Pali Literature and Language c9: Index to Part II, Grammar of Pāli

Pāli Literature and Language c9

Language: English

c9.s1 A. Index of Contents — 3 parts
c9.s2 B. Index of Words — 60 parts

Index to Part II, Grammar of Pāli

c9.1

Figures refer to paragraphs in Part II, pp. 61-231 excepting where page is specifically mentioned.

A. Index of Contents

Ablative, in -to 77.2, of a-st. in -asmā, -amhā 78.2. Abl. = Instr 77.2, 82.3, 90 1,3, 91, 92, 95, 96 Accent 4. Influence on vocalism 19 ff. Accusative, = Nom. 82.3, 88.3, 90.1, 92.1, 96.8, 105. Acc. Pl. of a-st. in -e 78.3,7 and -ān 79.5 Adverbs 102 Aorist 158 ff.; of Pass. 168 3, 177 Aspirates, represented by h 87; in cons.-groups 60. Retention of original Asp. 37. Aspiration of sound-groups, 51.1. Appearance and disappearance of Aspiration, 40, 62 Aspiration h in consonant-groups 49; from sibilants 50, 54.4, 59.1, 2; in place of Aspirate 37, 60 Assimilation 51; progressive 52, 53 1,3, 55; regressive 53 ff. Augment in Conditional 157 (with fn. on p. 189), in Aorist 158 Case, look under Nom., Acc. etc. Causative, stems 178 ff.; Present 139; Fut. 151, 154.8; Aor. 165.2, 168.4; Passive 176.1. Part., Inf., Ger. look under these. Cerebrals 35, 38.6, 42, 43.3, 63.2, 64 Comparison 108; comparatives in -yas 100 3 Compositional Sandhi 33, 51.2, 53.3, 54.6, 55, 57, 58 4, 67 Conditional 157 Consonants, in free position 35 ff.; Gemination 5, 6, 32, 33; Influence of double-consonance on vowels 9, 10, 15. Cf. Cerebrals, Dentals, Gutturals, Labials etc. Consonant-groups look under Assimilation; retained 48; with h 49; with sibilant 50, 56, 57 Contraction 26, 27, 28, 189 Dative, = Gen. 77.2; Dat. of a-st. in -āya loc. cit. Declension, a-st. 78 ff.; ā-st. 81, ī, ū-st. 82 ff.; diphth -decl. 88; decl. of radical st. 89; r-st. 90 f.; n-st. 92 ff., nt-st. 96 ff.; s-st. 99. Transfer to other decl. 83.5, 6, 86.5, 88.2, 90.4, 92.2, 93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100 Denominatives, stems 186 ff.; Pres. 180.6, 136.4, 138, 139; Fut. 151, 154.8; Aor. 165.2, 168.3,4; Part, Inf., Ger. look under these. Dentals 41.2, 3, 63.3 Desideratives, stems 184; Pres. 180.6, 136 4, 139, 139; Fut. 151, 154.8; Aor. 165.2, 168.3,4; Part, Inf., Ger. look under these. Diphthongs 15; Diphth. e 8, 9, 10, 25.1, 26 1, 27.5,6; Diphth. o 8, 10, 25.2, 26 2, 27.3, 28.2 Dissimilation 43.2, 45, 46.4, 47.1, 68.3 Double-constructions 105.1,3, 115.3, 126, 143, 152, 165.1, 170, 176.8 (with f.n. 1 on p 206), 182, 201, 206 Dual, wanting in Pāli 77.1, 120 Elision, of initial vowels 66 1; of final consonants 66.2 Enclisis 20 Feminine formations 95.2, 98, fn. 2 p. 188 Final sound 66.2 Future 150 ff.; Periphr. Fut. 172; Fut. Exact. 173.3 Gender of Subst 76; confusion in 76, 78 7 Genitive used as Dat. 77.2 Gerund, in -tā 208-210; in -tūna 211; in -ya 212 f.; in -yāna 214. Ger. in periphr. constructions 174.3,5,6 Glide-sound b 51 5 Gutturals 63.1 Haplology 65.2 Imperative, of Present, look under this. Imperfect preserved in Aorists 159.II, IV Indicative, of Present, look under this. Infinitives in -tave, -tuye, -tāye 204.1-2; in -tum 205 f.; Dat. of verbal nouns as Inf. 204.3 Initial sound 66.1 Instrumental Pl. in -bhi 79.6, 88.7, 92.1, 95.3, 115.5; Sg. of a-stems in -ā 78.1, in -asā 79.1, Pl. in -ehi 78.4, in -e = Skr. -ais 79.6. Instr. used as Abl. 77.2, 82.3, 90.1,3, 91, 92, 95, 96

c9.s1.2

Intensive, stems 185; Pres. 180.6; Fut. 154.4; Aor. 166 (end); for Part., Inf., Ger. look under these. Labials 46.1, 51.4 Law of mora 5 ff. Liquids 48.1,2, 44, 45; in sound-groups 52.3,5, 53.2, 54 Locative, of a-st. in -asi 79.2; of i-st. in .0 83.8, 86.5 Māgadhīsm 66. 2a, 80, 82 5, 98.3, 105.2, 110.2 Medium 120, 122.2, 126, 129, 131.2, 133.1,3, 135.2, 137, 138, 139, 140.4, 145, 146, 149; Fut 150, 154.2; Cond. 157; Aor. 159.II,III,IV. Metathesis 47.2, 65.1 Metre, influence on vocalism 32 Modes 120; see Ind., Imp., Opt., Subj. Mutes 35, 36, 38; in consonant-groups 52.3,4, 53 1, 55. Nasalisation 6.3 (with fn. 1 on p. 64). Nasal presents 135.3 Nominal stems 75 Nominative, Sg. of a-st. in -e 80.1; Pl. of a-stems in -āse 79.4, Neut. in ā 78.6. Nom. used as Acc. 82.3, 88.3, 90 1, 92.1, 96 3, 105.4; as Voc. 80.2, 82.5, 84, 96 3 Numerals, Card. 114 ff., 117; Ord. 118; Distrib. 119.1; Fractional 119 2; Num.-Adv., -Subst, -Adj. 119.3-6 Onomatopoetic verbs 186 Optative of Present, look under this. Palatals 40.1 a, 41.1; Palatalisation of sound-groups 55, 57 Participles of Pres. Act. 97, 190; Med. in -māna 191, in -āna 192; of Fut. Act 193; of Perf. Act. 100.2, 198; of Perf. Pass. in -ta 194-196, in -na 197; of Fut. Pass. in -tabba 199, 200, in -aniya 201, in -ya 202, in -tāya, -tayya, -teyya 203. Part. in periphr. formations 173, 174 Passive, stems 175 ff., Pres. 136.4, Fut. 155.3, Aor. 168.3, 177, Part. look under this. Perfect, vestiges of in Pāli 171; Periphr. Perf. 173 Periphrastic formations 120, 172, 173, 174 Pluperfect 173.3 Present, stems 130 ff., Indic. 121 f., Imp. 124-126, Opt. 127-129, Subj. 120, 123 Expansion of a-flexion 120, 140, 143.8; of e-flexion 120, 139.2, 142.2, 147.1. Expansion of Pres.-stem 120, 155, 165.2, 167 f., 176.2, 179.5, 181.1, 196, 199 f., 202 (end), 206, 210 Pretonic syllable weakened 21

c9.s1.3

Primary endings in Aor. 161, 162.3 Pronoun, Personal 104 f.; sa, esa 106, 107.1; ena 107.2; tya 107.3; tuma 107.4; ayam 109; amu(ka) 109; Rel. 110; Interrog. 111; Indef. 111.1; Poss. 112.1; Refl. 112.2. Derived stems 112.3; Pron. Adj. 113 Pronominal declension penetrating into Nom.-flexion 78.2,3 Reduction of Vowels 19, 23 Relationship, terms of 91 Samprasāraṇa 25 Sandhi 66 ff.; frozen forms 66; Compositional S. 67; External S. 68 ff.; Vowel S. 69, 70, 71; Organic Sandhi-consonants 72; Inorganic Sandi-consonants 73 Sibilant 3, 85; in consonant-groups 50, 52.2,3; 54, 56, 57, 59.1,2. s from ch 59.2 Sonants, represented by surds 39; in place of surds 38. Old son asp. preserved 37 Stem, expansion of a-st. among Subst. 75, among Verbs 120, 140, 142.3; of e-st. among Verbs 120, 139.2, 142.2, 147.1 Subjunctive of Pres , look under this. Suffix -are 122.2; -ittha 159.IV; -emase, -emasi 129; -ttha 159.III; -tha (= -ta) 125; 129, 157, 159.II,III; -mase 122.2, 126, 129; -mu 125, 128; -mha 159.III; -mhase 122.2; -rum 126, 159.II; -re 122.2, 159.II; -vhe 60; -vho 126; -ssu 126 Svarabhakti 29-31; in Law of Mora 8; strengthened 3 Surds see Sonants Syncope 20 Vedic forms in P. 78.1,4, 159.II, IV, 160.4. 204 Vocative, of a-st. in -e 80.2, of i-st. in -e 83.4. Cf. Nom. Vowels, a into e 9; a from ṛ 12; a as Svarabhakti 31.1; ā from aya, āya 27.1,2, from avā 27.4.—ī into e 10.2, 11; from ṛ 12, from e 15.1,2; from u 19 8; ī from yā 25.1; from āyi 27.6, from -iya 27.7; ī as Svarabhakti 30.—ū into o 10.2, 11; u from ṛ 12, 14; from o 15.3,4; from a 19.2; from ī 19.8; ū from vā 25.2; from upa 28.1; u as Svarabhakti 31.2.—Vowel-assimilation 16, 17; Vowel influenced by Consonant 18; Reduction of 19, 23; Syncope 20; Shortening and Lengthening 8, 21, 22, 32, 33, 82.4, 83.8, 96.8.—Nasal vowels 6.3, 32 2.—ṛ in P. 12, 13, 14.—Vowel-strengthening 3

B. Index of Words

c9.s2.1

*akam, akamha, akaram, akā* etc. see *kar* *akalu* 39.1 *akilāsu* 39.1 *akuppa* 15.8 *akkocchi* 164 *akkhāti, akkhissam* see *khyā* *akkhi, acchi* 56.1, 85 *agamam* etc. see *gam* *agaru, agalu* 34 *agga* 29 *aggahim* etc. see *grah* *aggi* 82 *agyantarāya, agyāgāra* 58.8, 67 *acārim* etc. see *car* *accayanti* see *i* *acci* 101 *acceka* 27.6 *accha* 12.1, 56.1 *acchati, acchatam* 126, 135 2 *accharā* 57, 100 4 *acchi, akkhi* 56.1, 85 *acchi* = *acci* 62.1 *acchidā, acohindi, acchecchi* see *chid* *acchera, acchariya* 27.5, 47.2, p. 91 f.-n. 4 *ajini, ajesi* see *ji* *ajjuka* 19.2 *ajjhena* 26.1 *añña, -tara, -tama* 113, 3—5 *aññāsim* etc. see *ñā* *aṭṭa* (1) 64.1; (2) 64.1, 194 *aṭṭiyati* 186.4, 188:3, 191 *aṭṭhā, -āsi* etc. see *sthā* *aḍḍha, aḍḍha* 55, 119.2 *aḍḍhatiya* 65.2, 119.2 *aḍḍhuddha* 61.1, 119.2 *aṭari* etc. 166 *aṭāni* 177 *atidhona* 27.3 *atta* 194 *attan* 92, 112.2, 118.4 *atraja* 53.2 *atriccha, -atā, -ati* 53.2 *adam, adāsim* etc. see *dā* *adum* Pron., 22, 66. 2b, 109 *addakkhim, addā, addasam, addasāsim* see *darś* *addiyati, addita* 176.1, 195 *addha, aḍḍha* 119.2 *addhan, -unā* etc. 19.2, 92.3 *addhāna* 92.2 *adhosi* 163.3. *anana* 12.4 *anubhomi* etc. 131; see *bhū* *anumodiyanam* 214 *anelaka* 48 2 *antaradhāyati* 31.1, 138 *antarārati* 46 8 *antorana* 67 *anvadeva* 54.5 *anvaya, anveti* 54.5, 67; see *i* *anvāya* 212 (end) *apamsu* see *pā*

c9.s2.2

*apaṭipucchā* 27.2 *apattha, -am* 159.III 161.2 *apara* 118.7 *aparayāna* 36 *aparaṇha* 49.1 *apāpessam* 157 *apāruta* 13 *apucchasi* 161 *appuyya* 212 *apphoṭā* 42, p. 87 f. n 3 *apphoṭeti* 52.2 *abbahati, abbuhi* etc. see *barh* *abbuyha* 212; see *barh* *abhikkanta* 33.1 *abhikkhaṇam* p. 102 f -n. 1 *abhiññā* 27.2 *abhiṇham, -haso* 59.1 *abhitthavati* see *stu* *abhinibbayyātha* 123 *abhimatthati* 53 1. *abhiruyhitvā* p. 230 f.-n. 1 *abhivaṭṭa* 62.2 *abhedi* 177; see *bhid* *amaññam* etc. see *man* *amu ka)* 109 *amba* 51.5 *ambāṭaka* 42 1, 51.5 *ambila* 51 5 *ambuni* Loc. Sg. 85 *amma* 81. 2 *amhanā* 50.2, 92 1 *amhi* 50.6; see *as* *amhe, -hehi* etc. 50.6, 104.1-4 *ayam* Pron. 108 *ayya, ayyo* 52.5, 79 3 *arañjara* 17. 2b, 45 *arahant* 98.1 *arḍh* root, Pres. 125, 136; Fut. 155 *arodhi* 177 *alattha, -am* 159.III, 161.2 *alabbhaneyya* 201 *alāpu* 39.6 *alikā* 23 *alla* 64.1 *alliyati* see *li* *avaṅga* 88.5 *avacam, -cāsi* etc. see *vac* *avassam* 54.4 *avāpurati, -puraṇa* 88.5, 39.6 *avidvā* 100.2 *avekkhi* see *īkṣ* *avocam* etc. see *vac* *avhayati, -eti* 188 *as* root 50 6 ; Pres. 141.1 ; Aor. 159.IV *asam* Sg. Nom neut. 97.2, 98.3 *asakkhim* see *śak* *asayittha, -am* see *śī* *asu(ka)* see *adum* *asmā* 50. 2 *asmi* see *amhi, asme* see *amhe* *assu* 85 *assu(ṃ), assosi* etc. see *śru* ahāsi (1) 168.1; see hā; (2) 168.4; see har ahimkāra 19.1 ahum, ahuvā, -vāsī, ahosi, ahesum etc see bhū

c9.s2.3

āgu p. 72 f.-n. 4, 160. 4 ācera 27.5, p. 91 f.-n. 4 ājira 24 āṇā, āṇatti, āṇāpeti etc. 63.2; see jñā ātumānam p. 130 f.-n 1 ādinnavā 198 ādiyati 136.4, 175.1; see dā ādu, ādo 83 3 āñañca 58.1 āṇāpeti 180.2; see ni ānubhāva 24 āp root with pra (pāpuṇāti) 31; Pres. 148. 2; Fut. 156.8, Aor. 169.4; Caus. 157, 168.4, 178.1; Part. 204; Inf. 205 206; Ger. 210, 212 āpā 75 āpo, āpe, āpam p. 127 f.-n. 4 ābhanti see bhā āyūhati 37 ārammaṇa 45, 48 āroga, -gya 24, 53.3 Āḷavi 38.6 āḷārika 47.2 āḷāhana 42.3 ālinda 24 āvaṭṭa 64.1 āvudha 46.1 āvuso 46. 1 āveṇiya, -ka 36 āvelā 11, 35, 36.5 āveḷine 95. 2 ās root, Pres. 126, 129, 140.1; Part. 192 āsado, -dā 161; see sad āsādum for āsāditum 65.2 āsi etc. see as āha, āhu, āhaṃsu 171 āhañhi 153.2

c9.s2.4

i root, Pres. 125, 140.3; Fut. 19.1, 54.4, 150, 151.3; Inf. 204, 205; Part. 190, 194; Ger. 212 ikka 12.2, 56.1, 62 2 -ikkhisam, -ikkhiya see ikṣ iñj = iṅg 41.1 icchati etc. see iṣ; = īpsate 57.1, 184 iṇa 12.2 itara, itaritara 113.6 itthī 8, 29, 87.1 idāni 66.1 idha 37 Indapatta 62.2 ima Pron. st. 108 iriyā, -yati 30 1 irubbeda, iruveda p. 67 f.-n. 1 iṣ root (1) 57.1, 97.1; Pres. 128, 135.1; Aor. 167 2; Caus. 181.1; Part. 190, 196; Inf. 206; Ger. 210.—(2) 179.3 ise Sg. Voc 83.4; Pl. Acc. 83.6 issariya 15.2

c9.s2.5

īkṣ root, Aor. 166; Ger. 18

c9.s2.6

uggharati 56.2, 58.4 ugghāta 52.1 ucchaṅga 57 ucchādana 57 ucchittha 57 ucchu 16 1 a, 58.1 uju, ujju 12.3 uṇha, uṇhīsa 50.3 uttara 113.8 uṭṭhitha 63.3 udayabbaya 54.6 udāhu 22, 38.3 udiyyati 52.5 udukkhala 6 2 udūdha 66.1 udda 53 2 udrabhati. -hati p. 96 f.-n. 3 udraya, udriyati 53.2 upakkiliṭṭha. -kkilesa p. 79 f.-n. 4 upaṭṭhāka 27.2 upaṭṭhissam 151; see sthā upatheyya 39.5 uposatha 26.2 ubbaṭṭeti, ubbāsiyati 53.3 ubbigga 53.1,3 ubbinaya 53.3 ubbilla 15.1, 53.3 ubbillāvita 38 5 ubbūḷha(vant) = udūḍha 66.1 ubbejita 53 3 ubbhaṃ 59.3 ubhaya, ubho 114.2 ubhinnam 15.1 ummā 24 ummujjā etc. 18.1 ummūleti 52.4 umhayati 29 uyyāna, uyyutta 55 Uruvelā 10 ulāra 42.3 uḷuṅka 17.2a, 42.3 uḷumpa p. 64 f.-n. 1 usabha 12.3 usu 16.1a usumā, usmā 31.2, 50.4 usūya, usuyyā 16.1b usūyati 188 1 ussaṅkin 57 ussada, ussanna, ussava 57 ussaya 58.3 ussahati 57 ussāpeti 58.3, 180.2 ussāva 15.4, 46.1 ussāha, ussīsaka 57 ussita 58.3 ussukka, -kkati 15.4, 57, 188.1 ussussati 57; see śuṣ ussūra 57

c9.s2.7

ū = upa 28.1 ūḻā 66 1 ūmi 52.3 ūhadeti 28.1, 139.2

c9.s2.8

ūhanti p. 76 f.-n. 5 ūhasana 28.1

c9.s2.9

eka 114.1 ekacca, -cciya 118.9 ekārasa 48.1 ekodi 38.3 eta Pron. st. 107.1 etase Inf. 204 eti see i ettaka 27 7, 111.6 ettha 9 edi, edisa etc 11, 43.1 ena, na Pron. st. 66 1, 107 2 eyya 140.3; see i erisa, erikkha etc. 43 1 ela 43.2 eḷaṇḍa 44 eḷamūga 38 1 esa 107.1 esānā 27.2 esānā 192 essāmi, ehisi etc. see i

c9.s2.10

o=ava 26.2; =apa 28.2 oka 20 okkasati, okkassa see karṣ Okkāka p. 66 f.-n. 1, 56.1, 62.2 Okkāmukha 10 ogayhitvā p. 230 f.-n. 1 oggata p. 76 f.-n 7, p. 79 f.-n. 4 ojavam 96.2 ojā 10 oṭṭha (1) 5; (2) 10, 58.3 oṭṭappa etc. 28.2 odhi 26.2 opadhika 3 oma 26 2 orodha 26. 2 ovaraka 28.2 ovariyāna 214 osakkati 28. 2 p. 97 f.-n. 4, 62.2 ossajjati p. 79 f.-n. 4

c9.s2.11

ka Pron. st. 111.1 kakudha 40.1b kakka 52. 3 kakkaḷa 88.6 kaṅkhā 58.1 kaccha 56.1 kañcinam 111.1 kaṇṇā 81 kaṭhita 42 2, 53.3 kaḍḍhati 180 kaṇeru 47.2 kaṇḍuvatī 46.1, 188.2 kaṇha 12.4, 30.5, 50.3 katama, katara 111. 2 3 katāvin 198 3 kati 111 4 katte Sg. Voc. 90.5 kanta p. 218. f.-n. 2 kapoṇi 40 2b kappara 16 1d kabala, -likā 46.1 kammaṇiya, -ñña 55

c9.s2.12

kamman 19.2, 94 kammāsa 52.8 kayirā, -rati 47.2, 149, 175.1; see 1. kar
(1) kar root 'to do', Pres. 125, 126, 128, 129, 149; Fut. 19.1, 54.4, 150, 158.1; Cond. 157; Aor. 58, 159.III, 162.1, 166; Pass. 175.1; Caus. 178.2, 182 2; Part. 97.1, 2, 190, 191, 192, 194, 195, 198, 199.1, 201, 202; Inf. 204, 205, 206; Ger. 38.1, 209, 210, 211, 212, 213
(2) kar root 'to strew', Pres. 134; Aor. 167.2; Caus. 181.1; Ger. 8, 210, 213 kart root 144 karṣ root p. 79 f.-n. 4, 134, 161, 212 kalp root 14, 126, 182 kalla 54.5 kallahāra p. 92 f.-n. 4 kavi=kapi 38.5 kaviṭṭha 38.5, 64.3 kasaṭa 29 kasati see karṣ kasāyati 186.5 kasāva 46 1 kasina, kasira 59.2 Kasmīra 50.2 kassa 111.1 kassam 153.1; see (1) kar kassaka 52.3 kahāpaṇa 21 kākacchati 185 kākaṇikā 17 2b kālusya 30.2 kāsam 153.1; ee (1) kar kāsāva 46.1 kāhasi, kāhisi etc. 19.1, 54.4, 153.1; see (1) kar kim 111.1 kiñcana p. 149 f.-n. 1 kiṇāti etc. see krī kiṇṇa 54.5 kiṇha 12.4 kittaka, kittāvatā 27.7, 111.6 kipilla, -llikā 47.1 kibbisa 52.3 kira 45 kirati etc. see (2) kar kilañja 34 kilāsu 39.1 kissā, kismim, kimhi 34, 111.1 kiṭitam 205 kīva, -vatikā 46.1, 111.5 kukku 16.1a, 62.2 kukkusa 16. 1 a, 19. 2 kucchita 57 -kujjiya 213 kuḍuba, kuḍumala 35 kuḍḍa (1) 53.3; (2) 62.2 -kuṇṭhita 39 1 kutta, kuttaka, kutti 14 kuthita p. 74 f.-n. 1 kunnaḍī 24 kup root 122.1 kubbati etc. see (1) kar kubbara 6.2 kummagga 24 kummi, kuru, kurute see (1) kar kuruṅga 17.2a kurūra 31.2 Kusināra 36 kusīta 89.4 kusubbha, kuss. 24 kūṭaṭṭha 64 2 ke = ko 111,1 kevaṭṭa 64.1 ko = kva 25.2 koccha 10, 62.1 koṭṭha 27.8 kosajja p. 70 f.-n. 1, 39.4 Kosiya 36 kram root, Pres. 130.1; Fut. 154; Cond. 157.1; Aor. 166; Caus. 178.2 c; Int. 185; Ger. 209, 211, 212 krī root, Pres. 21, 145; Fut. 156; Aor. 196.4; Inf. 205, 206; Ger. 210 krīḍ root, Inf. 205 kvam, kvaci 53,9 kṣar root 56.2 kṣā root 56.2, 191 kṣī root 136.4, 197 kṣip root, Pres. 134; Inf. 206; Ger. 210

c9.s2.13

khajja 202 khana, chana 56 1c khattar 90.4, 5 -khattum 22.1, 33.1, 40.1a, 66.2b, 119.3 khan root, Part. 194; Ger. 212 -khanna, -khaṇḍiyāna see skand Khaṇḍapura 62.1 khamaniya 201 khamā, chamā 56.1c khalati 52.2 khallāṭa 54 5 khād root, Pres. 122, 128, 130; Fut. 154; Aor. 166; Part. 36, 190, 195, 201, 202; Ger. 209, 214 khāyita 36 khiḍḍā 62.1 khīyati 136.4; see kṣī khīla 40.1a khujja 40.1a khuḍḍā 40.2b, 56.1a khudda (1) 15.4; (2) p. 100 f.-n. 1 kheṭa 38.6 kho 20 khyā root, Pres. 125, 140; Fut. 151.1; Part. 190

c9.s2.14

gacch. see gam gaṇh- see grah gadrabha 65.1 gandha 61.1 gam root, Pres. 122.1, 128, 138.1; Fut. 65.2, 150, 155; Aor 159 II, IV, 165. 1, 167; Caus. 178.2 b; Int. 185; Part. 190, 191, 196, 199.1; Inf. 204.1a, 205; Ger. 209, 211, 212
(1) gar root 'to devour', Pres. 134; Aor. 167; Ger. 210

c9.s2.15

(2) gar root 'to wake up', Pres. 20, 149.4; Fut. 156; Aor. 169.2; Part. 190, 191, 196. Ger 206, 210 garaha, -haṇ 31.1 garu 34 gardh root, Pres. 136; Part. 196 galoci 11 gava 88.3 gahāya 212; see grah gahāyati 146, 186 5; see grah gahita, gaheti etc see grah
(1) gā root 'to go', Aor. 160.1
(2) gā root 'to sing', Pres. 138; Aor. 168.3; Caus. 178.1.1; Part. 194, 196; Ger. 210 gijjh- see gardh giṇi 30.5, 66.1 gimha 50.4 gir-, gil- see (1) gar guṇe = guṇehi 79.7 guṇṇam 15.3, 88.3 gumba 51.5, 65.1 guh root 133.3 geruka 19.3 geḷañña 3 go, goṇa 88.3 grah root, Pres. 125, 139.2, 146.2; Fut. 151.3, 156; Aor. 165.2, 166, 169.4; Pass. 175.3; Caus. 178.2a, 181.1; Den. 186.5; Part 190, 191, 195, 200; Inf. 206; Ger. 209, 210, 212

c9.s2.16

ghams see gharṣ ghammaṃ 37 gharṣ root, Pres. p. 95 f.-n. 2, 130.5; Part. 200; Ger. 210 ghāteti see han ghāyati see ghrā gheppaṃ 10 ghrā root, Pres. 132; Ger. 210

c9.s2.17

cakkhavāḷa 38.6 cakkhu 101 cakkhumant 96 caṅkamati 185, 195 caccara 46.2 cañculati 185 catu 115.4 catukka 62.2, 119.6 candimas 19.1, 100.1 cur root, Pres. 129, 130; Aor. 166; Part. 195, 197 carima 19 1 -calāyati 186 5 cāpāto 77 ci root, Pres. 131, 147.1; Fut. 151.3; Aor. 169. 4; Part. 190; Inf. 205; Ger. 210, 213 -cikicchati 184, 190; see cit cikkhalla p. 73 f.-n. 2 ciesa 212; see cit cicāyati, ciṭiciṭ- 20, 186.4 ciṇṇa 197; see car cit root, Des. 41.2, 181.1, 184; Part. 190; Ger. 212 citra, citta 53.2 cin- see ci cint root, Pres. 139.1; Aor. 165.2; Ger. 213 cinha, cihana 49.1 cirāyati 138, 186.1, 190, 195, 209 cunda(kāra) 41.1 cūla, culla 62.2 ce- see ci Cetu, Ceti, Cetiya, Cecca 39.4

c9.s2.18

cha 40.1a, 67, 72 1, 115.5 chaka(na) 40.1a chakala 39.1 chakka 52.1 chaḍḍūna 211 chaḍḍeti, -ḍḍāpeti 64.1, 178.1, 182.2 chana, khana 56.1c chaddan 53 1 chabbaṇṇa, chabbīsati 53 3 chamā 56.1c chāta 57 chāpa(ka) 39.6, 40.1a chārikā 56.1b chijj- see chid chid root, Pres. 144; Fut. 152, 156; Aor 161, 164, 168 3, 169.3; Pass. 55, 176.3; Caus. 179.3, 181.1, 182.2; Part 191, 196, 197, 200; Inf 205, 206; Ger. 209, 210, 213 chuḍḍha p. 100 f.-n. 1 checcham, -ati 152; see chid chejjapessāmi 181.1 cheḍātabba 200 cheppā 40.1a

c9.s2.19

jagg- see 2. gar jagghitāye 204c jaṅgamati 185; see gam jaccā=jātiyā 55, 86.2 jaññam, -ā 145; see jñā jaṇṇuka 64.3 jan root, Pres. 122.2, 129, 138; Aor. 168.4; Caus. 178.2b; Part. 194, 199.2; Ger. 209 jambonada 11 jammanam 94 jay- see ji jar root 52 5; Pres. 122.2, 137; Fut. 155; Aor. 159 IV, 168.3; Caus. 181.1; Part. 191, 197 jalābu 46 1 jalogi p. 83 f.-n. 7 jalla, -kā 40.2a jah- see hā jāgarati see 2. gar jāti 86 jān- see jñā jāno=jānam 97.2 jāpeti 180.2; see ji jāy- see jan ji root, Pres. 26.1, 131, 136.4; Fut. 151 3, 154, 156; Aor. 163.2, 169 4; P 175.1; Caus. 180.2; Des. 184; Part. 194, 196, 198, 199.2, 203; Inf. 206; Ger. 209, 210 jigucchā, -ati 18.2, 57, 184, 190, 195, 209 jigīsati, -imsati 184; see ji

c9.s2.20

jighacchati 184, 195 jin- see ji jimha 49.1 jiyā 30.2 jiyy- see jar jīvhā 49.1 jīy-, jīr-, jīrāp- see jar jīv root, Pres. 125, 127, 128, 130.1; Part. 190, 191; Inf. 205 juhati, juhāmi 142.3 jūhati, -to p. 177 f.-n. 3 je- see ji jotati 130 jñā root 63.2; Pres. 128, 145; Fut. 151.1, 156; Aor. 163.1, 169.4; Pass. 136.4, 175.1, 176.1; Caus. 180.1, 181 1; Part 97.2, 190, 191, 194, p. 218 f.-n. 3, 200, 202, 203; Inf. 205; Ger. 209, 210, 212, 213 jval root 41.2; Caus 178.2 c; Int. 185, 191.

c9.s2.21

jhallikā 34 jhāyati, jhāpeti, jhāma 56.2, 191; see kṣā jhāyati see dhyā

c9.s2.22

ñatti 53.1 ñāṇa 42.5 ñāya 55 ñāyati, ñissam see jñā

c9.s2.23

ṭhap-, ṭhass-, ṭhah-, ṭhāy- see ṭhā ṭhatī, ṭhāna etc. 64.2

c9.s2.24

ḍamsa 42 3 ḍas, ḍams see ḍas ḍah see ḍah ḍāha 42 3 ḍeti 131.1

c9.s2.25

ta Pron. st. 105 tam=tvām 104 tamyathā 105.2 takka 53 2 takkara 62.2 Takkasilā 62.2 Takkāriye Sg. Voc. 80.2 takkola, Takkola 47.1 tacchati 56.1b taṇhā 30.5, 50.3 tatiya 23, 118 -tatta see tras tattaka 111.6 tattha, tatra 53.2, 62.1 tadam 105 3 tadamīnā 108.1 tan root, Pass. 175 3, 177 tabbamsika 53.3 tabbiparīta 67 tamba, Tambapaṇṇi 51.5 tar root, Pres. 130.4; Aor. 166; Part. 197; Inf. Caus. 206; Ger. 210, 213, 214 taruṇa, taluṇa 44 tasinā 30.5, 50.3 -tasita, tasitāya see tras tasmātiha 73.5 tāy- see tan and trā tārayetum 206; see tar tāvattiṃsā 46.1 tālavaṇṭa 64.1 ti = iti 66.1 ti Numeral 115.3 tikkhati 41.2, 126, 181.1, 184, 190, 205; see cit tikkha, tikhiṇa 58.3 tiṭṭh- see ṭhā tiṇṇannaṃ 115.3 tiṇha 59 1 tittikkhati 184 tiṇtiṇi p. 89 f.-n. 3 tipu 34 tipukkhala 44 tippa 61.2 tibba 61.2 timissā 16.1 c with i.-n. 0, p. 69 timbaru 34 tiriyam 66.2 b tivaṅgika 46.1 tiha 25 1 tuṇhī 66.2 tutta 15.3 tud root, Pres. 134; Part. 197 tuma Pron. st. 107.4 tumhe, -hehi etc. 50.4, 104 tuyhaṃ 60 turita p. 74 f.-n. 1 tuṣ root 125 tekecchā 34 tepiṭaka 3 terasa, telasa 26.1, 44, 116.2 terisa 26.1, 116.2 tyamha 107.3 tras root, Part. 62.2, 194, 196, 203 trā root, Pres. 138 tvaṃ 104

c9.s2.26

thaketi, thakana 39.1 thaneti, -tta 52.2 tharu 57 -thavati 140; see stu thāmasā, -mena 94 thi = itthi 29, 87.1 c thīna 25 1 thunāti, -nimsu 149, 169.4 thusa 40.1 a thera 27.5 theva 38.5

c9.s2.27

dakkh- see daś dakkhina 56.1 a dakkhineyya 10 dajj- see dā dattha 42.3; see daś datthā, dāṭhā 58 3 daddha 42.3, 64.3; see dah dattūpajīvin 197 dad- see dā daddara p 86 f.-n 3 daddallati 41 2, 185, 191 daddula 44 dandha p. 84 f.-n. 1 Damiḷa 46.4

c9.s2.28

dammi see dā daś root, Pres. (passati) 125, 128, 186.2; Fut. 19.1, 32.2, 152, 155; Aor. 161.3, 162.3, 164, 165 1, 166, 168.3, 170; Pass. 175; Caus. 6.3, 176.1; Part. 97.2, 100, 190, 191, 194, 199. 1, 201, 203; Int. 204, 205; Ger. 59.4, 209, 210, 213 daś (das) root 42.3; Pres. 138.2; Caus. 181.1 -dassitā 100 dasso = dāsiyo 86.2 dah (dah) root 42.3, 64.3; Pass. 175.2; Part. 191, 194 dah-, see dhā daha = hrada 47.2 dā root, Pres. 125, 143; Fut. 150, 151.1; Cond. 157; Aor 159.1, 168, 169.2, 170; Pass. 136.4, 175 1; Caus. 180.1; Des. 130 6, 184; Part. 190, 191, 194, 197, 199.1, 202; Inf. 204, 205; Ger. 209, 210, 212 dāṭha 42.3, 58.3 dātta 7 dāni 66.1 dābhi 7 dāya, dāra 46.1 dālemu 125 dāhisi 150; see dā di-, dvi- 21 diguccati 41.2 dighañña 41 2 dicchati, -re 130 6, 184; see da dindima, dendima 41.3 dinna 197; see dā divaddha, diy- 46.1 ditā 88 4 dis root, Pres. 134; Caus. 179.3; Ger. 210 disva 59.4; see daś dīghāyu 101 du- 21 duka 119.6 dukkha p. 95 f.-n. 1 duccarita 62.2 dujivha 21 dutiya 23 duttara 62.2 dubbuṭṭhuka 52.5 dubbhati, -dubbhihu p. 104 f -n. 2 dubhaya 114.2 duyhati 49.1 dullabha 52.5 durannaya 54.5 duvidha 21 dūseti 179.5 deṇḍima, diṇḍima 41.3 demi etc 143; see da dehāni 45 dosa, dosaniya 25 3 dosina 59.2, 63 3 dohala, -ḷini 42.3 dvi-, di- 21 dvi Numeral 114.2 dvidhā 53.4 dvinnaṃ 15.1 dvipadam Pl. Gen. 69 dviha 25.1 dvejjha 55 dvedhā 53.4 dveḷhako 42.4

c9.s2.29

dhaṅka 62.2 dhanita 53 3 dhamma 78 dhā root, Pres. 37, 123, 125, 142.2; Fut. 151.3, 156; Aor. 165, 169.2; Pass. 89 5, 175.1; Caus. 180 1, 181.1; Part. 190, 191, 192, 194, 196, 199.1, 2, 202; Inf. 204, 205, 206; Ger 210, 212 dhītar 91.3 dhū root 125, 147.3 dhe- see dhā dhenu 86 dhovati 34, 130 dhyā root, Pres. 138; Part 190; Inf. 206

c9.s2.30

na Pron. st. 66.1, 107.2 nugga 30.5 naṅyala 45 naṅyuṭṭha p. 89 f.-n. 2 naṅgula 45 nacc- see nart namakkāra 62.2 najjā, jjo, -jjāyo 55, 86.2 nattar 91.1 nadī 86 namassati 188.2; Pres. 136.4; Part. 190, 191 nāmeti 178.2c nay- see nī nart root, Pres. 126, 186.1; Aor. 108.3; Part. 190 nalāṭa 45 navuti 19.2 naś root Pres. 125, 136.1; Cond. 157 nahā-, nahāy- see snā nahāna 50.5 nahāpita 90.4 nahāru, nhāru 46.3, 50.5 nāvā 88.2 nikkha, nekkha 10, 52.2 nigrodha 21, 53.2 nighaṇṭasi 38.1 nighaṇḍu 61.1 niṅka 25.1 niccala 62.2 nicchiya 213; see ci nicchuthati 58 4 niḍḍa 6.2 ninna 52.4 nippesika 62.2 nibbāy- see vā nibbijj, nibbind- see 2. vid nimujjā etc. 18. 1 niya 36 niyy- see nī niyyāti etc., niyyāsa 52 5 nisinna 17.2d, 197; see sad nī root, Pres. 128, 131.1, 136.4; Fut. 151.3, 155; Aor. 163.2, 167.1; Pass. 175.1; Caus. 180 2; Part. 191, 194, 199.1, 202; Inf. 204, 205; Ger. 210

c9.s2.31

nuṭṭhubhati, -hati 16.1 a, 37 nud root, Pres. 134; Part. 197; Ger. 212 ne- see nī nekkha, niḷḷhu 10, 52.2 Nerañjarā 43 2 nh- see nah-

c9.s2.32

pakiriya 8; see 2. ar pakkaṭṭhita, -ṭṭhita 42.2 with f.-n. 6 on p. 87 pakkuṭṭhita, -ṭhita p. 87 f.-n. 6 pakhuma 58.3 pagevataram 103 2 paggharati 56.2; see kṣar pac root 130.1, 175.3, 181.1, 199.2 paccosakkati 28.2, p. 97 f.-n 4, 62.2 -pajj- see pad Pajjunna 23 paññatta p. 218 f.-n. 3 paññavant 23 paññā, paññāṇa 53.1 paññāsa 48 pañha, pañhipaṇṇi 50.1 paṭaṃga 42.1 paṭi, paṭi 42.1 paṭikkhamma 136 1 paṭikkūla 33 1 paṭigacca 38.1, 212 paṭivimsa 46.1 paṭivissaka 15.1 paṭisamyati 188 3 paṭṭhaya 64 2 paṭhama 42.2 paṭhamataram 103.2 paṭhavī, paṭhavī etc. 12 4, p. 70 f.-n. 2, 42.2

c9.s2.33

paṇarasa, paṇṇāsa 48, 63 2, 116 2 paṇhi(ka), pāsaṇi 58.2 paṭaṃga p. 87 f.-n. 4 patara 39.4 patī see paṭi patitāmi 172 patibbatā 54.6 patisallāna 27.1 patthay- 187.1, 191, 192, 195 patha 93.4 pathī Sg. Loc. 89 pad root, Pres. 125, 136.1; Fut. 155; Cond. 157; Aor. 161, 166, 168.3; Caus. 178.2a, 181.1; Part. 197, 199.2; Ger. 210, 212 padā Sg. Instr. 89 pana 34 pantha 93.4 pannarasa, paṇṇ- 48 pappuyya, pappoti etc see āp papphāsu 34 pabbaja, babbaja 39.6 pabhe, pabbesu 94 pamādassam 170; see mad pamādo 161 b; see mad pamha 59.1 payirud. 47.2 par root, Pass. 52 5, 168.3, 175.2; Caus 178.2 a, 182.2; Part. 197 para 113.7 parinibbāyi, -bbāhisi see vā paripphoseti, -saka 62.1 paribbaya 54.6 parima 19.1 pariḷāha 42.3 parisā 66 2 palavati, pil- 31.1; see plu palāpa 39.6 palāy-, pale- p. 74 f. n. 4, 139.1, 150, 206 palikuṇṭhita, palig- 39.1 palikha, -gha 39 2 palikhaṇati 44 paligedha, -dhin 10 palissajati 44, 54 4 palujjati 44 pale- see palāy palokine 95.2 pallaṅka 54.5 pallattha 51.5 pavissāmi, -sissāmi 65 2, 155 pavecchati p. 186 f. n. 2 pasada 12.1, 38.3 pasibbaka 15 1 pasuta 19 3 pass- see das passo = passam 97.2 pahamsati 37 pā root, Pres. 125, 132; Fut. 151.1, 155; Aor. 163 1, 165.1, 167.1; Caus. 180.3; Des. 184; Part. 190, 202; Ger 209, 210 pākaṭa 33.1 pācittiya p. 75 f. n. 1 pāceti 39.3 pāṭibhoga 24 pāṭiyekka 24 pāṭihīra 27.6 pāṇine 95.2 pātu 39 4 pātubhāva 67 pāto 66.2a pāṇiya 23 pāpattha see apattha pāpay- see āp pāpiṭṭhatara 103 1 pāpiyas 100.3, 103.1 pāpissika 103.1 pāpuṇ- see āp pāpuraṇa 19.2 pāmimsu 163 1; see mā pāyāsi, -yimsu 163 1; see yā pārājika p. 83 f. n. 8 pāruta 13 pārupati, -pana 47.2 pārepata 34 pāva 160 4 pāvacana 33.1 pāvusa 12.3 pāvekkhi 164; see vis pāsaṇi 58.2 pissati 151.1; see pā pāheti, -si see hi pi 66.1 piṇḍaka 55 piṇḍaddevika 46.1 pilar 91

c9.s2.34

piṭito 77.2, p. 129 f. n. 2 piṭṭhiyati 39.5; see dhā pipatam 132; see pā pipphala, -ḷī 62.1 piṭakkhu 30.4 pilandhana, -ti 37, 43.2 pilav-, pilāp- see plu piv- see pā puhkusa 17.2 a pucch- see prac puñjati 61.1 puṭṭha 194; see prac puttāni 76 puttimā 19.1 puthu 22 puthujjana 17.2 a puna, puno 34, 66 2 pubba (1) 46.1; (2) 113.8 pubbaṇha 49.1 puman 93.5 Purindada p. 89 f. n. 1 purisa 29, 30.3 pure 66.2 pūjay- Pres. 139; Fut. 151.3; Aor 168.4; Pass. 176 1; Part. 200, 201 pūr- see par pūva 38.5 pekhuṇa 19.2 peṭṭika 6.2 peḷā 35 poṇa 26 2 pothujjanika 3 posa 30.3 posatha 66.1 posāvanika, -ya 36 prac root, Pres. 122.2, 126, 128, 134; Fut. 155; Aor. 167; Pass. 176.2; Caus. 181.1; Part. 191, 192, 194, 196, 199.2; Inf. 205, 206; Ger. 211, 212 plu root 31.1, 179.4

c9.s2.35

pharasu 40.1 a pharusa 40.1 a phala (gaṇḍa) 40 1 a phalāphala 33 1 phaḷika 38 6 phaḷu 40.1 a phass- see sparś phussa 52 2 phārusaka 40.1 a phāḷbhaddaka 40 1 a phāsu(ka) 62.1 phāvukā 40.1 a phuṭṭha 194 see sparś phulaka 40 1 a phus- see sparś phusita 40.1 a phussa 40.1 a pheggu 9

c9.s2.36

baṭṭimsa 53.3, 116.2 bandh root, Pres. 146.4; Fut. 154 3; Aor. 169.4; Pass. 175.3; Caus. 154.3; Inf. 206; Ger. 210, 213 bappa 62.2 babbu(ka) 62.2 babbhara 20 barh root 6 2, 128, 167, 194, 212 bavhābādha, bavhodaka 49. 1 bārasa, bāvisati 53. 3, 116. 2 bilāra, -rikā, -la 45 billa, bella 54. 5 bujjh- see budh buddha, vuḍḍha 46. 1, 64. 1 budh root 136. 1, 181. 1, 192 bunda 62 2 bubhukkhati 184, see bhuj bella, billa 54. 5 brahant, brahā 13 brahman 19. 2, 92. 2, 3 brū root 125, 141. 2, 159. IV brūheti 13

c9.s2.37

bhaj, bhañj root, Pres. 144; Fut. 156 2; Part 197, 199. 2; Inf. 206 bhajeti 139. 2 bhan root 126, p. 180 f-n. 1 bhadda, bhadra 53. 2 bhante 98. 3 bhar root, Pass 52. 5, p. 205 f-n. 2. 191 bhavant 98. 3 bhasta 40. 1 a, 52 2 bhastā 52. 2 bhasma 50. 6 bhassati 136. 1 bhā root 140. 2 bhākuṭika 3 bhātar 91. 2, 3 bhāy- see bhi bhāṣ root 'to speak' 122 2, 126, 128 -bhūsare 122. 2 bhikkhu 82, -ave- 82. 5 bhīṅkāra, -gāru 61 2 bhijj. see bhid bhid root, Pres. 144; Fut. 152, 156 2; Aor. 161. 1 b, 168 3, 169. 3; Pass. 136. 4, 177; Caus. 181. 1; Part. 190, 197, 199. 2; Ger. 209, 210, 212 bhindvāla 38. 5 bhayyo 18. 2, 103 1 bhisa 40. 1 a bhisakka 63. 1 bhisi 40, 1 a bhī root 138, 168. 3, 179. 4 bhirati Pass. from bhar bhuj root, Pres. 128, 144; Fut. 152, 156; Aor. 169. 3; Caus. 179. 1; Des. 184; Part. 190, 191, 198, 199. 2, 201, 202; Inf. 205, 206; Ger. 209, 210 -bhuṇāti 131. 2; see bhū bhuvi Sg. Loc. 86 5 bhusa 40. 1 a bhū root, Pres. 26. 2, 37, 39. 6, 122. 2, 126, 131. 2; Fut. 27. 5, 151. 3, 154. 2; Cond. 157; Aor. 162. 2, 163. 3, 165. 1, 167. 170; Pass. 175. 1; Caus. 179. 4; Part. 190, 191, 199. 1, 200, 202; Inf. 204. 1 b, 206; Ger. 209, 210, 212 bhecchati 152; see bhid bhokkhaṃ 152; see bhuj

c9.s2.38

bhotā etc. 98. 3 -bhoti, -bhossaṃ etc. see bhū

c9.s2.39

makasa 47. 2 makkhikā 56. 1 a maga 12. 4 maghavan 93. 3 mamkuna 6. 3 macca 58. 2 maccharin 57 macchariya, -era 27. 5, p. 91 f-n. 4 majj- see mad majjhatta 62. 2 majjhima 19 1 maññ see man maṭṭa, maṭṭha 62. 2 mata 42. 1 matameyya p. 176 f-n. 1 -matthati 53. 1 matihaluṅgā 17. 2 c mad root, Pres. 126, 136. 1; Aor. 161. 1 b, 169. 3, 170; Inf. 206; Ger. 210 madhuya 66 2 b man root, Pres. 129, 136 1, 139. 2, 149; Fut. 155; Aor. 159. 11, 161, 168. 3; Des 46. 4, 184; Inf. 205; Ger. 206 manam 66. 2 b mantarho 126 mamāy 196. 3, 195 mamiṅkāra 19. 1 mayam 104. 2 mayūkha mayūra 27. 8 (with f-n. 3 on p. 76) mar root, Pres. p. 95 f-n. 4, 122. 2, 137; Fut. 155 3; Caus 176. 1, 178. 2 a, 182 2 a; Part. 191, 193; Inf. 204. 1 b, 206, 207 mañyādā 30. 1 maruva 31. 2 malya 54. 5 massu 50. 2 mahemase 129 mā root, Pres. 146. 3; Aor. 163. 1; Part. 202; Ger. 210 Māgandiya 38. 1 mātar 91 mālito 77, p. 129 f-n. 2 māmaka 112. 1 miga 12 4 migarā 46. 1 mimjā p. 65 f-n. 4, 18. 2 -mināti, etc. see mā miyy-, miy- see mar milakkha, -kkhu 34 milāca 62 2 Milinda 43. 2 missa 54. 4 mihita, sita 50. 6 mu root 18 -mukka 197; see muc mukkhara 24 mugga 52. 1 -mugga 197 muc, muñc root, Pres. 128, 135. 3, 136. 4; Fut. 152, 155; Aor. 167. 2, 168. 3;

c9.s2.40

Pass. 175. 3; Caus. 181. 1; Part. 190, 196, 197; Inf. 206; Ger. 209, 210 mucalinda 34 muccati, muccheti 62. 2 with f.-n. 4 on p. 104 muta, muti 18. 1 mutiṅga 23, 39. 4 muditā 19. 8 muddhan 92. 1, 2 muḷāla, -li 12.3 43. 3 muh root 191, 201 mejjati 136. 1 mettika 6. 2 meraya 23 mokkh- see muc motabba, motar see mu -modathavho 126 momuha, -hati 37, 185 mora 27. 8

c9.s2.41

ya Pron. st. 110 yakanam 94 yaj root 66. 1, 128, 194, 205 yaṭṭhum 205; see yaj yam root 133 yasmātiha 73. 5 yā root, Pres. 138, 140. 2; Aor. 163. 1, 168. 3; Caus. 180. 1; Inf. 204. 1 a; Ger. 210 yāgū 27. 4 -yādeti, -yādāpeti 38. 3, 178. 2, 182. 2, 200 yāpeti, yāpanīya 180. 1, 201 yiṭṭha 66. 1, 194; see yaj yuj root, Pres. 144; Aor. 169. 3; Pass. 176. 2; Caus. 179. 3, 182. 2; Part. 194 yuvan 93. 2 ye = yam 110. 2 yeva 66. 1

c9.s2.42

ramsi, rasmi 50. 2, 65. 1 racchā, rathiyā 55 rajetave 201 1 a rajjati 136. 1, 206 ratto 86. 5 ratana 66. 1 -raṭṭāyam 86. 5 ratyā -o 58. 3, 86. 2 randha 58. 1 ram root 196, 165. 1 -rasa = -dasa 43. 1 rasmi see ramsi rassa 49. 2 rahada 47. 2, 49. 2 rājan 92 rājula 19. 3 rāmaṇeyya 10 ric root 144, 156, 210 -risa, rikkha 43. 1, 112. 3 ru root 140. 1, 169. 1 rukkha 13 ruc root 122. 2, 128, 136. 2, 179. 3, 181. 2 ruṇṇa, roṇṇa 197 ruda, ruta 38. 3 rudda p. 88 f.-n. 6 -rumbhati, -rumhati, -rundhati 60, 144

c9.s2.43

rummavatī 53, 1 rummavāsī, rummi p. 96 f.-n. 2 ruh root, Pres. 133. 3; Aor. 167; Caus. 180. 2, 182. 2; Ger. 210, 212 with f.-n 1 on p. 230 ruhva 37 rūpa 78 roṇṇa see ruṇṇa

c9.s2.44

lakanaka, laketi 39. 1 lag root, Pres. 136. 2; Caus. 179. 5, 182 2; Part. 197; Ger. 210 lacch- 150, 152; see labh lajjitāya 203 laddhā Aor. 159. III see labh laṭṭhi(kā) 46. 3 lapetave 204 1 a labh root, Pres. 121, 122 2, 124, 126-129; Fut. 150, 152; Cond. 157; Aor. 159. III, 161. 2, 166; Caus. 178 2 a; Part. 194, 201; Inf. 205; Ger. 209, 210 lahu(ka) 37 lākkā 5 lāpa, lāpu 39. 6 lālappati 185 lāyita, -tvā 46. 2 Lāḷa 38. 6 lip, limp root, Pres. 135. 3; Caus. 181. 1; Part. 190, 199. 2; Ger. 210 lih root 130. 5, 167 lī root 136. 1, 168. 3, 197, 210 lujjati 44, 136. 4, 175. 3 ludda 15. 4, 44 ludda(ka) 62. 2 -lubbha 212 lukkha 44 lūna 197 leḍḍu 62. 2 loṇa 26. 2 loḍḍa 44, 62. 2 loma, roma 44, 94 loluppa 185 lohita, rohita 44

c9.s2.45

va = iva, eva 66. 1 vaka 12 1 vakkh- see vac vac root, Pres. 136. 4; Fut 152; Aor. 162. 4, 165. 1; Pass. 175 3; Des. 184; Part. 66. 1, 191, 194; Inf. 204. 1 a, 205; Ger. 209 vacch see vas vajira 30. 3 vajjam 143 e vañcit' ammi p 203 f -n. 1, 173. 2 vaṭam sa(la) 42. 1, 66. 1 vaṭuma 58. 2 -vaṭṭa 62. 2 vaṭṭa vaṭṭati 64. 1; see vart vaḍḍh, see vardh vaḍḍhi, vuddhi 12. 4, 64. 1 vaṇibbaka 46. 1 vaṇṭa 64. 1 va 54. 6 att- see vart The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.

c9.s2.46

The craft guilds, which became so powerful in the later Middle Ages, were the successors of the earlier *collegia* of the Roman Empire. The *collegia* were associations of artisans and tradesmen, which were recognized by the state and had a legal existence. When the Roman Empire fell, these associations were largely destroyed, but the idea of association for mutual protection and the regulation of trade survived. In the early Middle Ages, the *gilds* began to reappear, and by the twelfth century they were firmly established in many of the cities of Europe.

c9.s2.47

The craft guilds were organized on a democratic basis, and every member had a voice in the management of the guild's affairs. The officers were elected by the members, and the rules and regulations were made by the guild as a whole. The guilds had the power to fix prices, to regulate the hours of labor, and to determine the conditions of apprenticeship. They also had the power to punish members who violated the rules, and to expel those who were guilty of serious offenses. The guilds were thus a powerful force in the economic life of the Middle Ages, and they played an important part in the development of the modern industrial system.

c9.s2.48

The decline of the craft guilds began in the sixteenth century, when the rise of the factory system and the growth of international trade made it difficult for the small, local guilds to compete with the larger and more efficient industrial organizations. The guilds were also weakened by the growth of the power of the state, which began to regulate trade and industry directly, and by the rise of the capitalist class, which sought to break the power of the guilds and to establish a system of free competition. By the end of the eighteenth century, the craft guilds had largely disappeared, but their influence lived on in the trade unions and other labor organizations of the modern world.

c9.s2.49

The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.