Wilson Philological Lectures on Sanskrit and the Derived Languages c8.80

c8.80

These are rare and isolated forms, and past time is mostly expressed by the past participle passive which in the case of intransitive and some transitive verbs has also an active sense. The Sanskrit termination त is only phonetically changed to द in the Śaurasenî and त in the Prâkṛit. Roots ending in अ change it to इ before the past participial termination. The past participles of some roots are not newly formed, but the old Skr. forms have come down only phonetically altered. This fact should always be remembered, that there are in all these derived dialects new formations called by Hemchandra साध्यावस्था, as well as old formations, सिद्धावस्था. This arises from the fact of the analogies not being made applicable throughout, as they would have been if the languages had been artificial. Contingency or condition is expressed by the present participle, as we do in our modern vernaculars. The infinitive is formed as in Skr. by the addition of तुम् changed to उं, the Pâli तवे being lost, and the absolutive by affixing the termination ऊण (दूण Saurasenî) from the Pâli तून and the Vedic त्वान or त्वीन. But the termination that is most used in the Śaurasenî is इअ from the Sanskrit य of roots with prepositions prefixed. Hemchandra also gives for the principal Prâkrit तूण and तुआण the origin of which is the same as that of ऊण, ता from त्वा, तु by the dissolution of the semi-vowel of त्वा, तुम् by a confusion with the infinitive, and इअ which is used in the Śaurasenî. Of these, however, ऊण is the one that prevails; the others are rare. The passive is formed by adding ईअ and इज्ज, both of which come from the Sanskrit य with the augment इ prefixed as in Pâli, the य being transformed to ज् in one case and leaving its अ only in the other or being dissolved into ईअ. Hemchandra gives a good many roots which preserve the Skr. forms, only phonetically changed, as दीसइ from दृश्यते, वुच्चइ from उच्यते, गम्मइ from गम्यते, लब्भइ from लभ्यते, बज्झइ from बध्यते, &c. The causal terminations are ए from अय, and आवे from आपय. These two are the same as in the Pâli, the Sanskrit forms also existing in the latter being lost. Hemchandra adds अ and आव, i. e., the य answering to अय is lost. But the Sanskrit vowel changes are preserved even when the अय gives place to अ; as दरिसइ. The terminations of the absolutive, the infinitive, the potential participle (अव्व from Skr. तव्य), and of the Future take the augment इ which also is transformed into a short उ of the same nature as that which is found before conjunct consonants, as in पेण्ड or पिण्ड. We have thus हसिऊण or हसेऊण, हसिउं or हसेउं, &c.