Wilson Philological Lectures on Sanskrit and the Derived Languages c8.71

Language: English

c8.71.1

The pronoun न in the form of ण exists as in the Pâli; इदम् has two bases, इम which is used throughout, as इमो, इमे nom., इमं, इमे acc., इमेण-मिणा, इमेहि, instr. &c; and अ from which we have optionally अअं nom. sing., अस्स and अस्सि, gen. and loc. sing., and एहिं and एसु instr. and loc. plural, and आहिं instr. pl of the feminine. इमो, इमस्स, इमस्सिं &c. are also in use. The base अ is used in the Pâli in the instr. sing., gen. pl., and abl. sing. also. The demonstrative अदम् has one base only, अमु, which is declined like nouns in उ; as अमु, अमुणो nom., अमूं अमुणो acc. अमुणा, अमुहिं instr., &c. The pronoun of the second person has, according to Vararuchi, five bases त, तुम् or तुम, तुज्झ, तुम्हे, तुम्म, वो and मे. The first is derived from the त्व of त्वम्; तुम् or तुम from the same with the व softened to उ; तुज्झ from तुभ्यम् through the intermediate Pâli form तुय्ह, the last conjunct of which is changed to ज्झ, by a rule formerly given; तुम्हे is made up by putting together the तु of the singular and the म of the plural, as explained in going over the Pâli; तुम्म is another form of तुम्हे; वो is the old Sanskrit वम्; and मे seems to be derived from मेहे of तुम्हे as बभण is from ब्राह्मण. Hemachandra adds तुभ, to be derived from the Sanskrit तुभ्यम् or from तुम्हे, म्ह being changed to भ; उज्झ from तुज्झ by the dropping of त्; तुय्ह and उय्ह other forms of तुभ्यम्; तुव from त्व by the insertion of उ; तुह from तुय्ह; उम्ह by the dropping of त् of तुम्हे;

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and उम्भ by treating तुभ in the same way. The Pâli has only त, तु, and तुम्हे; and the several old forms it had are lost in the Prâkṛit. Nominal terminations are used in a good many cases. Thus we have तं, तुं, तुवं, तुह, and तुमं for the nom. sing., these and तुए and तुमे for the acc. sing., तह, तए, तुमइ, तुमए, तुमे, तुमाइ, and also तुमं, मे, ते, दे, and दि for the instr. sing. The form तुमं properly belongs to the nom. and acc. cases and ते to the gen., दे and दि being only ते softened; but several cases are here confounded. The abl. sing. has तइत्तो-ओ-उ-दो-दु-हि-हिन्तो, तुवत्तो-ओ &c., तुमत्तो-ओ &c., तुहत्तो-ओ &c., तुम्भत्तो-ओ &c., तुम्हत्तो-ओ &c., तुज्झत्तो-ओ &c., also तुय्ह, तुम्भ, तुम्ह, and तुज्झ. The gen. sing. has twenty-one forms, viz. तइतं, ते, तुह, तुहं, तुव, तुम, तुमे, तुमो, तुमा, इ, दि, दे, इ, ए, तुम्भ, उम्भ, उयह, तुम्ह, तुज्झ, उम्ह, and उज्झ. The loc. sing. has तुमे, तुमए, तुमाइ, तइ, तए, तुम्मि, तुवम्मि, तुमम्मि, तुहम्मि, तुम्भम्मि, तुम्हम्मि, and तुज्झम्मि. The plurals are as follows:—मे, तुभे, उज्झे, तुम्हे, तुय्हे, उय्हे, तुम्हे, तुज्झे nom.; वो, तुभे, उज्झे, तुम्हे, तुज्झे, तुय्हे, उय्हे, मे acc.; मे तुभेहिं, तुज्झेहिं, तुम्हेहिं, उज्झेहिं, उम्हहिं, तुय्हेहिं and उय्हेहिं instr.; तुम्भत्तो-दो-दु-हिन्तो-सुन्तो, तुयहत्तो-दो &c., उयहत्तो-दो &c., उम्हत्तो-दो &c., तुम्हत्तो-दो &c., and तुज्झत्तो-दो &c. abl., मे, तुयह, तुम्भ, उम्भ, तुम्भाण-णं;

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तुवाण-णं, तुमाण-णं, तुहाण-णं, तुम्हाण-णं, तुम्ह, तुज्झ, उम्ह, उज्झ, तुज्झाण-णं, gen., तुसु, तुव-वेसु, तुम-मेसु, तुह-हेसु, तुम्भ-म्भा-म्भेसु, तुम्ह-म्हा-म्हेसु, तुज्झ-ज्झा-ज्झेसु loc. The points to be observed in these forms are these. The nom. sing. has mostly the same forms as the acc. sing. This is due to the fact that the Sanskrit त्वाम् of the acc. becomes, when the आ is shortened by a Prākṛit phonetic rule, त्वं i. e., the same as the nom. sing. Hence its Prākṛit representatvies तं, तुं, तुवं and तुमं are the same for both the cases. But a more probable reason, which explains a similar fact in the case of the first personal pronoun also, is that the plurals of the nom. and acc. having by natural processes already explained become exactly alike, the two cases came to be confounded; and the sing. forms also of the one were used for the other. The forms तइ, तए, तुमाइ, तुमए, तुमे, and तुमाइ are common to the instr. and loc. sing. This probably arises from the fact that the Sanskrit त्वया, when the य is softened to ए or इ, becomes तए or तइ, and so does the त्वयि of the loc.; and when the base त is seen to be interchangeable with तुम in the nom., the terminations ए and इ which are common to the two cases are applied to तुम also. ते and its softened forms दे and दि, and तइ are common to the instr. and gen. sing.; तुयह, तुम्भ, तुम्ह, तुज्झ are common to the abl. sing. and the gen. sing. and pl.; and मे to the instr. sing. and pl. and the gen. sing.

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Such a confusion of the case-relations must be expected in course of time. Even in Sanskrit the gen. and instr. &c., are used alike in connection with some participles; and the identification of the abl. and the instr. we have already noticed in the Prākṛits. The gen. forms तुयह, तुम्भ, तुम्ह, तुज्झ, उम्भ, उम्ह, and उज्झ, all derived from the Sanskrit dat. तुभ्यम् and referred to the gen. when that case was lost, are taken as bases, and the terminations ए of the nom. and acc. pl., हि of the instr. pl., तो, दो, दु, ओ, and उ of the abl., ण or णं of the gen. pl., and म्मि and सु of the loc. sing. and pl. are tacked on to them to form these cases. Here the tendency to use the genitive form as a base for the formation of the other cases, a trace of which only we observed in the Pâli, is seen more developed.