On Yuan Chwang's Travels in India, 629–645 A.D. v1.c10.11

v1.c10.11

The five redactions of the Vinaya which the pilgrim found in force in this country are the more or less heterodox editions ascribed to five disciples of Upagupta. Instead of Mahāsaṅgkika we find Vatsiputra, but this name is supposed to be used as an equivalent for Mahāsaṅgkika. This five-fold Vinaya is often mentioned in Buddhist treatises and another enumeration of it is Sthavira, Dharmagupta, Mahīśāsika, Kāśyapīya, and Sarvāstivādin.¹ I-ching, who gives a fourfold division of the Vinayas, says he never heard of the five-fold division in India; his four chief schools (or redactions) are the Sthavira, the Sarvāstivādin, the Mahāsaṅgkika, and the Sammatiya.² It will be noticed that according to our pilgrim all the Buddhists in Udyāna were Mahāyānists and yet followed the Vinaya of the Hīnayānists; Fa-hsien represents the Brethren here as Hīnayānists.³