A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India v3.c18.83

v3.c18.83

The second and third persons remain almost unchanged. In active verbs, however, where only the 3 sing. is used, owing to the objective construction, a somewhat different system prevails. The subject, which in other languages is put in the instrumental, may in S. be indicated by a suffix, and the object being also shown by a suffix, it arises that the verb may have two suffixes at the same time. Thus “I forook thee,” would be in H. मैं ने तुझ को छोडा, lit. “by me thee forsaken,” where the subject is in the instrumental, and the object in the accusative, case, the verb (*i.e.* participle) being left in the masc. singular, because there is no neuter in H. In M., which has a neuter, the Bhâva or impersonal construction is used, as म्यां तुला सोडिलें “by me to thee released,” as though it were *a me tibi relictum* (est). Sindhi expresses this sentence by one word छडिओमांइ, i.e. *chhaḍio-mân-i* = “forsaken-by me-thee.” Thus there arises a long string of forms for every possible combination of the agent and the object. A few may be given as examples; a full range will be found by those who desire to pursue the question further in Trumpp (p. 371):