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The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language v2: Volume 2

The Origin and Development of the Bengali Language v2

Language
English

Contents

Volume 2

Front matter

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CENTRAL ARCHÆOLOGICAL LIBRARY

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THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE BENGALI LANGUAGE

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BY SUNITI KUMAR CHATTERJI M.A. (Calcutta), D.Lit. (London) Khaira Professor of Indian Linguistics and Phonetics and Lecturer in English and Comparative Philology in the University of Calcutta

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With a Foreword by SIR GEORGE ABRAHAM GRIERSON, K.C.I.E.

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In Two Parts Part II : Morphology, Bengali Index

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CALCUTTA UNIVERSITY PRESS

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PRINTED BY BHUPENDRALAL BANERJEE

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AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS, SENATE HOUSE, CALCUTTA.

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Reg. No. 36B, August, 1926—500

Morphology

Chapter I: Formative Affixes

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394. Hoernle's discussion of the NIA. suffixes in his ‘Gaudian Grammar’ remains the most thorough study of the scope and origin of these, although some of his derivations are more or less speculative. The Bengali formative affixes have been discussed in some detail by Rai Bahadur Yōgesh Chandra Vidyānidhi in his Bengali grammar (published by the VSPd., pp. 147-191), but the arrangement is capable of improvement, and some of the etymologies can be questioned. There is no doubt as to the source of most NIA. affixes, but there are a few which have not been satisfactorily explained.

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The OIA. affixes, primary or secondary, became disguised, or simply dropped off in NIA., through either assimilation or phonetic decay. But a number of OIA. affixes have been preserved, and occur in NIA. as living forms, although in their present shape they are widely removed from their OIA. originals (e.g., ‘-pan’ < ‘-tvana-’; ‘-ab, -ib, -iv’ < ‘-tavya-’; ‘-ī’ < ‘-ika, -ikā’; etc.). The NIA. speeches preserve only the relics of some OIA. affixes, which as a result of phonetic decay now form integral and indivisible parts of the words, and have, so far as the speech-feeling of the NIA. speaker is concerned, no separate existence, and are not recognisable or analysable any more as an affix. Thus, for example, the OIA. primary affixes ‘-ă, -ā, -as’, in noun and adjective formations, are no longer living ones in Bengali, as they are lost in all inherited words; but the affix ‘-ana’, to form verbal nouns, continues to be in full force as অন, ওন ‘-ana, -ona’; and in words like চাম, কাম ‘cāma, kāma’, the -ম ‘-ma’ is only partially representative of the original OIA. affix ‘-man’; but it is no longer possible to analyse the Bengali words as being made up of a root *plus* an affix, and neither can -ম -mạ » be distinguished from the -ম « mạ » in words like জাম « jāmạ » (jambu) and আম « āmạ » (āmra). The words in Bengali have become to all intents and purposes root-words, or primitive words, the sense of their being composed forms being long lost, from the beginning of MIA. So in words like রাতি « rāti » (rātri), পাঁতি « pāti » (paṅkti), সোঁতা « sõtā » (MIA. sõnta-, OIA. srōtas), কাজ « kājạ » (kārya), the OIA. affixes « -tri, -ti, -tas, -ya » are present, but they are no longer alive. These relics or fragments of dead forms are not necessary to consider, unless the subject of study were the history of the OIA. suffixes down to NIA. through MIA.

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Below are given in a rough alphabetical order all the living affixes, primary as well as secondary, which are found in Bengali, Old, Middle and New, with indications of their origin.

[A] Suffixes

[I] Tadbhava Suffixes

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(1) অ « -ă, ạ » : masculine, feminine and neuter noun affix.

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395. Representing the primary affixes of OIA., masculine « -ăḥ », feminine « -ā », neuter « -am », also « -as », with or without « guṇa » of the root-vowel, this affix may be said to have existed in Old Bengali and Early Middle Bengali, but was lost from Late Middle Bengali times with the loss or assimilation of the final vowel: e.g., চারা « cāra » (cāra), সানা « sāna » (saṃjñā), মনা « maṇa » (manas), সাঁকম « sāṅkama » (saṅkrama) bridge; but cf. Late MB. দেহ « dē » (dēha), মন « mānạ » (manas), বাত « bātạ » (vārtā), বোলা « bōlạ » speech (MIA. *bŏlla), চালা « cālạ » way, style (cāla), etc.

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(2) আ « -ā », also written ও « -ō ».

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396. This is the pleonastic suffix, found in a number of nouns and adjectives—e.g., ভাল, ভালো « bhālā, bhālō » *good*; কাল, কালো « kālā, kālō » *black*; ধলা « dhalā » *white*; etc. It comes from the pleonastic or pejorative « -kă » of OIA., added to nouns in « -ă » = « -ă-kă » > MIA. « -ăă- » > « ăwă » : see ante, pp. 302, 346, 348. The affix is thus of secondary origin. The employment of the pleonastic « -ka », giving, with the preceding «-a» of the word, the MIA. forms «-aga, *-aga, -aẇ/ẏa», is quite a note-worthy thing from the Second MIA. stage; and in Skt. as written in that period, as well as in later times, this vernacular habit is fully reflected: in the Skt. of inscriptions, this is very much in evidence. (Cf. Damodarpur Copper Plates of the Gupta Period, Ep. Ind., XV, pp. 130, 138.) The combination of «-ăa» > «ăwă» seems to have begun to be altered to an «å» (long [ɔ:]) sound in the OB. period; and it was accomplished by the 14th century. (See pp. 260, 302, 346.) In MB., it is frequently found in personal names, where it is commonly written as ও «-ō»: e.g., শিবো «Śibō» (OB. *Śibawa=ts. Śiva+ka), রুদ্রো «Rudō» (*Rūdawa< Rudra+ka), বিভো «Bibhō» (*Bibhawa < *Vibha=Vibhu+ka), সিধো «Sidhō» (*Sidhawa<Siddha [=Siddhêśvara]+ka), etc. These common contractions of personal names in MB. are thus on the basis of a form in «ă-», shortened from the full names (e.g., জনো «Jānō» < «Janārdana», পিথো «Pithō» < «Pṛthvidhara», etc.), with the pleonastic «-kă» added. Forms like the above are very common in MB. genealogical works (kula-grantha, kulaji=kulāpañjikā): which shows that they were much in use.

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There is another affix, also (occasionally) written -অ «-å», indicating the sense of *about to do something*: e.g., কাঁদ-কাঁদ «kådå-kådå», beside কেঁদো-কাঁদো «kědō-kådō» *ready to burst into tears*. This is a primary affix forming verbal adjectives and is derived from ও «-ō» <উ «-u», which see, *infra*.

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(3) Affixes derived from the OIA. Active Present Participle «-ănt-»: অন্ত «-åntå»; অৎ > অত, অনী (অতি) «-åtø > -åtā, -åti (-åti)», অত «-åtå». (Cf. also আইত, ইত «-āit, -it-», and আন্ত «-åntå».)

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397. অন্ত «-åntå»: this is a stereotyped form, which occurs only in a few adjectives used attributively: e.g., জীয়ন্ত «jīåntå» > জ্যান্ত «jyåntå» [jʒæntə] *living* (jīvant-); চলন্ত «cålåntå» *moving* (calant-); বাড়ন্ত «bāṛåntå» *prospering* < বাড়ন্ত «bāṛhåntå» (√vṛdh>*vardbant-); ঘুমন্ত «ghumåntå» *sleeping* (ঘুম √ghum); ভাসন্ত *floating* (ভাস √bhās *float*); etc. It occurs in a feminine form অনী «-ånti» = «-ant-+-ikā» used with sentient feminine nouns: নাচুন্তী < নাচন্তী «nācuntī «nācånti» (nṛtyant-+-ikā); দেখুন্তি <দেখন্তি «dēkhunti < dēkhånti» *seeing, seer* (MIA. dĕkkhanti), etc. অন্ত «-åntå»

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is not the regular development in the OIA. affix *-ant-*, but it became established in some forms, which were set apart in MB., because of their adjectival force, from the regular MB. and NB. change which made ইত *-it* out of MIA. *-anta, -enta* < OIA. *-ant-* (see p. 335).

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অত *-aṭa*, found commonly in its extended form অতা *-aṭā*, feminine অতি, অতি *-aṭi, -aṭ-i*. This affix seems to be borrowed from the Bihārī dialects, and Hindōstānī: *-anta > -at*. The feminine force is lost to Bengali. Examples: ফেরত ডাক *pher-aṭa ḍāk* = *return post*, also ফিরতী ডাক *phir-aṭi ḍāk* = (ফির √phir); চলতী ভাষা *cal-aṭi bhāṣā* = *current speech, colloquial* (√cal), cf. Hindī *calti cakki* = *the moving wheel (quern-stone = the world)*; বহতী জল *bah-aṭa jāl* = *running water* (বহ √bah < √(vah flow)); উঠতি বয়স *uṭh-aṭi bāyasa* = *growing age, youth* (উঠ $√uṭh < ut+sthā); সব-জান্তা *saba-jāntā* = *all-knowing*; বিলাত-ফেরত, or ফেরতা *bilāta-pher-aṭa, -phēr-aṭā* = *returned from Europe*; দেখতা *dēkh-aṭā* = *seeing*, as in the idiom আমার দেখতা *āmār-a dēkh-aṭā* (for আমি দেখতা *āmi dēkh-aṭā*?) *with me looking on*; ঝড়তি পড়তি *jhār-aṭi paṛ-aṭi* = *things that are scattered and fallen, remainder*; etc.

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Another form of this affix is অত *-aṭa*, which seems to be a blend of অৎ *-at* + অন্ত *-ant-a*: *e.g.*, জানত *jān-aṭa*, পারত *pār-aṭa*, করত *kār-aṭa*, etc. Forms with this affix, however, are rather rare, and they have a special employ. জানত *jān-aṭa* is used as an absolutive with the subject in the genitive, *e.g.*, আমার জানত *āmār-a jān-aṭa* = *me knowing, with my knowledge* (cf. আমার দেখতা *āmār-a dēkh-aṭā* above); and it is frequently confused with the ts. passive part. adjective in ত *-ta*, and used as an adjective: *e.g.*, আমার জানত লোক *āmār-a jān-aṭa lōka* = *a man known to me* beside আমার জানিত লোক *āmār-a jān-ita lōka* (where *jān-ita* = জান $√jān + ts. affix *-ita*). পারত *pār-aṭa*, also *pār-aṭa* is commonly used in the phrase পারত-পক্ষে *pār-aṭ(a)-pakṣē* = *on condition of being able*, which is frequently altered to a Skt. পারগ-পক্ষে *pārag-pakṣē*. করত *kār-aṭa* = *doing*, is used as a conjunctive participle = *having done*, and sometimes a Sanskrit colour is given to this form by adding a *visarga*, which helps to preserve the final *-a* in the word: করতঃ [kōr-aṭa] *having done, after doing*.

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In onomatopoetic formations in অৎ «-āt» like পটৎ «paṭāt» *with a cracking noise*, ঝপৎ «jhapāt» *with a dashing or splashing sound*, কপৎ, গপৎ «kapāt, gapāt» *with a gulp*, ছলৎ «chalāt» *with a splash*, which are used with the conjunctive করিয়া, ক’রে «kāriyā, kore», we have also possibly this «-anta» affix of MIA. and OIA.

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(4) অতী, তী (অতি, তি) «-ātī, -atī (-āti, -ati)».

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398. This forms abstract nouns of action or manner: e.g., পড়তি «paṛati» *fall*; উঠতি «uṭhati» *rise*; চুকতি «cukaṭi» *settlement, fixing up*; বাড়তি «bāṛati < bāṛhāti» *rise, increase*; ঘাটতি «ghāṭaṭi» *decrease*; by analogy, the hybrid কমতি «kām-ti» *decrease*, from Persian, «kam»; খাঁকতি «khākāṭi» *greed* (cf. onomatopoetic খাঁখাঁ «khākhā» *the sense of emptiness and hunger*); গুনতি «gunaṭi» *counting*; ভরতি «bhāraṭi» *filling-up*, etc.

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Hoernle explains this affix (‘Gaudian Grammar,’ § 325) as being a Sanskrit (or OIA.) «*-āptikā», from the causative affix «-āp-» + «-ti» + pleonastic «-kā»: e.g., বিনতি «bināti» (vijñāptikā = vijñāptikā > viṇṇattia), বাড়তি «bāṛati» (*vardhāptikā > vaḍḍhattia); etc. But this derivation is rather problematical. Cases like ডাকাতি «ḍākā(i)ti» *robber* (ডাক «√ḍāk» *shout*: cf. under আইত «-āit» *below*), ডাকা(ই)তী «ḍākā(i)tī» *robbery*, ঢাঙ্গা(ই)ত > ঢাঙ্গা(ই)তী «ḍhāṅg(ā)iṭa > ḍhāṅgā(i)ti» *rowdy > rowdiness* (ḍhaṅga), etc., with the ঈ (ই) «-ī (-i)» *affix of abstraction* (for which see infra), show that in examples like উঠতি «uṭhati», ভরতি «bhāraṭi» etc. above, we have an extension of the অৎ «-āt» affix (< present participle «-anta») by addition of the abstract ঈ, ই «-ī, -i»: উঠতি «uṭhaṭi» = «uṭhå(n)t(å) + -ī» *the state of rising = a rise*.

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The change of «-anta» to «-āt-», and not to «-it-», would show that this affix is not native to Bengali, but borrowed, with cognate loan-words, from its western neighbours.

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It seems also that in the formation of this affix, there was the influence of the Skt. nominal affix «-ti» as well, through the presence of a large number ts. as well as sts. forms in «-ti», like «yukti (jugati), bhakti (bhakati), mati, gati, praṇati» etc. In post MB. times, the Perso-Arabic loan-words in «-at», with the Indian or Persian «-i» added, re-inforced this affix: *e.g.*, «wakālat» > ওকালতী «okālāt-ī» *a pleader's profession*; and by analogy, it was extended to other foreign words, *e.g.*, জজ «jāj» = English *judge* > জজিয়ৎ, জজিয়তী «jājiyåt, jājiyåt-ī» *the work of a judge*.

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(5) অন (ওন, এন) «-ånå (-ōnå, -ēnå)».

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399. This is a living suffix in Bengali, forming abstract verbal nouns, some of which have acquired a concrete sense. It is the OIA. «-ana». Examples: কাঁদন «kādnå» (krandana); কঁদন «kūdnå» (kūrdana); খাওন, খাওন «khāånå, khāōnå» (khādana); গায়ন, গায়েন «gāyånå, -yēnå» *singer* (gāyana: *gāthayana*? cf. Khaskurā «gāhinē» *singer* < «gāhinīyā»); ঘুরন «ghurånå» *turning round and round* (ঘুর √ghur < ghūrṇ-); চাহন, চাওন «cāhånå, cāōnå» *gaze, look* (চাহ √cāh); ছাডন «chāṛånå» *leaving* (ছাড় √chāṛ); ছাঁদন «chā̃dnånå» *binding* (chandana); জ্বলন «jwålånå» [jʒɔlɔn] (jvalana); ঝাড়ন «jhāṛånå» *dusting, a duster*, ছোটন «jhōṭånå» *crest, top-knot* (see p. 479); ঝুলন «jhulånå» *swing* (see p. 479); ঢাকন «ḍhākånå» *covering* > *a cover* (ঢাক √ḍhāk); থাকন «thākånå» *staying* (থাক √thāk); দেখন «dēkhånå» *sight*; ধরণ «dhårånå» *manner* («ṇ» through Skt. influence) (dharaṇa); নাচন «nācånå» *dance* (নাচ √nāc); পড়ন «pāṛånå» *fall* (paḍana < *paṭana < paṭana); পাওন, পাওন «pāånå, pāōnå» (prāpaṇa); পাড়ন «pāṛånå» (pāṭana); পোড়ন «pōṛånå» *burning* (পোড় √puṛ < √puṭ); ফোড়ন «phōṛånå» *spices, chatter* (√sphuṭ); বাঁধন «bā̃dhånå» (bandhana); বাজন «bājånå» *music* (বাজ √bāj < vādya); বাড়ন «bāṛånå» *broom* (vardhana); বেধন, বিধন «bēdhånå, bidhånå» *piercing* (viddha < √vyadh); মরণ «mårånå» (maraṇa); শুনন «śunånå» *hearing* (শুন √śun < śṛ-ṇō-ti); হঅন, হওন «bå(w)ånå, håōnå» *being* (*ahana = as-ana + bhav-ana*); etc., etc.

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This affix is now becoming a little archaic in the Standard Colloquial, which prefers the other verbal noun in আ «-ā»: but it is a very living form in the East Bengali dialects.

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The affix «-ånå» has two extensions:

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(5a) অনা > -না < -ånā > -anā > : this is simply অন < -ån > extended with the আ < -ā > affix. The < -å- > in this affix drops when inter-consonantal; when after a vowel, it becomes < e > or < o > and forms a diphthong. The original force of this < -ā > was to denote simply a coarser or biggish aspect of the action, or to indicate a connected object, but this has been to a considerable amount modified, so that অনা, না < -ånā, -anā > in many cases is not different from অন < ån >. Examples: কান্না < kännā < kåḍanā, kåndanā > (see p. 360), beside কাঁদন < kåḍan > (kran-dana-); কুটনা < kuṭanā > slicing > sliced vegetables (কুট √kuṭ); কাটনা < kāṭanā > spindle (কাট √kāṭ spin); খেলনা < khelanā > playing > toy beside খেলন < khelan > playing (খেল √khel); গহনা, গয়না < gåhanā, gåynā > jewels (grahaṇa-); গাহনা > গাওনা < *gåhanā > gaonā > singing (গাহ √gāh < √gāthaya-); ছাঁকনা < chākåṇā > strainer (ছাঁক √chāk); ঝরনা < jharåṇā > water-fall (ঝর √jhår: see p. 478); ঢাকনা < ḍhakåṇā > largish lid (ঢাক √ḍhāk); দোলনা < dolånā > swing (দোল √dul); দেনা < denā > giving > debt, beside দেন < den > giving (দে √dē give=√dā); so লেনা < lēnā > beside লেন < lēṇ > taking (লে √lē take < √labh+√nī); পাওনা < pāonā > receiving, dues (prāpaṇa-); পিটনা < piṭanā > mallet to beat with (পিট √piṭ); বাজনা < bājanā > musical instrument, see বাজন < bājan > above; বাটনা < bāṭanā > paste of pounded spices (বাট √bāṭ pound, mash); মাগনা, মাগনা < māgaṇā, mān(g)aṇā > asking > gratis (mārgaṇa-); রান্না < rānnā < রাঁধনা < rādhånā > cooking (randhana-); সুখনা < sukhaṇā > dry, dry-land (সুখ √sukh < śuṣka); etc. There are some formations from nouns as well: ছানা < chānā > youngling (of animals) (beside ছা < chā >, = < śāba- >); পাখনা < pākhaṇā > wings (beside পাখ pākha < pakṣa).

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(5b) অনী>নী, উনী (নি, উনি) < -ånī > -anī, -unī (-aṇi, -uni) >. Originally feminine in form (-ånā+I), indicating a diminutive or petty aspect of the action or object. All grammatical connexion with the feminine form is now lost, except where the word indicates a woman. The change to < -uni > is by Vowel Harmony (see p. 398). কাঁদনি < কাঁদনী < kāduni < kåḍanī > weeping, petty fit of weeping, supplication; ŚKK. নাচনী < নাচনী < nācuni < nācåṇī > danseuse; ছেনী < chēnī > < < *chēanī > a cutting instrument (chēdana, chēdanikā); ছাউনী < ছাউনী < chāunī < chāånī > awning, camp (chādanikā);

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ছাঁকনী « chākṇī » *small strainer* (ছাঁক √chāk); MB. পোড়নী « pōṛṇī » *burning* (পোড় √puṛ); কুরনী > কুরুনী « kurānī > kurunī » *scraper* (কুর √kur *scrape*); মউনী « māunī » < « *må(h)ånī » *churning stick* (*mathanikā*); etc., etc. The word রাঁধুনী < রাধনী « rādhunī < rādhånī » *cook* is now both masculine and feminine, but originally it seems to have been only feminine (« randhanikā »: or a masc. = « *randhanikā » ?); when it means a kind of flavouring spice, it is the feminine form undoubtedly. So MB. বেচনী « bēcånī » *a seller* (বেচ √bēc).

v2.c24.s1.t2.24

Causative forms of this affix, in আন « -ānå », আন, আনা « ānå, -ānā » আনী, উনী « -ānī, -unī » also occur: see *infra*.

v2.c24.s1.t2.25

In the word দাঁতন « dātånå » *twig used as tooth-brush* we do not have the « -ånå » affix (unlike in formations from nouns like পাখনা « pākhånā », বাজনা « bājånā », etc.): the Maithili « datamani », Bhōjpuriyā « datuan », and Hindōstānī « datwan, dataun, datūn » show that the word is a compound of « danta » + « vana » (?).

v2.c24.s1.t2.26

(6) আ « -ā » (i): Definitive, Pejorative, Connective, Agentive, Pleonastic.

v2.c24.s1.t2.27

400. This affix is a very characteristic one of Bengali. It indicates definiteness (this definitive force is now considerably weakened); it implies coarseness or biggishness in the object; it means reference or connection; it forms agentive adjectives; and frequently it is also pleonastic. In all its various forces, the « -ā » affix of Bengali can be compared with the pleonastic affixes giving rise to the strong, long and redundant forms of the Bihārī dialects (see p. 96). The source of Bengali « -ā », as an OIA. « *-āka », has been indicated at pp. 302, 348-349. Cf. Sanskritised forms like « Nāgāka, Dhamāka, Visiāka, Bhaluāka, Pappāka (beside Pappā), Rudāka, Chitarāka », all representing vernacular names in « -ā », in the Siyadoni Inscription (10th century: Lalitpur District, U.P.; Kielhorn, Ep. Ind., I, pp. 162 ff.) Where no special force of the « -ā » is present, as in a noun like ঘোড়া « ghōṛā » (beside ঘোড়- « ghōṛ- » in compounds), that is, where it is merely a pleonastic extension, it is not unlikely that the « -ā » represents only the termination of an oblique case (see p. 349). Examples: OB. (Caryā 41) হাতা (hasta-); (Caryā 49)

v2.c24.s1.t2.28

পউআ < pāuā = pañuā > (*paduma-, padma-); (Caryā 8) মাগা < māgā > (mārga-); (Caryā 2) পিটা < piṭā > pail; (Caryā 3, 20) પસারা < pasārā >, নিসারা < nisārā > (prasāra-, niḥsāra-); (Caryā 4) বিরা < birā > (vīra-); (Caryā 6) হরিণা < hariṇā > (hariṇa-); MB. নেহা < nēhā > (snēha-): MB., NB. নেতা < nētā > rag (nētra > nētā = fine stuff); কাঁসা < kāsā > (kāṃsya-); ŚKK. কনয়া < kånåyā > (kanaka-); পাতা < pātā > (patra-); কুয়া, কুআ < kūā > (kūpa-); গোরা < gōrā > (gaura-); উঁচা < ūcā > (ucca-); চোরা < cōrā > (caura-); বাঘা < bāghā > (vyāghra) big tiger > tiger-like, ferocious, strong (e.g., বাঘা a common name for a dog, বাঘা তেঁতুল < bāghā tētulā > kind of tamarind with strong acid taste); খাঁড়া < khāṛā > sacrificial sword (khaṇḍa-); বকরা < båkṛā > goat (barkara-); কুঁকড়া > কুঁকড়া, কুঁকড়ো < kūkuṛā > kūkṛāṛa, kūkṛṛō > (kukkuṭa-); রামা < Rāmā > contemptuous for < Rāmā >; চাঁদা < cãdā > big round moon, beside চাঁদ < cãdā > moon (candra-): cf. চাঁদা মাছ < cãd-ā māchā > a kind of roundish fish, pomfret; থালা < thālā > plate beside থাল < thālā > (sthāla); ধুয়া, ধুঁয়া < dhūā > (dhūma-); রাঙ্গা, রাঙা < rāṅ(g)-ā > red in colour (raṅga-); তেলা < tēl-ā > oily (taila-); লোনা < lōnā > salty (lavaṇa-); হাতা < hātā > handle (hasta-); তাওয়া < tāwā > pot for heating or dry cooking (tāpa-); বামনা < bāmaṇā > a low Brāhmaṇ (brāhmaṇa-); sts. পশ্চিমা < paścimā > western (paścima-); দক্ষিণা, by Vowel Harmony দ’খনে (see pp. 400-401) < dåkkhinā > > [uokhne] southern (dakṣiṇa- > dåkkhinā-); একা < ēkā > [æka], একলা < ēkḷā > alone (ēka-, *ēkāka; ēka-la-); মুহা < muh-ā > with a face (mukha-); ভয়ষা < bhåyṣā > belonging to a buffalo (bhaiṣa < mahiṣa + -ā); খেয়া < khēyā > ferry (kṣēpa-); etc.

v2.c24.s1.t2.29

In compounds with active meaning: ছেলে-ধরা < chēlē-dhår-ā > child-stealing = kidnapper; চাল-ধোয়া < cāil-dhōā > rice-washing; কাপড়-কাচা < kāpår-kāc-ā > cloth-washing; কলম-কাটা ছুরি < kålåm-kāṭ-ā churī > pen-(cutting)-knife; ভাত-রাঁধা হাঁড়ী < bhāt-rādh-ā hāṛī > pot that boils rice, etc.

v2.c24.s1.t2.30

This affix is added to both tatsama and foreign words: রোগা < rōg-ā > sick, sickly, lean and thin (rōga-); সফেদা < såphēd-ā > rice-powder (Pers. safēd white);

v2.c24.s1.t2.31

Other affixes of Bengali, like < -āṭa, -uṭa, -ī(-i) -ū(-u), -āla, -āra > etc., are extended by addition of this < -ā >: for which see below.

v2.c24.s1.t2.32

(7) আ < -ā > (ii) : Passive Participle and Verbal Noun Affix.

v2.c24.s1.t2.33

401. This suffix is derived from the OIA. affix < -ta, -ita > > MIA. < -a, -ia > *plus* the preceding pleonastic affix আ < ā >. The following examples illustrate the line of development : < yāta > jāa + -ā > OB. *jāā*, NB. যাওয়া *jāwā* > *gone* > *a going*; < kṛta > *karita (a non-Māgadhī formation : cf. p. 375) > karia + ā > OB. kariā>করা *kārā* > *done* > *doing*, as in New Bengali. So রাখা < rākhā > *kept* > *keeping* (rakṣita + ā); খাওয়া, খাওয়া < khāwā > (khādita + ā), etc. We have the loss of the < -i- > already in OB. : *e.g.*, Caryā 20 < saṅghārā > *struck*; but it is the < -i- > forms, with or without the pleonastic < -ā >, that are common in the Caryās (when without < -ā >, the final < -a > is found to have assimilated with the preceding < i >, as follows : < -ita > -ia > -ī, -i >) : *e.g.*, in Caryā 19 < uchaliā > (ucchalita + ā), < caliā > (calita + ā); Caryā 13 < muniā > (=jñāta-); Caryā 17 < suṇiā > (=śruta-), < miliā > (milita + ā), guṇiā (=gaṇita + ā); beside < pahāri > (prahārita), < ahāri > (āhārita-), etc.; and cases are found with the Western Apabhraṁśa modification of the < -itaḥ > to < -iu > (< -itaḥ > -iḍo > -iō > -iu > : cf. p. 115 supra). The affix seems to have come into prominence only after the Early MB. period : in the ŚKK. it is non-existent. The < -i- > as in < -iā > of OB. probably first became < -ĕ- > and then was dropped, following the forms in simple < -ā > like < yāta + -ā > যাওয়া *jāwā*, < *dita + ā > দেওয়া *dēwā* etc.; and possibly also through an attempt to distinguish this passive participle affix from the conjunctive participle in < -i(-ī), -iā > (*e.g.*, রাখি, রাখি, রাখিয়া < rākhī, rākhi, rākhiā > *having kept*, with or without < -ā > < MIA. < rakkhia > < OIA. < -rakṣ-ya >). The OB. forms of the passive participle in < -iā > show that < -ita + -ā > is the source of this passive participle affix of MB. and NB. In Pañjābī, in the Old Western Hindī dialects and in Modern Hindōstānī we find a parallel development with loss of < -i- > : *e.g.*, < calita-, calitaka > > MIA. (Śaurasenī) < cali(d)a-, cali(d)aa- >, nominative < cali(d)ō, cali(d)aō > > Śaur. Apabhraṁśa < caliu, caliaü >, whence Brajbhākhā < calyu, calyau >, Early Hindī or Hindōstānī < calyā > (beside Pañjābī < caliā, cālēā >), but Modern Hindōstānī < calā >, Bundēlī and Kanaujī < calō >. Ḍṛiyā has this affix also : *e.y.*, < jāṇ-ā > *known*, < kār-ā > *done*, < dēkh-ā > *seen*, etc.

v2.c24.s1.t2.34

It has been attempted to connect this «-ā» affix in its nominal employ with the verbal noun affix ইব, ইবা «-ibā, -ibā» < «itavya+ā»; but that is hardly tenable.

v2.c24.s1.t2.35

In OB. and MB., there was a feminine form of this affix, with the ঈ «-ī» (< -ikā); e.g., ŚKK. (p. 381) জড়ী «jāṛī» *jewelled* qualifying চুড়ী «cuṛī» *bracelet* (jaḍita + -ikā).

v2.c24.s1.t2.36

(8) আই «-āi» (i): Verbal and Abstract Nouns.

v2.c24.s1.t2.37

402. This is a Late MIA. formation, being a feminine verbal noun from the causative stem of the root: an OIA. «-āp-ikā» (as in Skt. «jñāp-ikā» *information*, which would be the basis of a possible NIA. «*jāṇāi») would give «-āviā, āviā, -āvī, āi > আই āi». The causative in «-āpa > -āva» became established in MIA., and on the model of the nouns in «-āpana- > -āvaṇa-» (see infra, § xxx, under আন «-ānā»), formation of abstract and verbal nouns in «-ikā» from the «-āpa->-āva-» base would be a matter of course. Examples: যাচাই «jācāi» *enquiry* (যাচ্ √yāc: OIA. *yācāpikā); বাছাই «bāchāi» *selection* (বাছ √bāch); লড়াই «låṛāi» *fight* (লড় √låṛ); খোদাই «khōdāi», also খোঁদাই «khõdāi» *engraving* (খোদ, খোঁদ √khōd, khõd); দোলাই «dōlāi» *a hood or shawl fastened round the neck and covering the ears and head, and hanging on the back* (দুল, দোল « √dul, dōl»: possibly influenced by «dukūlikā» > দুলী «dūlī» [see p. 352], also meaning the same thing); ঝালাই «jhālāi» *soldering* (ঝাল √jhāl); বাঁধাই «bādhāi» *binding (of a book)* (বাঁধ √bādh); ঢালাই «ḍhālāi» *founding (in metal)* (ঢাল √ḍhāl *pour*); etc.

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This affix is not found with all roots, and is but restricted in use. Abstract nouns from noun and adjective bases are also formed, the nouns and adjectives being treated like denominative verbs: e.g., চোরাই «cōrāi» *theft* > *stolen property* (<cōra); বামনাই «bāmaṇāi» *the way of a Brāhman, the pride of a Brāhman* (<bāmaṇa < brāhmaṇa); MB. রাজাই «rājāi» *kingship, reign* (rājā); মিঠাই «miṭhāi» *sweetness* > *sweetmeat* (<mithā < miṣṭa-); পালাই «pālāṭāi» *exchange, returning* (pālāṭa = paryasta); ভালাই «bhālāi» *well-being* (<bhālā = bhadra-); সাঁচাই «sãcāi» *honesty* (sãcā = satya-); বড়াই «bāṛāi» *pride, boasting* (বড় bāṛā *great*);

v2.c24.s1.t2.39

খোলতাই < khōḷṭāi > dazzle, beauty (< khōlā open, clear, *khōḷāt- opening); পোষ্টাই < pōṣṭāi > nourishing (sts. < puṣṭi); and even with foreign words, e.g., সাফাই < sāphāi > clear (Pers. < sāf > pure), MB. সাজাই < sājāi > punishment (Pers. sazā).

v2.c24.s1.t2.40

There are a few borrowings from Hindōstānī also, showing this affix : e.g., চড়াই < caṛāi > ascent; উত্রাই < utrāi > descent; সেলাই < sēlāi > sewing; ধোলাই < dhōlāi > washing, washing charges; and চোলাই < cōlāi > distilling, preparing liquor (< < √cū >=< cyav > : may be native Bengali).

v2.c24.s1.t2.41

In one or two words, through dialectal influence (see supra, p. 407), < -āi > occurs as ই < -i > in the Standard Colloquial : e.g., বানী < bānī > for বানাই < bānāi > making, charges for making jewellery (probably from Hindōstānī < banāī >). It would be seen that there is semantic alteration in this affix, making its force that of cost or wages for the work indicated by it.

v2.c24.s1.t2.42

Hoernle's derivation of this suffix from the OIA. affix < -tā > plus pleonastic < -ka > (< -tikā > in the feminine) is not convincing (see ‘Gaudian Grammar,’ § 223).

v2.c24.s1.t2.43

(9) আই < -āi > (ii) : Diminutive.

v2.c24.s1.t2.44

403. Affectionate diminutives like কানাই < Kānāi > (< Kāna, Kaṇha, Kṛṣṇa), বলাই < Bālāi > (< Bala-rāma), সোমাই < Sōmāi > (Sōma-), দনাই < Dānāi > (Janārdana ; Danuja- ?), রামাই < Rāmāi > (Rāma), জগাই < Jagāi > (Jagat-), মাধাই < Mādhāi > (Mādhava), ছিরাই < Chirāi > (Śrīpati), etc., which are very common in MB. and fairly frequent in NB., are formed with this affix. It is of pleonastic origin, coming from an OB. < -*āi > from Late MIA. < -āia, -ăiă >=OIK. < -ākika, -akika (i.e. -āka, -ăka + -ika > : < Kānāi < *Kān(h)āi < *Kanhāia, *Kanhăia < *Kṛṣṇākika, *Kṛṣṇăkika >. This affix is found in various forms in Hindōstānī and in Eastern Hindī and Bihārī. (Cf. Hoernle, op. cit., pp. 100-101.) The suffixes ই < -iā >, উয়া < -uā > (as well as ই, ই < -ī, -i > and উ, উ < -ū, -u >) are connected : see infra.

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It is likely that in Bengali the আই < -āi > affix as an affectionate diminutive was influenced by the MB. word আই < āi > long life < < āyuṣ >.

v2.c24.s1.t2.46

(10) আইত, আত < -āitạ, -ātạ >, with extensions.

v2.c24.s1.t2.47

404. Causative and denominative present participle base : OIA. < -āp-ant-, -āy-ant > MIA. < -āvant-, -āant- > OB. < -āy/wanta > MB. আইত < -āitạ >: ডকাইত, ডকাত < ḍakāitạ, ḍākātạ > robber < shouter (ডাক √ḍāk yell); বাইতি < bāiti > player on a musical instrument (vādayant- + -ika). This is a rare affix in Bengali. There are a few instances of this affix with nouns: সাঙ্গাত, সাঙ্গাত < sāṅ(g)ātạ > ([śanat, śaṇat]; for [æ], see p. 322) companion, bosom friend (saṅga); সেবাইত < sēbāitạ > temple-priest (sēvā); পোআতী, পোয়াতী, পোহাতী < pō(h)ātī > pregnant woman, a recent mother (< pōta >: for intrusive < h >, see p. 341: this form has the feminine affix ঈ < -ī > < -ikā). Cf. Oriyā খণ্ডাইত < khaṇḍāitạ > a military caste (in Orissa and S. W. Bengal) (khaṇḍa sword); Hindōstānī < ḍhalait > shield-bearer (ḍhāl), etc.

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Abstract nouns are formed from this affix by adding ই, ই < -i, -i > (see p. 655, supra): ডকা(ই)তী < ḍakā(i)tī > robbery; MB. ঢাঙাতী < ḍhāṅ(g)ātī > rowdiness (ḍhaṅga).

v2.c24.s1.t2.49

(11) *আউ > আও < *-āu > āo >: Verbal Noun Affix.

v2.c24.s1.t2.50

405. This affix is now confined to a limited number of words; and in those cases where it is found, it seems there is reinforcement from similar Hindōstānī forms. It is connected with আই < -āi > (i) above. The source is apparently a verbal noun from the causative base: < -āpa >, with an extension < *-āp-uk-ā (-āpa +-u-ka +-ā) >, corresponding to < *-āpikā > the source of আই < -āi >. The affix, as < -āw, -āō, -āū > is a common one in Hindōstānī. Hoernle traces it (op. cit., §227) to OIA. < -tva >: < -tva > -tta > -a >, a derivation which is inadmissible. Examples: চড়াও < cạṛāo > aggression, attacking (চড় < √cạṛ >: also used as an adjective, through influence of a form like উঠাও < uḍhāo > running out of one's sight = < uddhāvuka >: cf. also ওআ < -ōā > in next paragraph); ঢালাও < ḍhālāō > abundance, ‘galore’ (ঢাল √ḍhāl pour); পাকড়াও < pākạṛāo > arrest, seizure (পাকড়া < √pākạṛā > to seize); ঘাবড়াও < ghābạṛāo > fright (ঘাবড়া < √ghābạṛā > to be checked, to fear); ছাড়াও < chāṛāo > separation, release;

v2.c24.s1.t2.51

ফলাও « phalāo » *spreading, abundance*, from Hind. « phailāw »; বনাও in বনি-বনাও, beside বনি-বনা « bāni-bānāo, -bānā » *amity, harmony*, cf. Hind. « banāw » *preparation, concord*.

v2.c24.s1.t2.52

(11a) আউআ, (আওআ) > ওয়া « -āuā > -ōā »: Adjectival as well as Abstract.

v2.c24.s1.t2.53

406. This affix is an extension of the preceding one with the adjectival or pleonastic আ « -ā » (see ante, § 400) = e.g., ঘরোয়া « gharoā » *homely, domestic* [ghəroa] = « ghārāo, *ghārāū + -ā » (this word shows extension of the affix to a noun); জড়োয়া « jāṛoā » *jewelled, adorned with precious stones* = « jāṛāo, *jāṛāū + -ā »; বাঁচোয়া « bācōā » *safety, safe state* = « bācāo, *bācāū + -ā »; চড়োয়া « cāṛōā » *aggressive* = « cāṛāo, *cāṛāū + -ā ».

v2.c24.s1.t2.54

(12) আট, আটি (আটি), « -āṭa, -āṭi, (-aṭi »).

v2.c24.s1.t2.55

407. This is not so much an affix as an independent word, phonetically decayed, and forming part of a disguised compound. It is from কাঠ, কাঠি « kāṭha, kāṭhi » = « kāṣṭha, *kāṣṭhikā », *wood, beam, stick*. গাবরাট « gābaṛāṭ » *lintel* (garbhāgārakāṣṭha); পাঁকাটি « pākāṭi », see p. 492; MB. ধরাট « dharāṭa » *a nautical term* = *special deck in a boat*; OB. চামাঠি « cāmāṭhi » *whip* as in Sarvānanda, is explained by that scholar as meaning « carma-yaṣṭi », but it may be equally from « carma + kāṣṭhikā », which is also found in Sanskrit.

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(13) আন, আন (আনো) « -āna, -āna (-ānō) » (i).

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408. The affix, forming verbal nouns from causative and denominative bases, is from OB. « -āna, -āṇawa, -āwaṇa, āwaṇawa » (OIA. « -āp-ana, -āp-ana-ka »). The forms without the final « -a » in New Bengal have in most cases obtained a concrete or definite sense. Examples: আঁচান « ācānā » *washing mouth after meals* (*ācamāpana = ācamana); জানান, জানান « jānāna, jānānā » *making to know, information, intimation* (*jānāpana-=jñāpana-); চালান « cālāna » *invoice, send-up*, চালান « cālānā » *sending forward* (*calāpana-=cālana); মানান « mānāna » *harmony, agreement, beauty* (*mānāpana < mānaya-); উজান « ujāna » *flow-tide, up-stream* (*udyāpana-); উড়(া)ন « uṛāna, uṛānā » *উড়ান, উড়ন* « uṛānā, uṛānā » *causing to fly away, extravagance*, wasteful expenditure (*uḍḍāpana-); ‡ ছোড়ান্ < choṛānā > separating, freeing, disclosing > a key (ছোড় √choṛ = ছাড় √chār); শোনান্ < śōnānā > causing to hear (MIA. *suṇāvaṇa = śrāvaṇa); গড়ান্ < gāṛānā > slope, গড়ান্ < gāṛānā > a rolling, to roll (MIA. *gaḍḍ); etc. There are old and recent formations from nouns also: জুতান্, জুতানো < jutānā, jutānō > shoe-beating (জুতা < jutā > shoe); sts. যোগান্ < jōgānā > aiding with materials, যোগান্ < jōgānā > act of supplying (yōga); লাথানো < lāthānō > kicking (লাথ lātha, লাথি lāthi kick); হাতানো < hātānō > obtaining, filching (হাত < hāta > hand); পেঁচানো < pẽcānō > twisting, moving to and fro (পেঁচ < pẽc > twist from the Persian); কামান < kāmānā > lessening (Pers. kam > less); জমান < jāmānā > gathering (Pers. jamʿ); etc.

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The affix has a feminine form, from OIA. < -āpana + -ikā > = OB., eMB. < -āwaṇī, -ānī >, which gives in NB.

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(13a) আনী (আনি) < -ānī (-ānī) >, উনী (উনি) < -unī (uni) >.

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This affix possesses only a vague diminutive force. OB. < *-āwaṇī > would normally be contracted to MB. and NB. < -ānī > (see p. 349), and this < -ānī > by Vowel Harmony becomes < -ānī > and < -unī > (p. 398). But in the transformation of the affix from < *-āwaṇī > to < -ānī, -unī >, it seems that there was some influence of the glide < -w- > in bringing about the < -ā-, -u- >; dialectally at least, the < ŵ > was pronounced in MB.: the word ভয়াউনী < bhayāunī > frightful (*bhayāwaṇia = *bhayāpanikā), beside the other regular forms in < -ānī >, would indicate that. Examples: শুনানী < śunānī > hearing (of a case); পারানী < pārānī > ferrying > fare paid in crossing (*pārāpanikā); ঝাঁকানী < jhākānī >, beside ঝাঁকনী, ঝাঁকুনি < jhākānī, jhākuni > a shaking; দেখানী < dēkhānī > sight > money paid for a sight (=darśanī); তোলানি as in শেজ-তোলানি < śēj-tōlāni > money paid for making or clearing the bed (তুল √tul raise); নিকানি < nikāni > beside নিকুনি < nikuni > wiping, mopping the floor (নিক √nik < √nij, nikta); নিড়ানী < niṛānī > hoeing (in agriculture) (? ni+dru, drāv); উড়ানী, উড়নী < uṛānī, uṛuni > sheet, light shawl may be a blend of < *uḍḍāpanikā > that which flies or flaps + ওড়নী < oṛhānī > = < ava-vēṣṭanikā > (see p. 398); জ্বলুনি < জ্বলনি < j(w)āluni, j(w)ālāni > from *জ্বালনি < *j(w)ālāni > burning, beside জ্বালানি < j(w)ālāni > causing a burning = firewood (see p. 408); ŚKK. মাঁথানী < māthānī > churn-stick (*manthāpanikā); etc., etc.

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(14) আন (আনো) < -ānå (-ānō) > (ii).

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409. The passive participle affix for causative and denominative roots = OIA. < -māna-ka, -y-āna-ka >. (See infra, under Verb: ‘Causatives.’) Examples: করান < kārånå > done, caused to be done (< *kārāwånjåå > for < *kārāpana-ka, *kāra-yāna-ka >); দেখান < dēkhånå > shown; ঠেঙ্গা < thēŋ-gånå > (caused to be) beaten with a stick (ঠেঙ্গা theŋgā); etc., etc. It is sometimes difficult to determine whether the form with < -ånå > is the verbal noun (p. 664), or the passive participle: e.g., শোনান হইয়াছে < śōnånå håiyāchē > it has been reported, which may be either (a) a-causing-to-be-heard has-taken-place, or (b) caused-to-be-heard it-has-been.

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(15) আনী (আনি) < -ānī (-āni) >.

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410. This is a Bengali formation, from an earlier পানী < pāṇī > water (= pānīya) in compounds: < -pāṇī > becomes < -wānī > and then there is dropping of < w >. Examples: এখানি (see p. 349); চোঁয়ানি < cō̃āni > water that leaks out (চোঁ, চো < √cō̃, cō = cyav); চোবানি < cōbāni > sousing water, a sousing (চোব < √cōb to cause to dash into water, to plunge, duck into water); চোখানি < cōkhāni > water from the eye, tear (চোখ cōkh < চউখ cåukhå < cakṣuḥ); ধোয়ানি < dhōāni > washings (ধো < √dhō=dhāv); নোকানি < নোকানি < nōkāni < nåkhāni > water stirred by the finger-nails (and so not fit for drinking) (nakha+pānīya-); নাকানি < nākāni > rheum or water from the nose, water reaching to the nose (নাক < nākå > nose); ছিটকানি < chiṭkāni > water scattered about (ছিটকা < chiṭakā > scatter; there is another ছিটকানি meaning bolt to a door, which shows the < -āni > affix under [13a] supra).

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(16) আম্, আম, ম্, ম, আমী (আমি), অমি, ওমি, উমি, মি < -āmå, -āmå, -må, -må, -āmī (-āmi), -åmi, -ōmi, -umi -mi >.

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411. A common affix to form abstract nouns, or nouns indicative of a characteristic or profession. It has been confused or connected wrongly with the *ts.* affix « -iman » > ইম, ইমা « -imå, -imā », which is found in Bengali, as in other NIA. The source of this affix is an OB. কাম « kāma- » *work* (karma), with extensions : « karma > -kamma > -kāmå > -āmå > আম -āmå; karma-ka > -kamma-a > *-kāmawa > -āmå > আম -āmå; karmika, karmikā > -kammia > *-kāmī > -āmī > আমি -āmī ». The strong initial stress, as well as MB. mutation, has brought about the loss of the « -ā- » in lMB. and NB., and reduced the form to ম, ম, মি « -må, -må, -mi » etc. In MB., the word কামিনা, কামিন্যা = কামিনিয়া « kāminā, -inyā < -iniyā » occurs, meaning *a labourer*, and a form আমিনী, আমিনি « āminī, āmini » also is found (as in the ‘Śūnya-Purāṇa’): the latter word, explained as meaning a *female devotee of Dharma*, may be connected with কাম « kāmā » *work, service*.

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Examples : ঠকাম « ṭhakāmå » *cheating, roguery* (ঠক « ṭhakå » *cheat, ‘thug’*); পাকাম, পাকামি « pākāmå, -mi » *behaving like a ripe (i.e. aged) person, precocity* (পাকা « pākā » *ripe*); so জেঠাম « jēṭhāmå » *behaving like a respected elder uncle = impertinence on the part of a boy or youth* (জেঠা « jēṭhā » *father’s elder brother*); নেকাম, -মি « nēkāmå, -mi » *playing a fool* (নেকা « nēkā » *idiot, fool*); ছেলেম, -মি « chēlēmå, -mi » *childishness* (ছেলে = ছালিয়া « chēlē, chāliā » *child*); বড়াং < বড়াম « bårāṅ < bårāmå » *playing a big man, boasting* (বড় « bårå » *big*); বুড়াম, বুড়ম, বুড়ামি « buṛāmå, buṛāmå, buṛāmi » *behaving like an old man*; গিন্নাম, গিন্নম « ginnāmå, ginnāmå » *matronly talk and ways* (গিন্নি « ginni » = গৃহিণী « gṛhiṇī » *mistress of the house*); ঢেঁটাম, -মি « ḍhēṭāmå, -mi » *perversity* (ঢেঁটা « ḍhēṭā » < « dhṛṣṭa- »); বাদরাম, -মি « bāḍarāmå, -mi » *trickishness (used of children)* (বাদর = বানর « bāḍar = bānara » = « vānara »); ফচকেমি, ফচকাম « phacakēmi, phacakāmå » (ফচকিয়া « phacakiyā » *chatterbox, over-smart fellow*); ফিচলাম ফিচলম, ফিচলামি, ফিচলিম « phicḷāmå, -lāmå, -lāmi, -limi » *acuteness, trickery* (ফিচাল « phicāla » *an acute one*); পেজোম, পেজোমি « pējōmå, pējōmi » *viciousness* (পাজী « pājī » *mischievous character* > পাজুয়া + আমি « pājuā + -āmi »); গোঁয়ারতামি, -তমি « gō̃ārtāmi, -tāmi » *churlishness, rushness, brusqueness* (*গোঁয়ার « gō̃ārṭa » *one behaving like a churl* [see p. 668], with « -āṭa » affix, see §397, + « -āmi »); ছোটলোকমি « choṭa-lōka-mi » *meanness*; etc., etc.

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The word ঘরামী « gharāmī » *house-builder, maker of a hut* (= ঘর + কাম > আম + ঈ « ghara + (k)amå + ī ») comes under this.

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(17) আর, আরী (আরী) < -ārṛ, -ārī (-āri) >, অরি, ইরি, উরি < -ari, -iri, -uri >, রা < -rā > (i).

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412. From < -kāra, -kārin (-kārika) >, forming agent nouns : দোহাr, দোয়ার < dō(h)ārṛ > < *dhuāra > member of a chorus (dhruva-kāra); পূজারী < pūjārī > worshipper (pūjā-kāri-); কাঁসারী < kãsārī > brass or bell-metal worker (kānsya-kārika); কুমার < kumārṛ > potter, by Vowel Harmony কুমোর < kumōrṛ > (kumbha-kāra); চামার < cāmārṛ > (carma-kāra); শাঁখারী < śākhārī > (śaṅkha-kāri-); ভিখারী, ভিথিরি < bhikhārī > bhik(h)iri > beggar (bhikṣā-kāri-); জুয়ারী < juārī > (dyūta-kāri-), beside জুয়াড়ী < jūāṛī > (dyūta- + √vṛt); MB. বাণিজার < bāṇijārṛ > (vāṇijya-kāra); কুশারী < kuśārī > a class of Brāhmaṇs (kuśa-kāri-); MB. চূণারী < cūṇārī > lime-worker (cūrṇa-kāri-); MB. খেয়ারী < khēyārī > ferryman (kṣēpa-kāri-) : ডুবারী < dubārī >, by Vowel Harmony ডুবুরী < duburi > diver (ডুব √dub = MIA. buḍḍa); ধুনারী < dhun-ārī >, beside ধুনুরি < dhunuri > cotton-carder (ধুন √dhun shake); পিয়ার < piyārṛ >, fem. পিয়ারী < piyārī > beloved (priya-kāra, -kārikā); ছুতার < chutārṛ > carpenter seems to be a blend of < sūtra-dhāra > and < *sūtra-kāra >; সেকরা < sēkarṛ > goldsmith, see pp. 194-195; উয়ারী < uārī >, বার-উয়ারী < bār-uārī >, see p. 325; গোয়ার < *গাওঁআর < gōārṛ < gāwāra > boor (grāma + kāra); etc.

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The word কামার < kāmārṛ > black-smith, in Pali < kammāra >, represents the Vedic < karmāra > (which is probably connected with the Dravidian [Tamil] < karumā > smith, smelter: cf. P. T. Srinivas Iyengar, ‘Life in Ancient India, etc.’ Madras, 1912, p. 15); and the Skt. কর্মকার < karma-kāra > is an artificial formation, which is now used by members of the black-smith caste as a surname.

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(18) আর, আরী (আরী) < -ārṛ, -ārī (-āri) > (ii).

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⁴¹³ From < -ākāra- >, slightly modifying or altering the sense of the word. It occurs only in a very few words. পায়ার < pāyārṛ > a metre (< padākāra >, see pp. 285, 288); ঝিয়ারী < jhiyārī > daughter (ঝি < jhi > < < dhitā, duhitā >: the affix has only a pleonastic force here : probably through analogy of বহুয়ারী bȧhuārī > = বৌহারী < bauhārī > [for which see p. 345], which is wrongly connected with বহু < bȧhu > = < vadhū >, after the

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metathesis of the *h* took place); মাঝার *mājhāṛa* middle, মাঝারী *mājhārī* middling-sized (* madhyākāra *, pleonastic; * *madhyākārika *).

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(19) আর, আরী (* āri *) * -āra, -ārī (-ārī) * (iii).

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414. From * -āgāra, -āgārin (-āgārika, -ikā) *: ভাণ্ডার * bhāṇḍāra * store (bhāṇḍāgāra); MB. কাঁড়ার, beside কাণ্ডার * kāṇḍāra, kāṇḍāra * keel of boat (kāṇḍāgāra); সাভার * sābhāra * place-name (? sabhāgāra); মেহার * mehāra * place-name (? mahāgāra); ভাণ্ডারী * bhāṇḍārī * store-keeper (bhāṇḍāgārika); কাণ্ডারী * kāṇḍārī * helmsman (kāṇḍāgārika); মেহারী * mehārī * palace (? mahāgārikā); etc.

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(20) আরু * -āru *.

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415. Found in a few MB. words, seems to be from * -āra * (i), with addition of * -u * (i.e. * -ū < -uka *): দিশারু * diśāru * pilot beside দিশারী * diśārī * (diśa = dik- + kāra-); ডুবাকু * ḍubāru * diver beside ডুবারী * ḍubārī *; sts. বন্দার * bāndāru * bard, panegyrist (< √vand); sts. বাগারু * bāgāru * talkative person (vāg=vāc).

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(21) আল, আলা * -āla, -ālā * (i), modified to অল, ওল * -ālā, -ōlā *.

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416. The OIA. source of this is * -ā-l-a *, also probably * -ā-l-u *, both of which are found in Sanskrit, the sense being ‘possessing,’ ‘pertaining to.’ It has the * -l-a * affix (for which see *infra*) as its base. Examples: বাঙ্গাল, বাগালা * bāṅ(g)ālā * man of East Bengal (vaṅga + -ālā); পাকালা * pākālā * belonging to mud * (paṅkāla); ধারাল * dhārāl(a) * sharp-edged (dhāra edge); দুহাল * dudhāl(a) * yielding milk (dugdha + -āla); মাথাল * māthālā * with a head, prominent, chief (mastaka + -āla); আড়াল * ārālā * obstruction (আড় * āṛa * slanting); তেজাল * tējālā * spirited (tējas); পেঁচাল * pēcālā * with twists (পেঁচ * pēca * < Pers. * pēc *); ভাটিয়াল * bhāṭiyālā * belonging to the down-country > a folk-melody (< ভাটি * bhāṭi * flow of water = South Bengal); বাচাল * bācālā * (vācāla); দাঁতাল * dātāl(a) * with (big) teeth (danta + -āla-); ছিনাল * chinālā * characterless woman (MIA. chinnāla-); MB. পাইক্যাল * pāikālā * heroism (* pāika *, see p. 383).

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This affix has the usual extensions: আলা > লা * -āl-ā > -lā *: e.g., বাঙ্গালা, বাচলা, বাংলা * bāṅ(g)ālā * Bengali (speech, land) (vaṅgāla + -ā); আলী

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« -āl-ī », feminine and masculine (-ī < -ikā, -ikā), as well as abstract : e.g., বাঙ্গালী, বাঈলী « bāŋ(g)ālī » (Old Bengali = feminine = *a woman of East Bengal*; NB. = masculine = *a man of Bengal, belonging to Bengal*); নগরালী « nāgār-āl-ī » *city manners*; নাগরালী « nāgār-āl-ī » *gallantry, refined ways* (nāgara *gallant*); ঠাকুরালী « ṭhākurālī » *ways of a god, divinity*; চতুরালী « caturālī » *smartness*; মেয়েলী « mēyēlī < *māiālī » *belonging to women*; ছিনালী « chinālī » *coquetry*; রূপালী, রূপোলী, রূপলি « rūpālī > rūpōlī > rupuli » *silvery*; সোনালী « sōnālī » *golden*; নিদালী, নিন্দালী « ni(n)dālī » *sleepiness*; সুতালী « sutālī » *thin as a thread*; etc.

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(22) আল « āl » (ii).

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417. This affix, like the preceding one, denotes connexion. It is also used to form words indicative of trade or profession. It comes from OIA. « pāla » *keeper, guardian* by the dropping of « -p- > -w- » : « -pāla > -wāla > -āl » . Examples : রাখাল « rākhāl », MB. রাথোয়াল « rākhōāl » *herdsman*, (rakṣā-pāla); কেশেল < কাশীয়াল « Kēśel < Kāsīyāl » *low class Brāhmaṇ from Benares* (Kāśī-pāla); কোটাল « kōṭāl », Hind « kōṭwāl » *head of the police, holder of a fort* (koṭṭa-pāla); ঘটিয়াল « ghāṭiyāl » *holder of a pass or passage* (< ghāṭi); ‡ঘাটাল, ঘাটোয়াল « ghāṭāl, ghāṭōāl » *man in charge of a ‘ghāṭ’* (ghaṭṭa-pāla); কুঠিয়াল « kuṭhiyāl » *belonging to an office > a clerk* (kuṭhi kōṭhi < kōṣṭhikā); ঘড়িয়াল « ghāṛiyāl » *man in charge of a clock > ঘড়েল « ghōṛēla » acute one* (ghaṭikā); etc.

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There is an extension to আলা « -āl-ā » : গোয়ালা, ‡গয়লা « gōālā > gāylā » (gōpāla-); বাড়ীআলা « bāṛiālā » *landlord, owner of a house*; কাপড়আলা « kāpāṛ-āl-ā » *cloth seller*; চুড়ীআলা « cuṛiālā » *bangle seller*; পাহারালা « pāhār-ālā » *watchman* (prahara). Also to আলী « -āl-ī », masculine and feminine (= -ikā, -ikā): গয়ালী « gāyālī » *Brāhmaṇ from Gayā* (Gayā-pāl-ikā); পেটেলী « pēṭēlī » < পাটিরালী « pāṭiyālī » *maid-servant* (pāṭa, pāṭī *order, arrangement, domestic work*); বাড়ীআলী « bāṛiālī » *land-lady*; etc. Abstracts are formed from « -ālā » by adding the « -ī » of abstraction, e.g., রাখালী « rākhālī » *the work of a herdsman*; কেঁড়েলী « kēṛēlī » *impertinence, roughness* < *কাঁড়িয়াল « kāṛiyāl » rough < soldier, archer* (? kāṇḍa *arrow*); etc.

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The «-ālā, -āl-ā» of Bengali has within recent times been influenced by the cognate form in Hindōstānī, which is «-wālā»: the latter is substituted in many Bengali words in «-ālā», and ordinarily «-wālā» is reduced to ওলা «-ōlā»: *e.g.*, কাপড়ওয়ালা, কাপড়ওলা «kāpȧr-ōālā (-wālā), -ōlā»; so গাড়ীওলা «gāṛī-ōlā» *cubby*, পাহারাওলা «pāhār-ōlā» *constable*, etc. The feminine of «-wālā» is «-wālī», which, by Vowel Harmony, is reduced to উলী «-ulī» in Bengali: *e.g.*, বাড়ীউলী «bāṛī-ulī» = native Bengali বাড়ীআলী «bāṛī-ālī».

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Through Bihārī or Hindī influence, we have also ওয়ারা «-ōārā = -wālā» in মাতোয়ারা «mātōārā (mātwārā)» *wild, mad, elated, pleased (e.g., with perfume)* = «mǎtwārā»: the Bengali froms are মাতাল, মাতল, মাতলা «mātālā, mātalā» *drunk* = Hind. «mǎtwāl». The name বনওয়ারী «bȧnwārī» (see p. 521), from the Hindōstānī, can be equally from «vana-mālī» *garlanded with wild flowers* or «*vana-pālika» *dweller in woods*.

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(23) ই < ঈ «-i < -ī» (i),

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418. A secondary affix, forming nouns and adjectives. Three separate affixes of OIA. seem to converge into this single NIA. form: (i) «-ī < -in»: «mālin > NIA. mālī» *gardener*: but the force of the nominative form seems to have been only of secondary importance in the evolution of the NIA. affix; (ii) «-iya»: «dēśiya > NIA. dēśī» *native*; and (iii) «-ika»: «grāmika > » গাঁই gāi *village name, clan name*: the feminine form of this «-ikā» is also ঈ, ই «-ī, -i», which is the most popular feminine affix of NIA., for which see below. Later in NIA. this affix was strengthened by the «-ī» of Persian.

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Examples: «-ī > -i» with the sense of ‘possessing, having’: ভারী «bhār-ī» *heavy*; *sts.* রাগী «rāg-ī» *full of passion* > *choleric*; দামী «dām-ī» *costly (dramma < Gk. drakhmē)*; দাগী «dāg-ī» *stained (Pers. dāg)*; গুণী «guṇ-ī» *man of parts, artist (cf. Skt. guṇin)*; ঢাকী «ḍhāk-ī» *drummer (ḍhakkā)*; বেগুন «bēgun-i» *purple (=bāigȧn-i< vātingaṇa-)*; OB. নৌবাহী «nau-bāh-ī» *boat-man*; গাঁঠী জাল «gāṭh-ī jāl» *net with knots (granthi-)*; গোলাপী «gōlāp-ī» *rose-coloured (Pers. gul-āb = gul)*; হিসাবী «hisāb-ī» *careful, attentive to details (Perso-Arabic «hisāb»)*; *sts.* মরমী «mȧrȧm-ī»

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*with a heart* (sts. *måramå* < *marman*); *tx.* আলাপ < *ālāp-ī* > *courteous talker*, *acquaintance* (cf. Skt. *ālāpin*); দরদী < *dåråd-ī* > *sympathetic* (Pers. *dard*);

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With the sense of ‘pertaining to, coming from’: দেশী > দিশি < *deśī* > *belonging to the country, country-born or made, native* (cf. Skt. *dēśīya*); রাঢ়ী < *Rāṛhī* > *belonging to Rāḍha*; MB. কানড়ী, কানাড়ী < *kānṛī, -nāṛī* > (*Karṇaṭiya*); মারাঠী < *Marāhaṭṭī*, মারাঠি, -টী < *Marāṭ(h)ī* > (*Mahārāṣṭriya*); গুজরাটী < *Gujarāṭī* > as if from < *Gūrja-rāṣṭriya* (গুজরাট < *Gujarāṭa*, for গুজরাত < *Gujarāta* > < *Gūrjara-trā*, through influence of *rāṣṭra*); কটকী < *Kaṭakī* > *of Cuttack* (*Kaṭakīya*); বনারসী, বেনারসী < *Bānārāsī, Bēnārāsī* > (*Vārāṇasiya*); বৃন্দাবনী < *Bṛndābānī* > *of Brindāban*; ঢাকাই < *Dhākāī* > *of Dacca*; কল্কাতাই < *Kåḷkātāī* > *of Calcutta*; etc.;

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With the sense of ‘connected with,’ generally forming names of professions: হাড়ী < *hāṛī* > *a low caste* (*haḍḍika*); কেরানী < *করানী* < *kērānī* < *kårāṇī* > *clerk* (*karaṇika* + *kīraka*); MB. গাড়ুরী < *gāṛurī* > *snake-charmer* (*gāruḍika*); বেহাই < *bēhāī* > *son’s or daughter’s father-in-law* (*vāivāhika*), an inherited word, affix and all; সূড়ী < *sūṛī* > *wine-dealer* (*śuṇḍika, śāuṇḍika*); রাঁধুনি, রাঁধুনি < *rāঁdhani, -dhuni* > *cook* (see *ante*, p. 658); *sts.* নখকুনি < *nåkha-kuṇi* > *cut or sore in the nails* (*nakha-kōṇa* + *ī*); etc.

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It occurs also as অই < *-āi* > > উই < *-ui* > : বাড়ই, বাড়ুই < *bāṛai* > *bārui* > *carpenter* (cf. Skt. *vardhakin*); বারই > বারুই < *bārai* > *bārui*, OB. বারয়ী < *bārayi*, (see p. 188) *grower of the betel vine* (cf. Skt. *vāru-jivin* > : *বার* < *bāra-*, *বারু* < *bāru* > *betel*, an Austric word: cf. J. Przyluski in the BSLP., XXIV, p. 257). It is pleonastic in ভারুই < *bhārui* < *bhārāi* > *a bird* (*bharata*: *bhāratika*); চড়ুই < *cårui* < *cårāi* > *sparrow* (*caṭaka*, *caṭakika*), beside চড়া, চড়াই < *cāṛā, cāṛāi* > (*caṭāka, caṭākika*); etc.

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(24) ই < *ই* < *-i* < *-ī* > (ii): Feminine, Diminutive, Abstract.

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419. Presents an < *-ikā* > of OIA., and is the most common feminine affix of NIA. Examples: রাই < *Rāi* >, MB. রাধী < *Rāhi* > *a name* (*Rādhikā*); ঘুড়ি < *ঘোড়ী* < *ghuṛi* < *ghōṛī* > *mare* (*ghōṭikā*); মামী < *māmī* > *maternal uncle’s wife* (*māmā* + *-ī*); কাকী < *kākī* > *father’s younger brother’s wife* (*kākā* + *-ī*); খুদী < *khudī* > *a tiny girl* > *name for girls* (*kṣudrikā*); বুড়ী < *buṛī* > *old woman* (*vṛddhikā* = *vṛddhā*); পাগলী < *pāgḷī* >

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*mad woman* (pāgȧlȧ + -ī); বামনী « bāmaṇī » (*brāhmaṇikā = brāhmaṇī); sts. বষ্টমী, বষ্টমী « bȧṣṭȧmī, -umī » (*vāiṣṇavikā = vāiṣṇavī).

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A number of *sts.* forms show this « -ī » of Bengali, *e.g.*, সুবচনী « subȧcȧnī » *a form of Durgā*; অপ্সরী « åpsȧrī » (apsaras); দিগম্বরী « digȧmbȧrī » *a name of Kālī*; সুনয়নী « sunȧyȧnī » *with beautiful eyes*, etc., with are solecisms from point of view of Skt.

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The Skt. feminine affixes « -inī, -ānī » had an influence in restricting the Bengali ী, ই « -ī, -i » < « -ikā »: see *infra*, under « -nī ».

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With names of inanimate objects, the original feminine force is lost in Bengali. In Western Hindī, Panjābī, Rājasthānī etc., the grammatical gender, however, is preserved in the « -ī < -ikā » forms. The feminine « -ikā » also expressed a diminutive or petty aspect of an action or an object. The diminutive has become obscure in many words in Bengali, so that « -ī < -ikā » has been reduced to a mere pleonastic affix. Examples: বুলি « bulī » *talk* (bōlla + -ī); রুটি « ruṭi » *bread* (cf. rōṭikā); চুয়ী « cuṣī » *baby-soother* (cuṣa + -ī); মাটী « māṭī » (mṛttikā); গলুই < *গলহী < *গলাহী « gȧlui < *gȧlȧhī » *prow of a boat* (gala-vahikā); ছুৰী, ছুরি « churī, -ri » *knife*, beside ছোরা « chōrā » *dagger* (churikā); রাই « rāi » *mustard* (rājikā); পাই « pāi » *a fourth, pice* (pādikā); পুথী « puthī », পুঁথি « pūthi » *Indian MS., book* (pustikā), beside MB. পোথা « pōthā » (pustaka-); বাতী « bāti » *candle, light* (vartikā); লাঠি « lāṭhi » (*yaṣṭikā = yaṣṭi); কাঠী « kāṭhī » *a thin stick* (kāṣṭhikā); ছাতী « chāṭī » *umbrella* (*chattrikā), beside ছাত « chāṭȧ » *roof*, ছাতা « chātā » *umbrella* (chattra-); ধুতী « dhutī » *‘dhoti’* (*dhōtrikā = dhōtra); জাতী « jātī » *small double knife to cut betel-nuts* (yantrikā), beside যাতা « jātā » *mill, quern* (yantra-); বড়মানুষী, বড়মানষী « bȧṛȧ-māu(u)ṣ-ī » *living like a rich man, high style* (-mānuṣa + -ī); রাখালী « rākhāl-ī » *work of a herdsman* (rakṣāpāla + -ikā); ডাকা(ই)তী « ḍākā(i)t-ī » *robbery* (see *supra*, p. 655); কেঁড়েলী < কাঁড়িয়ালী « kēṛēli < kãṛiyālī » *impertinency, rowdiness* (« kãṛiyālā » *archer* ? [< kāṇḍa-] > *soldier, rough* + -ī); পণ্ডিতী « pȧṇḍit-ī » *belonging to a Pundit > a Pundit’s character or ways, scholasticism*; cf. Hindī « lāl-ī » *redness*, « hariyāl-ī » *green colour, greenness*, « rakhwāl-ī » *work of a herdsman*, etc. In Late NIA., the Persian « -ī » affix of abstraction or connexion greatly reinforced this suffix.

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