Pali Literature and Language c9.s2.45

c9.s2.45

va = iva, eva 66. 1 vaka 12 1 vakkh- see vac vac root, Pres. 136. 4; Fut 152; Aor. 162. 4, 165. 1; Pass. 175 3; Des. 184; Part. 66. 1, 191, 194; Inf. 204. 1 a, 205; Ger. 209 vacch see vas vajira 30. 3 vajjam 143 e vañcit' ammi p 203 f -n. 1, 173. 2 vaṭam sa(la) 42. 1, 66. 1 vaṭuma 58. 2 -vaṭṭa 62. 2 vaṭṭa vaṭṭati 64. 1; see vart vaḍḍh, see vardh vaḍḍhi, vuddhi 12. 4, 64. 1 vaṇibbaka 46. 1 vaṇṭa 64. 1 va 54. 6 att- see vart The *fraternities* of the Middle Ages, which were so numerous and so varied in their objects, were not all of the same origin. Some were religious, some social, some charitable, and some industrial. The religious guilds, or *gilds*, as they were often called, were associations of laymen for the purpose of performing religious duties, such as the maintenance of a chaplain, the celebration of masses, or the support of a hospital. The social guilds were formed for the purpose of mutual aid and good fellowship, and often included in their objects the relief of the poor, the sick, and the aged. The charitable guilds were established for the purpose of supporting hospitals, almshouses, and other institutions of mercy. The industrial guilds, or *craft guilds*, were associations of men engaged in the same trade or industry, and were formed for the purpose of regulating the trade, protecting the interests of the members, and maintaining the quality of their work.