dasyus, etc., *ib.*; described as the land of donkeys and camels, *ib.*; scathing indictment by Karṇa, 5, 6; explanation of the attitude of Mahābhārata towards it, 7-8; 9, 63, 64, 72, 91, 107, 108, 109 Panjagur, famous for grapes, 56 Pāns, a non-Aryan people of Orissa, 116; variants of the name Pānv, Pānr, Pānika, *ib.* See Pāmsu Rāṣtra. Paraitakenai, also spelt as Paraitakai, 80; placed in Media and Helmand Valley, *ib.* See also Parataṅganas. Parama-Kambojas, 11; identified with Yāghnobis, 13, 19 Pārasīka, pearls exported from, 118 Pāradas, 48; placed with Vokkanas, Ramaṭhas, Yavanas and Sakas, 52; Kṣatriyas with extinct caste; identified with Paradēne of Ptolemy, *ib.*; also identified with the Parthians, 53-54

c9.46

Parataṅganas, perhaps connected with the Tanganas, 79; identified with Paraitakenai of Arrian; their home perhaps Karategin, 80 Pardaṇ-damb, probably showing connection with the Pāradas, 53. See Pāradas. *paristomān*, elephant housings, 74 Paramarṣikas, 11-12; equated with Pasiani. Parṇadatta, 105 Paropanisadae (Kābul), ceded by Seleucus to Chandragupta Maurya, 24 Paropanisus, 87, 91 Parsii, 17, 19 Parsua, 17, 19 Pasiani, a component of Yüe-chi, 16; identified by Tarn with Paras-Parsua, a Persian tribe, 17; identified with Paramarṣikas, 19 Pascima Anūpakas, 18 Pasni, a townlet in Kalāt State, 49 Paśupas, a people akin to modern Kirghiz, 76 Patañjali, his aphorism pointing to the siege of Sāketa and Madhyamikā, 28 Pathāns, 61 Pathānkot, Audumbara coins found there, 88, 99 *patroṛṇam*, cloth manufatured from the fibres of Calosanthes Indica, probably also used for Dacca muslin or the muslin manufactured by the Nāgas of Kaliṅga, 112 *paṭṭajam*, perhaps jute-cloth, 68 Paurakas, linked with Hamsakāyanas, 92; identified with the people of Yasin Valley which is called Poré and the country Poriāki, *ib.* Panjashir Valley, 12, 86 Pearl-fisheries, on the Gulf of Manaar in Simhala, Arvaṭi, Barbara and Pārasika, 117-118 Phalgu, a river identified with Baghlan, 12

c9.47

Pipīlika gold, 81-82; presented by Khaśas, etc.; mentioned by the Greek historians, 81; probably Tibetan gold, *ib.*; methods and life of the miners, 81-82; suggested probability of its being Siberian gold, 82 Pirghal, a peak of Safed Koh, 13 Pishin, in Balūchistān, 106 Piṭanakas, 34 Porāli, a river in Kalāt State, 50 Poré, 92. See Paurakas. Poriāki, the name of Yāsin Valley, 92 Po-la-ssu = Persia, 103 Polysperchon, 80 Poulandai, living on the highlands of Vindhyā, Satpurā and Aravalli, 78. See Pulindas. Prāgjyotiṣa, *mleccha* kingdom ruled by Bhagadatta; mountains in its vicinity; its troops recruited from Kirātas and Cīnas; identified with Assam and some parts of Northern Bengal, 57 Prānūnas, 47 *prāvāra* (*prāvara*), shawls, 36 garment or cloak; also *dupaṭṭā* or cadar or mantle; merchants specialised in its manufacture; its various measurements and colours, 113 Presents, received by Yudhiṣṭhira; presents of the people of Trans-Indus countries,—goats, sheep, cattle, camels, asses and gold, wine and jewels, 56; presents of the people of mountainous countries,—black - necked donkeys, fabrics of Vāhlīka and Chinese manufacture, felts, shawls, lamb pelts and woollen cloth, 68-69; presents from the Himalayan region,—precious stones, wines and perfumes, 70; horses as presents brought by Śakas, Tukhāras and Kaṅkas, 73; presents of the people of Eastern India,—furniture, carriages, chairs, beds inlaid with gold and ivory, chariots with gold fittings and furnished with tiger skins, arrows and precious stones, 73-74; presents of the mountainous tribes besides Khasas, etc.,—yak tails, honey, herbs from north of Kailāśa, 83; presents of Uttarakurus,—garland of Ambu flowers, *ib.*; presents from the Kiratas,—skins, precious stones, gold, sandalwood, agallochum, zeodary, other aromatic woods, slave girls, birds and animals, 85; presents from Vaṅgas, Kaliṅgas and Puṇḍras,—dukūla, silks, patrorṇa cloth, cloaks, 112-113

c9.48

Ptolemy Philadelphus, mission sent by Aśoka, 25

c9.49

Pulindas, dubbed as false rulers, 4; 35; mentioned in *Aitareya Brāhmaṇa*; occupied middle portion of Deccan plateau, 77; described as low people in Buddhist literature; mentioned with Vāgurikas, Śabaras and Cāṇḍālas in the *Arthaśāstra*, 78

c9.50

Pulinda-nagara, 77

c9.51

Puṇḍras, 47, 109; connected with Tāmraliptas; Pargiter identifies their country as Choṭā Nāgpur, with the exception of the Santāl Parganas, 109-110; another identification of their country in Mālda, a part of Purnea, Dinājpur and Rājshāhi, 110

c9.52

Purāṇas, corrupt geographical text, 2; their geographical kowledge extended to Oxus countries and beyond, 10

c9.53

c9.54

Qanauj, a mis-spelling of Kamboja by al-Idrisī, 39

c9.55

quṭas, yak-tail, 83

c9.56

c9.57

Rāḍha, a part of Bengal, 109

c9.58

Rājanyas, their coins found from Hoshiārpur, 95

c9.59

Rājapura, the modern Rājaori, 37, 75

c9.60

Rajasūya, coronation ceremony and its spectacular side, 30-31; gifts brought by various tribal states who joined the ceremony, 31

c9.61

Rakshashan Valley, Kalāt State, 50

c9.62

Rāmaka, the name of a mountain in the Mahābhārata, 60

c9.63

Ramathas, their country located between Ghazni and Wakhan, 66

c9.64

Rambakia, the capital of Oroeitei; identified with Rāmbāgh (Cunningham), or Khairkoṭ (Holdich), 52; an important trade route passed through it, *ib.*; a form of Vairāmaka, 53. See Vairāmakas.

c9.65

Rang, goats flourishing in the Pāmīrs, 68. See *rāṅkava*.

c9.66

*rāṅkavam*, cloth made from Rang goat's hair, 68. See Rang.

c9.67

*rāṅkava-kaṭa*, felt prepred from the goat's hair.

c9.68

*rasān*, wines, 71

c9.69

*ratha*, chariot brought as gift, 73

c9.70

Rāvī, 32, 87, 88, 94, 98, 108

c9.71

Red Sea, 102, 103

c9.72

Rhappha, a city of the Taṅgaṇas, 79

c9.73

Roh, an Afghan tribe, 48

c9.74

Rohītaka, modern Rohtak; a stage on the journey from Takṣaśilā to Mathurā, 89

c9.75

Romā, identified with Rome, 27

c9.76

Romakas, the people of Salt Range in Panjab; also identified with people of Sāmbhar Lake, 59; Shins of Bāltistan also call themselves Rom, *ib.*

c9.77

Roms, 59

c9.78

Roshan, a constituent of Tadzhik Republic, 19

c9.79

Roshanis, the people of Roshan, 13. See Roshan. Ṛṣikas, 11; identified with Yüe-chi, 13; various theories about their race and language, *ib.*; the story of their migration from Chinese sources; their quarrels with Hiungnu resulting in their defeat, 14-15; journey to west from Kan-su, their home, 15; defeat of Wu-Sun and occupation of their country; driven away by Hiungnu, *ib.*; defeated Saiwang at Lake Issyk-kul but again driven away by Wu-Sun, *ib.*; long trek towards west and the end of the Greek kingdom of Bactria, *ib.*; descended from Candra and Diti according to Mahābhārata, 17; connected with Sakas, Pahlavas, Daradas, Kāmbojas and Paścima-Anūpakas, 18; their relative position in 160 B.C., 23-24 Ruby Mines, in Gharan District, Badakshān, 40 Rudok, gold producing district of Tibet, 81

c9.80

c9.81

Sabaras, 31, 77, 78 Sabhā-parva, internal evidences for its date, 11 Sacastene, 80 Sacaraucae, 22 Sacarauli, a component tribe of Yüe-chi, 16 Safed Koh, 13 Sahadeva, his expedition to south, 8, 9, 24; probably representing an embassy from some Indian king to Antiochus III or IV, 26; 60 Sākala, 6; modern Sialkot, situated on trade route from Takaṣilā to Mathurā, 89; had shops which stocked kotumbara cloth, *ib.*; suggested derivation from Sakas, 96 Sakas (Śakas), dubbed as false rulers and liars, 4; 8, 16, 18; mentioned in Herodotus as living on the east of Caspian, north of Jaxartes in Pāmīr country and north of Hindukush and east of Bactria and Sodgiana, 20; later in Seistan; known as Sai in Chinese Annals, *ib.*; several Saka States according to Chinese sources, *ib.*; Saka defented went to Kipin through Bolor route, 21; Saka movement from Herat to Seistan, *ib.*; Tarn's suggestions, 21-22; 23, 35; placed at one place with Andhras, Pulindas, Yavanas, Aurnikas and Śūdrābhīras, 61; in second place with Pahlavas, Daradas, Kāmbojas, Ṛṣikas and Paścima Anūpakas, *ib.*; in the third place with Kirātas, Tukhāras, Kankas, Sauṇḍikas and Kukuras, *ib.*; identified with Sai-wang, *ib.* Sāketa, the siege of, 28 Sai, Saka; 20 Sailodā, placed in Western Tibet by Pargiter, 74; probable identification with Yarkand River, 75 Sailodakā, see Sailodā. Sai-wang, their wars with Yüe-chi, 15-16; probably settled in Ferghana, 22 Samarkand, 72 Sālvas (Śūlvas), 78; coupled with the Matsyas, 96; same as Sālvih of Mantrapātha; later evidences connecting them with Kuru-Pañcālas; called Saubhapati and Saubharād; probable identification with Sopiethes of Greek historians, 97; same as Kṣudraka Mālavas according to Pryzluski, 98; location of their country porbably near Amritsar, 99-100; 101

c9.82

Salya, 5 *samudrasāra*, cuttle-fish bone, 117 Sānavatyas, linked with Gayas; identified with modern Santals in Santal Parganas of Bhāgalpur, 110; their origin and distribution, *ib.* Sanglichī, an, Eastern Iranian tongue, 39 Sangla, the ancient capital of the Kathas in Gurdāspur district, 100 Sañjayantī, modern Sanjan, 60 Santal Parganas, 109, 114 Sapalos, a city of Tanganas, 79 Saradandas, 98; probably located in Sirhind, 99 Sarasvatī, 6, 7, 90, 99 Sarawan, a part of Baluchistān, 50 Sarīkolī, the language of the Sarikols, 39 Sarīkolis, the people of Sarikol, 13 Sarthol, gold producing district of Tibet, 81 Saubha, another form of Subha, 97 Saundikas, dealers in wine, 20; probable identification with the Sondhis of Panjāb, 109 Saur, 115; its variant, Sar, Suir, Sayar, Siuri, *ib.* See Sūkaras. Sauviras, 47 *śayanāni*, highly decorated beds from Eastern India, 73 Seistan, 20 Seleucids, 26, 27 Semboja, 39, 54 Seres, skin exported from, 69; probably of Indian or Tibetan origin, *ib.* Shawaran, a guest house in Dardistān, 87 Shighnan, 19, 87 Shighni, the language of the people of Shighnan, 39 Shighnis, the people of Shighnan, 13 Shinaki, the language of Shins, 87

c9.83

Shiraighol, a Mongolian tribe, 82 Shirgol, an ant in Mongolia, 82 Shorkot, the site of Sibipur, the seat of Sibis, 28 Shuidar, a peak of Safed Koh, 13 Shyok River, 75 Siao Yüe-chi, settled in Tarim basin, 15, 20 Siberia, 82 Sibipur, identified with Shorkot, 93 Sibis, placed by Varahamihira in the north with Mālavas, people of Takṣaśilā, Arjunāyanas and Yaudheyas, 93; Greek historians place them near the confluence of Jhelum and Chenab, *ib.*; primitive ways of their life *ib.*, located in Jhang District; also found at Madhyamikā near Chittor, 9, 28, 93; their country famous for shawls, 93-94 Sibi (Sivi), a district in Baluchistān, 106 Simhala, Ceylon, 116, 118 Silver mines at Andarāb and Wakhan, 40 Sin-kiang, Chinese Turkestan, 79 Si-to, Chinese name of the Yarkand River, 75. See Sailodā Sītodā, See Sailodā Sobtis, 107, probably ancient Vasātis. See Vasātis. Sogdiana, 20, 23, 72, 91 Soind, upper course of Mula, 107 Sonmiāni, a port of Kalāt State, 50 Sopārā, 70 Sopiethes, probably a Sālva, 98; different views of Greek historians about the probable location of his kingdom; good government; salt mines in his dominion, *ib.*; handsome populace of the kingdom; salutary laws; brides selected for their looks; good breed of dogs, 99 Sophagsenus, Maurya king Subhagasena, 25 Śṛṅginonarā, horned-men, probably of Śaka origin, 72 Subhūta, name of a people in Pāṇini, 97 Sudarśana Lake, constructed by Candragupta Maurya, 105 Śūdrābhīras, dubbed as false rulers and liars, 4 Śūdras, dubbed as false rulers and liars, 4 Suhma, 109 Śūkaras, probably Choukia-lo of Candragarbha-sūtra; probable identification with Śabaras, 115-116 Suket, 94. See Kitavas Śuṅgas, their origin, 27-28 Śūras, identified with Surs, an Afghan tribe, 87 Śūrpāraka, modern Sopārā, 60 Śvetaparvata, 12; identified with Safed Koh overlooking the plain of Afghānistān towards Ghazni, 13 Syria, 5, 27 Swāt Kohistan, 86 Swāt, 61, 62, 63; upper Swāt, famous for red blankets, 69; present centres of manufacture, 70. See Uḍḍiyāna.

c9.84

c9.85

Tachoroi, placed in Sogdiana, 23. See Tukhāras Tadzhik Republic (Soviet Russia), the place of the Lohas and Kambojas, 19 Tagouraioi, placed near Issyk-kul, 22. See Tukhāras. Taimanis, a constituent tribe of the Chahār Aimāks, 87. See Vaiyamakas Tājiks, people of Iranian descent, 80 Takoraioi, placed in the north of Imaos, 23. See Tukhāras Takṣaśilā, from here a trade route started for Mathurā, 89 Ta-la-kan, 103. See Tārkṣyas. Tamālini, 111. See Tāmralipta Tambyzoi, same as Kāmbojas, 38 Tāmluk, 111. See Tāmralipti. Tāmra, an island in Western India; probable identification with Cambay, 111 Tāmradvīpa, perhaps Cambay, 60 Tāmralipta, variously spelt; a port on the Bay of Bengal; identified with modern Tāmluk, 111 Tāmralipti, 111. See Tāmralipta Taṅgaṇas, mentioned with Kirātas and Kuṇindas; also mentioned as western people and linked with Jāguḍas, Ramathas and Strirājya; skilled in slinging stones, 79; occupied the regions along the eastern bank of the Upper Ganges and Upper Saryu, ib.; trade methods, Appendix II. Tan-mo-li-ti, the Chinese transcription of Tāmralipti, 111 Tapuria, 17 Tarakzais, 104. See Tārkṣyas. Tārkṣyas, in Vedic literature meaning horse or bird; in epic identified as Garuḍa, 101; synonym of emerald, 102; their country identified with Ta-la-kan of Yuan-chwang; other identifications, 103; modern representatives Tarakki or Tarakzais, a class of Mohmands, 104 Tarim basin, 15, 22, 80 Tashkent, 21 Ta-Yuan (Ferghana), 22; refused to send horses to China, 73; forced by a Chinese general to do so, ib. Ta Yüe-chi, the Great Yüe-chi, 15, 20

c9.86

Thagouroi, same as Tukhāra, 22, 23. See Tukhāras. Thami, a branch of the Kirātas of Nepāl, 83, 84. See Kirātas. Thok-Jalung, gold producing district of Tibet, 81 Thok Nianmo, gold producing district of Tibet, 81 Tigrakhauda Sakas, living east of Caspian Sea, 20 Tilakhilas, a constituent tribe of Sālva Federation, 99; their position undetermined, 99 Tirich Valley, in Chitral, 45 Tochari, a component tribe of the Yüe-chi, 16 Tocharians, component of Yüe-chi, 22. See Tukhāras. Tochari, race and language, 23. See Tukhāras. Tocharoi, placed in Bactria, 23. See Tukhāras. Togara, located in Kansu; same as Tukhāra, 22. See Tukhāras. To-mo-li-ti, Chinese transcription of Tāmralipti (Fa-hien) Torwal, 70 Trade routes, 21 Trans-Indus country, geographical and climatic conditions, 48 ff Traxiane, 17 Tribal states (Upāyanaparva) in Panjāb, N.W.F., Eastern Afghānistān and Oxus country, 9; lists probably given from the itineries of travellers; facility of identification afforded by the enumeration of their economic products, *ib.* Trigarttas, located between Rāvi and Satlaj, with their centre round Jalandhara; in 7th century its boundary extended, 94, 99 Trasadasyu, 101 Trinetra, 59. See Tryakṣas. Tryakṣas, perhaps same as Trinetras; doubtful identification of their location, 59 Tukharas (Tokhara), 20; placed by Ptolemy at several places along Yüe-chi, 22-23; 24, 38 Tulumba, 33 Tunganas. See Tanganas Turfan, 65 Turikho Valley, in Chitral, 45 Turkestan, 68, 73 Turuṣkas, 103 Tushāspa, 105

c9.87

c9.88

Uddiyāna, 61. See Oḍras and Uḍyāna. Uddiyāna Kambala, famous in Jātakas, 70 Uḍegrām, 62 Uḍumbara, a stage on journey from Takṣaśilā, 89. See Audumbaras. Uḍumbaras, a constituent of Sālva federation, 90. See Audumbaras. Uḍyāna, 21. Correct form Uddiyāna, see Uddiyāna. Ujjayanta, Girnar Hills, 104 Ulūkas, 55 United Provinces, 64, 74 Upāyana-parva (Sabhā-parva); the information on the geography and products of various tribal states, 3 Urasā or Uraḍā, identified with Hazara District, 37 Urmia, 67 Urumchi, Chinese Turkestan, 20 Uṣṭra-karṇikas, 24 Uttara-kurus, sent garlands of ambu flowers, 83; historical people in Vedic literature; placed in northern Kashmir, *ib.*; their mythological character in the epics, 83-84; 95 Uttara Madras, 33; located in Kashmir, 95 Uttara Rṣikas, equivalent to Ta Yüe-chi, 19

c9.89

c9.90

Vāgurikās, 78

c9.91

Vāhīkas, their mode of life, 5-6; their country in the land of five rivers or Panjāb, 6

c9.92

Vāhlīkas, connected with Daradas; two Vāhlīka tribes according to Pargiter; their location, 90; stigmatised as impure, 91; identified with Bactrians, *ib.*; 95

c9.93

vaiḍūrya, cat's-eye; found from Vidūra in Eastern Ghats, 117

c9.94

Vairāmas, 48; mentioned in Mahāmāyūrī; the nature of their country; identified with Rambakia of Alexander's campaign, 51. See Rambakia.

c9.95

Vaiyamakas, identified with Aimāks of Central Afghānistān, 87; semi-nomads but good soldiers; rear camels; country rich in minerals; the tribes constituting the Aimāks, 88

c9.96

Vaṅgas (in Baluchistān), 47, 48; Trans-Indus tribe; their identification, 54

c9.97

Vaṅgas, located in Bengal; their country identified with Dacca and Chittagong Divisions, 109

c9.98

Vārisa, 84; identified with Bārisāl in Bengal, 85

c9.99

vārṣadamsa, lynx fur, 36

c9.100

Vasātis, linked with the Mauleyas, 105; identified with Ossadoi; St. Martin places them between Jhelum and Indus, 106; MacCrindle's objection to the identification; their location; relation between Kṣudraka-Mālavas and Vasātis, 107; Sobtis perhaps their modern representatives, *ib.*; 108

c9.101

Vastrāpada, 104. See Vastrapas

c9.102

Vastrapas, mentioned with the Pahlavas; their country could be identified with Vastrāpada or Vastrāpatha, the region around Girnār in Jūnāgaḍh State; the legend connected with it, 104

c9.103

Vastrāpatha, 104. See Vastrāpās.

c9.104

Vātadhānas, of Madhyamikā, 27; same as Suṅgas, 28; besieged by Nakula at Madhyamikā, *ib.*; their caste according to the Manusmṛti, 29; belonging to Krodhavasa group; partisans of the Kauravas; cattle rearers; more than one Vātadhāna republic, 31; the probable identification of their settlements, 32; placed east of Satlaj down from Firozpur, *ib.*

c9.105

Vidūra, identified with Shivarai in Salem District; the source of cat's-eye, 117

c9.106

Vṛṣṇis, linked with Hārahuras and Haimavatas, 63; coin of Vṛṣṇi Republic, 63-64; probably lived in Hoshiārpur, 64; probable identity with Bārah Senis, a sub-caste of Agrawals, 64

c9.107

c9.108

Wakhān, 19, 21, 87

c9.109

Wakhānis, the people of Wakhān, 13

c9.110

Wakhī, the Eastern Iranian language of the people of Wakhān, 39

c9.111

Washti Hills, in Baluchistān, 107

c9.112

Weapons, product of Aparānta country consisting of long swords, scimitars, short spears and battle-axes, 70. See Aparānta.

c9.113

Wusun, 15, 16, 19; their settlement extended from Urumchi to the west of Issyk-kul, and from Dzungarian desert down towards Tarim, 20

c9.114

c9.115

Xerxes, 51, 54

c9.116

**Y**

c9.117

Yāghnob, a river, 13 Yāghnobi, the Eastern Iranian language of the Yāghnobs, 39 Yaghnobis, an Eastern Iranian speaking people, 13 Yaghnob Valley, situated at the headwaters of the Zarafshān River, 13 Yak, 81, 83 Yakhā, a branch of the Kirātas of Nepāl, 83-84 *yāna*, sedan chair, 73 Yārkand River, 75 Yāsin, 21, 46, 87, 92, 93 Yaudheyas, the limit of their country determined by the find-spot of their coins; probably they occupied the whole Eastern Panjāb; probably identical with modern Johiyās, 94, 106 Yaugandharas, 97, 98; located in Jhind or Southern Panjāb States, 99 Yavanas, dubbed as false rulers and liars, 4; 8, 27, 28, 34, 35 Yetes, the suggested derivation of Yüe-chi, 14 Yudgha, an Eastern Iranian language, 39 Yudhiṣṭhra, 31, 36, 44, 48, 54, 58, 113 Yüe-chi, 13, 14; the chronological sequence of their movement arranged by Hirth, 15; derived from Yetes by Klaproth, from Get by Franke and from Kurshi by Von Stael Holstein, and from Ārśi by Müiler, 14; translated by Charpentier as ‘Moon Clan,’ 17 Yugandharas, a constituent of Sālva Republic, 90

c9.118

**Z**

c9.119

Zarafshān, 13; same as Yārkand River, 75 Zariaspa, probably same as Bactria, 91 Zebaki, an Eastern Iranian language, 39 Zorastrianism, Balkh, an important seat, 9

c9.120

The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.

c9.121

The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.

c9.122

The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.

c9.123

The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.