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A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas c14: Additions & Corrections

A History of the Canonical Literature of the Jainas c14

Language
English

Additions & Corrections

c14.1

¹ In the transliteration of Pāiya and Saṃskṛta words, a diacritical mark has in some places dropped out or suffered displacement or wrongly given. This has given rise to errors. Of them, some have been rectified in Indexes, and hence they are not included here.

c14.2

| Page | Line | |
| 2 | 11 | *Read* out *for* off. |
| 3 | 29 | ,, इंदभूई ,, इदभूई. |
| 4 | 19 | *Add* or *ādēśa* after *maṭykāpuda*. |
| 5 | 23 | ,, at the end of fn. 1: See *Svayambhūstotra* (v. 114), too. |
| 8 | 2 | *Read* Upādhyāya's for Upādhāya's. |
| 9 | 5 | ,, the *for* our. |
| 10 | 21 | ,, कंडिकावत् *for* कडिकावत्. |
| ,, | 22 | ,, सव्वं *for* सव्वं. |
| 12 | 22 | ,, कालियमुयं *for* कालियमुय. |
| ,, | 23 | ,, पुढत्ताणु० *for* पुढताणु०. |
| 14 | 18 | ,, काविलिअं *for* कावालिअं. |
| 16 | 30 | *Add* Pt. II *after* see. |
| ,, | last | *Read* ध्ययनानि *for* ध्ययनानि. |
| 18 | 2 | ,, 11 *for* 12. |
| ,, | 19 | ,, *jñānu* *for* *jñānu*. |
| 19 | last | ,, प्रधानं *for* प्रधान. |
| 20 | 3 | ,, *nāṇa* *for* *nāṇā*. |
| 21 | last | ,, समवायधरे णं *for* समवायधरेणं. |
| 24 | last | *Add* पमायप्पमायं *after* चन्दाविज्झं. |
| 26 | 22 | *Read* ukkāliyu *for* kaliyu. |
| 27 | 20 | *Add*: with the exception that in *Dhavalā* there is mention of *Chedasutta*. |
| ,, | 25 | *Read* *Vyākaraṇa* *for* *Veyyākaraṇa*. |
| 28 | 14 | ,, 12 such *for* such 12. |
| 29 | 34 | ,, *prācīna* *for* *prāānu*. |
| 31 | 35 | *Add* as suggested in *Prabhāvakacarita* *after* time. |
| 33 | 17 | ,, Vide p. 137, fn. 2 *after* at present. |
| ,, | 23 | *Read* available at *for* lost by. |
| 36 | 5 | ,, *Mūlasūtras* *for* *Mīlasūtra*. |
| 37 | 28 | *Add* of Nisiha *before* we. |
| 38 | 19 | ,, a fn. on some: See *Jaina sāhityano saṅkṣipta itihāsa* (p. 75). |
| 41 | 29 | ,, except *Mahānisīha* (vide p. 80, fn. 4) *after* antiquity. |

c14.3

43 9 *Add in the beginning:* On seeing that सामाइयइ एआरस अगाइ अहिज्जइ occurs in *Antagaḍadasā* (12, 89), *Vivāgasuya* (212), *Nirayāvaliyā* (71, 72, 186) etc., and on taking into account *Āvassaya-nijjutti*, *Jiyakappa* and its *Cuṇṇi* (p. 5) and *Dasaveyaliyanijjutti*, Dr. A. M. Ghatage, in his article The Title *Mūla-sūtra* published in "The Jaina Vidya" (vol. I, No. 1, July 1941) remarks on p. 11:

c14.4

"The expression *mūlasūtra*, therefore would mean 'the texts which are to be studied at the beginning of the '*svādhyāya*'.' For further details see *addition* for p. 153, l. 21.

c14.5

,, 26 *Read* इति *for* इति. 45 2 ,, *Uttarajjhayā*, *Āvassayanijjutti*, *Dasaveyāliya* for *Uttarajhayana*, *Dasaveyāliya*, *Āvassaya*.

c14.6

,, 14 *Read* inter-arrangement *for* inter-arragement. 48 24 ,, पूर्वैर्जोपाङ्गैः *for* पूर्वैर्जोपाङ्गैः. 52 19 *Add* An *before* Epitome, and p. 692 *and before* Appendix. ,, 20 ,, A. D. 1917 *after* Ghosh. 53 28 ,,: There are ten types of *daviyāṇuoga*. See *Thāṇa* (s. 727). 55 13 ,, and some noted on p. 25 *after* Isibhāsiya. 58 6 ,, *after* p. XI": *Ādipurāṇa* (XXXIV, 135 ff.) and *Harivaṁśapurāṇa* (II, 92 ff.) give some information about the 12 *Aṅgas*.

c14.7

⁶¹ 22 *Read* survivors *for* servivors. 63 6 *Add* a fn. on *ālāvaга*. This word is used in *Thāṇa* (s.83,127, 160). 64 22 *Read* सोऊण *for* सो ऊण. 65 9 ,, thenceforth *for* thence forth. 66 27 *Add* to fn. 2: It may be that originally, there was an episode with different characters but the names of those characters were modified, the episode however, remaining the same as is possible since the history repeats itself many a time.

c14.8

⁷⁰ 11 *Read* with *for* wilh. 71 7 ,, at *for* as. 74 25 ,, reconciliations *for* reconcilations. *76 38 ,, they ,, thev. 77 25 ,, 925 *for* 933. 79 32 *Add* except *Senapraśna* (p. 55ᵃ) *after* source. ,, 32 ,, Here *pada* is said to equal 510, 886, 840 *ślokas* plus 28 *akṣaras*.

c14.9

⁸⁰ 35 *Read* गणहरेहिंअथत्त्ताए *for* गणहरेहिंअथत्त्ताए. 84 16 *Add* a fn. on *Ājīvagas*: See "Ājīvaka sect—A New Interpretation" by Prof. A. S. Gopani published in "Bhāratīya Vidyā" (vol. II, pt. II, pp. 201-210 and vol. III. pt. I, pp. 47-59).

c14.10

| Page | Line | |
| 84 | 22 | *Read dravyas for drayus.* |
| 86 | 8 | *Add a fn. on lores:* According to *Sirisirivālakahā*, the description of *Siddhacakra* given in its verses 196-206 is based upon the 10th *Puvva*. |
| 88 | 18 | *Add at the end of the line:* निज्रहति occurs in *Viāhapaṇṇatti* (XV, s. 1). Abhayadeva Sūri explains it as “निर्युयन्ति-पूर्वलक्षण-श्रुतपर्यायभूतान् निर्धारयन्ति, उद्धरन्तीत्यर्थः:” |
| 89 | 8 | *Add after Puvva (?):* XXVI *Saṃsattanijjutti*, the 2nd *Puvva* and XXVII *Pūyācavīsī*, some *Puvva*. |
| 90 | 8 | *Read Praśnottara° for Praśnottra°.* |
| 91 | 9 | *Add to after added.* |
| ,, | 20 | *Read as for a.* |
| ,, | 35 | ,, *fn. 1 for fn. 2.* |
| ,, | 36 | ,, *fn. 2 ,, fn. 1.* |
| 93 | 10, 16 | *Add of Nisīha after Visachunṇi.* |
| 96 | 37 | *Read अठ for अठ.* |
| 101 | 6 | *Add on p. 299 after thing.* |
| 103 | 9 | ,, *; From Abhidhānarājendra it appears that Mahāpaṇṇavaṇā is referred to in Paṇhāvāgaraṇa and Āvassaya.* |
| 107 | 17 | *Read intact for in tact.* |
| 112 | 20 | ,, *righteousness for righeousness.* |
| 114 | 33 | ,, *corresponding for correspesponding.* |
| 117 | 36 | ,, *त्मजति for सजति.* |
| 124 | 11 | ,, *matrās for matrās.* |
| ,, | 12 | *Add after saṃsṛṣṭi:* The late Prof. Madhav T. Patvardhan has discussed the *Vaitālīya* metre of several verses of *Sūyagaḍa* in his *Chandoracanā* (pp. 107-108). |
| 128 | 10 | *Read XXVII for XXVI.* |
| ,, | 33 | *Add after noted:* Mr. G. J. Patel must have seen at least some of these articles and must have come to a certain decision. I do not know what it is. It may be however inferred from the following lines occurring in his work *Śrī-Mahāvīrakathā* (p. 388) published very recently: |

c14.11

“હું હમણાં કાંઈ મરણ પામવાનો નથી. હજુ તો હું બીજાં ૧૬ વર્ષ જીવવાનો છું. માટે તું મેંદિક નગરમાં રેવતી નામે ગૃહપત્ની છે તેને ત્યાં જ. તેણે મારે માટે રાંધીને ભોજન તૈયાર કરેલું છે. તેને કહેજે કે, મારે તે ભોજનનું કામ નથી. પરંતુ તેણે પોતાને માટે જે ભોજન તૈયાર કરેલું છે, તે મારે માટે લઈ આવ.”

c14.12

Here he has changed his original translation as can be seen from the omission of certain words which according to him conveyed flesh-eating.

c14.13

| 129 | 3 | *Read across for a cross.* |
| 131 | 23 | ,, *धर्मों for धर्मों.* |
| ,, | 4 | ,, *arrest for attest.* |
| 133 | 25 | ,, *unflinching for unflincting.* |

c14.14

| Page | Line | |
| 135 | 30 | *Add after mantras:* Dr. Amulya Chandra Sen has composed *A Critical Introduction to the Paṇhāvāgaraṇaṃ the Tenth Aṅga of the Jaina Canon.*; but as I have not come across it, I cannot give any details. |
| 137 | 14 | *Read upon for to.* |
| 138 | 25 | ,, Gaṇadhara for Gaṇadahara. |
| 140 | 10 | ,, encyclopædia for encyclopedia. |
| 144 | 10 | ,, an for as. |
| ,, | 37 | ,, Epigraphica for Epigraphic. |
| ,, | 35, 36 | ,, across for accross. |
| 147 | 16 | ,, forms for form. |
| 152 | 12 | ,, dogma for dogmatics. |
| 153 | 21 | *Add a fn. after Āyāra:* Keeping in mind the meanings of *mūla-guṇa* and *uttaraguṇa* and *mūlaprakṛti* and *uttaraprakṛti*, Dr. A. M. Ghatage contrasts *uttarādhyayanāni* with *mūlādhyayanāni* and says: |
| | | > "The first expression should mean the latter group of chapters as contrasted with an earlier group of chapters. That they may refer to the two books Daśavaikālika and Uttarādhyayana is probable from the fact that both of them are divided into *ajjhayaṇas* or *addhyayanas*. Not so the first book of this list. The six Āvaśyaka tracts are only known by the name *sūtra* and they can be only referred to by an expression like *mūlasūtra*. |
| | | > To conclude, it may be suggested that the expression *mūla-sūtra* 'sūtra texts to be studied at the beginning of the svādhyāya' referred to the Āvaśyaka formulae, the expression *mūlādhyayana* referred to the first group of addhyayanas now forming the Daśavaikālika and the next thirty-six chapters got the name Uttarādhyayana. Later on, however, the first name was extended to cover the three books together and still later a fourth book was added, which was either the Piṇḍaniryukti or the Oghaniryukti."—"The Title Mūlasūtra" (p. 11) |
| 157 | 22 | *Read intact for in tact.* |
| ,, | 30 | *Add after work:* As regards the metres of *Dasaveyāliya*, the reader may refer to p. 119, fn. 1, p. 157 fn. 1, Prof. K. V. Abhyankar's article "Dissertation on an old metre etc." published in "Gujarat College Magazine" (No. 31 of February 1931), *The Daśavaikālikasūtra: A study* (chs. I-VI, pp. 20-27 & chs. VII-XII, pp. 101-106) and *Chandoracanā* (p 69). In this last work v. 2 of *Dasaveyāliya* (IV) is quoted as an illustration of the use of आ, ए and ओ as short vowels. |
| 159 | 29 | *Read पाक्षिकसूत्रे for पाक्षिकसूत्रे.* |
| 160 | 36 | ,, pp. 16-17 for p. 16. |

c14.15

| Page | Line | |
| 161 | 6 | *Add a fn. on Aṇuogaddāra:* This work is styled as *prakaraṇa* by Siddhasena Gaṇi in his com. (pt. I, p. 136) on *Tattvārtha*. |
| ,, | 15 | *Add a fn. on non-Jaina works:* *Caraka* and *Suśruta* are mentioned in the com. (p. 42ᵃ) of *Ohaṇijjutti*. |
| 162 | 8 | *Add a fn. on Rāmāyaṇa:* This is also the name of a work on dramaturgy. Vide Bhāsa's *Avimāraka* (TSS No. 20, p. 16). |
| 163 | 2 | *Add a fn. on Kappāsiā:* *Kappāsa* (Sk. *Kārpāsa*) is mentioned in v. 12 of *Ohaṇijjuttibhāsa*. |
| 165 | 4 | *Add after this:* and especially when the word *vāgaraṇaṃ* intervenes *puraṇaṃ* and *Bhāgavam*. |
| 169 | 9 | *Add after but:* Haribhadra Sūri (vide p. 4ᵃ of his com. on *Dasaveyāliya*). |
| 172 | 22 | *Read probability for probality.* |
| 177 | 10 | ,, *cursory for cursorary.* |
| ,, | 26 | ,, *removal for removals.* |
| 179 | 28 | ,, *erotic for erotics.* |
| ,, | 29 | *Add the after on.* |
| ,, | 32 | ,, *after cf.:* *Thāṇa* (IV, 2; s. 282). |
| 184 | 12 | ,, *Śānti after Vādivetāla.* |
| 186 | 31 | ,, *after Prākṛta:* as is the case with *Śilavaīkahā* occurring in *Arthadīpikā* (pp. 35ᵇ-99ᵃ) and *Bhīmakumārakathā*, a Ms. of which exists in a *Jaina Bhaṇḍara* in the Punjab. |
| 187 | 13 | *Add a fn. on Ohaṇijjutti:* A Ms. of its *Bhāsa* is in Jesalmere. |
| ,, | 24 | ,, *a fn. on Bhāsa:* It appears that Haribhadra Sūri in his com. (p. 21ᵇ) on *Dasaveyāliya* uses the word *Sāmayikabṛhad-bhāṣya* to denote *Visesa*. |
| ,, | 30 | *Read extinct for extant.* |
| 190 | 14 | *Add a fn. on Cuṇṇi:* A com. composed by Yativṛṣabha Ācārya on *Kaṣāyaprābhṛta* is known as *Cūrṇisūtra*. |
| 191 | 6 | *Add a fn. on Addhamāgahā:* This is defined by Abhayadeva Sūri in his com. (p. 78) on *Ovavāiya*. |
| ,, | 7 | *Add a fn. on Siddhivinicchaya.* See my article "A Note on Siddhiviniścaya and Sṛṣṭiparīkṣā" published in the Annals of B. O. R. I. (vol. XIII, pts. III-IV, pp. 335-336). |
| ,, | 11 | *Add after has:* used the word Hindu in this *Cuṇṇi*. That this is the first reference of its kind in the *Jaina* literature is a statement occurring in "ગુજરાતી દીપાવલી અંક" (p. 63) dated 19-10-41. |
| 192 | 15 | *Add after attributed:* An *avacuṛi* on *Siddhāntāgamastava* published in the *Kāvyamālā* is silent about the name of the author of this *Cuṇṇi*. |
| 195 | 3 | *Add a fn. on paheliyā:* It means a poetical riddle. Daṇḍin has mentioned 16 kinds of *prahelikā* in his *Kāvyādarśa* (III, 96-124). |

c14.16

196 15 *Read* 2ᵇ, 4ᵇ, 9ᵇ, 15ᵇ, 19ᵇ, 20ᵃ etc. *for* 2ᵃ, 4ᵇ. ” 19 ” 11 *for* 9. ” 20 *Add a fn. on Āyāra:* In its com. (pp. 50, 87, 112, 118 and 131) grammatical forms are explained on the basis of prosody. 197 8 *Add a fn. on Gandhahastin:* Is he the same as one mentioned by Guṇaratna Sūri in his *Tattvarahasyadīpikā* (p. 81ᵇ), a com. on *Ṣaḍdarśanasamuccaya*? The pertinent line is as under: “यथोक्तं श्रीगन्धहस्तिना महातर्के-द्वादशाङ्गमपि श्रुतं विदशेनरय मिथ्या।” I find this quotation in Devagupta Sūri’s com. (p. 2) on the *bhāṣyakārikās* of *Tattvārtha*. I do not think it occurs in Siddhasena Gaṇi’s com. on it. So has there been any confusion regarding the names and can *Mahātarka* be identified with this com.? ” 9 *Add after lost:* to us. It was utilized by Śīlāṅka. 198 15 ” *Nandi after Vavahāra* and *add a fn. on this Nandi:* The late Dr. Tessitori has discussed in *Indian Antiquary* (vol. 42, pp. 148 ff.) 4 versions from the *Jaina* literature regarding an example of Solomon’s judgement motif. One of them is taken from Malayagiri Sūri’s com. on *Nandi*. See the English translation (vol. II, intro.) of *Triṣaṣṭi*. There it is said: “Hemacandra follows Malayagiri in his com. to the *Nandīsūtra*.” 200 11 *Add a fn. on Aṅgas III-XI:* Abhayadeva Sūri in his com. (p. 659ᵇ) on *Aṅga* V says: “पार्श्वस्थीभूता इति टीकाकारः पासवच्चि त्ति चूर्णिकारः”. Does he here allude to Śīlāṅka Sūri by the word *ṭīkākāra*? If not, the com. here referred to should be included in the list of the extinct ones. ” 14 *Add after Ovavāiya:* (27) a com. on *Aṅga* V noted by Abhayadeva Sūri and (28) a com. on *Jīvājīvābhigama* (vide p. 32, fn. 3). ” 36 *Add to fn. 5:* Malayagiri in his com. (p. 382ᵇ) on *Jīvājīvābhigama* mentions *Jambūdvīpaprajñaptiṭīkā*. 202 5 *Add a fn. on Harinaikameṣin:* He is referred to as Harinegamesī in *Thāṇa* (V, 1; s. 302 ( ), *Viāhapaṇṇatti* (V, 3; s. 186), *Aṇṭagaḍadasa* (VII, 8; s. 38, 42) and *Pajjusaṇākappa* (s. 20), as Hariṇagamesi in *Paumacariya* (III, 104), and as Hariṇi-gamesin by Hemacandra in *Triṣaṣṭi* (I, 2, 338). 204 34 *Add after 1890:* wherein he has given an Appendix entitled as “The History of Gosāla Maṅkhaliputta *briefly translated from Bhagvatī*, saya XV, *uddesa* I”. 205 20 *Add to fn. 1:* It also occurs in v. 1 & 364 of *Bṛhatsaṅgrahaṇī*, and its meaning is explained in its com. by Malayagiri Sūri. ” 21 *Add after 1937:* As regards translation of the exegetical literature, *Dummuhacariya*, *Bambhadattacariya*, *Agaḍadattacariya* and *Maṇḍiyacariya* given by Nemicandra Sūri in his com. on chapters IX, XIII, IV and IV of *Uttarajjhayaṇa* on pp. 135b-136b, 185b-197b, 84a-94a and 95a-95b respectively are translated into English. Of them the 1st and the last are translated by Prin. A. Woolner in his *Introduction to Prakrit* on pp. 148-145 and 137-139 respectively.

c14.17

207 31 *Read non-canonical for non-canonical.*

c14.18

208 21 The word 'probably' may be dropped; for, this verse occurs in the com. (p. 107) on *Sūyagaḍa* according to *Apabhraṃśapāṭhāvalī*, though I do not find it in this com.

c14.19

,, 23 *Add in the beginning:* The following verse quoted in *Apabhraṃśapāṭhāvalī* (p. 105) is quoted by Haribhadra Sūri in his com. (p. 694) on *Dasaveyāliya* and it occurs in *Āvassayacuṇṇi*, too.

c14.20

,, 26 *Add a fn. on 18 Desībhāsās.* See *Nayadhammakahā* (p. 38), *Vivāgasuya* (I, II; § 34) and *Ovavāiya* (p. 98) where the phrase अहारसेभीभासाविमारय occurs. See also a Ms. (fol. 76) of Dakṣiṇyacihna Sūri's *Kuvalayamālā* at B. O. R. I.

c14.21

,, 27 *Read Apabhraṃśa for Apabhraṃśa.*

c14.22

209 2 *Add a fn. on Cuṇṇis:* These are useful even for etymological information. For instance *Dasaveyāliyacuṇṇi* (p. 11) supplies us with the etymologies of रम्म, दुम, तरव and वच्छ, in a way which may remind one of *Nirukta* by Yāska.

c14.23

210 10 *Add after literature.* It may be added that just as *Nijjutti* is looked upon as an *Āgama*, so is the case with the *Niddesa*, a section of *Khuddakanikāya* of the *Buddhhas*. This *Niddesa* has two divisions: *Mahāniddesa* and *Cullaniddesa*. The former is a com. on *Aṭṭhakavagga*, whereas the latter on *Khaggavisāṇa* and on *Pārāyaṇavagga*, *Vatthugāthā* excluded.

c14.24

213 5 *Add a fn. on upamas.* For the appreciation of similes see pp. 88-89 of Dr. Amulyacandra Sen's article "Mahāvīra as the ideal teacher of the Jainas" published in *Bhāratīya Vidyā* (vol. III, pt. I).

c14.25

,, 21 *Add occurring after executed.*

c14.26

214 17 ,, *after canon;* as is the case with the words *astikāya, darśana, hetu, karman, gama, gaccha, dharma, tiryac* etc.

c14.27

,, 18 *Add a fn. on 'defined':* *Sutta* is also defined on p. 178. See fn. 3.

c14.28

²¹⁵ 4 ,, *a fn. on varieties:* There are 3 varieties of an authoritative *sūtra*. See p. 14.

c14.29

| Page | Line | |
| 221 | 2 | Mallavādin while quoting some lines from *Aṅga V* for explaining the nature of *naya* has quoted this line in his *Nayacakra*. |
| | 3 | *Add a fn. on Literature:* See Prof. A. M. Ghatage's article "A few parallels in Jaina and Buddhist works" published in the *Annals of B. O. R. I.* (vol. XVII, pt. IV, pp. 340-350). |
| ,, | 3 | *Add tipitaka after equivalent.* |
| 222 | 13 | ,, *after Leumann:* Verses 19-27 of *ajjhayaṇa* XXV have a parallel in 63 verses of *Vasetthasutta*, having the refrain "Him I call a Brāhmaṇa." |
| ,, | 13 | *Add after Leumann:* Prof. P. V. Bapat's article *A Comparative Study of* उत्तराध्ययनसूत्र *with Pali Canonical Books* published in "Jaina Sāhitya Saṃśodhaka" (vol. I, No. 1, 1920) and Upādhyāya Ātmārāma's article "जैन और बौद्ध धर्मोंनी समानता" published in "The Jaina Vidyā" (vol. I, No. 1, pp. 13-18) may be here noted. |
| 224 | 15 | *Add a fn.:* Cf. the inscription pertaining to music and got prepared by King Mahendravarman. *Vide Epigraphia Indica* (vol. XII) as suggested in *Jainasatyaprakāśa* (vol. VII, Nos. 1-3, p. 232). |
| 226 | 15 | *Read attempt for attent.* |
| ,, | 19 | ,, *Mathematical for Mathemetical.* |
| 230 | 11 | *Add after Nandi:* *Ohaṇijjutti* mentions *Caraka* and *Suśruta*, and Malayagiri Sūri's com. (p. 17ᵃ) on *Nandi*, *Kumārasambhava*. |
| ,, | 31 | It may be mentioned *en passant* that this com. contains quotations from *Āyāra, Thaṇa, Kappa, Dasaveyāliya, Aṇuogaddāra* and *Āvassayanijjutti* and the text the first 5 *padas* of *Navakāra* of which two occur in Kharvela's inscription. |
| 231 | 10 | *Add: Amusements etc.*—*Veha*, a kind of gambling is referred to in *Sūyagaḍa* (I, 9, 17) and *goṭṭhī* (a club) in *Nāyādhammakahā* (XVI; s. 114). Several festivites are noted in *Rāyapaseniyasutta* (s. 54). |
| ,, | 10 | *Read निन्नस्स for निन्नस्य.* |
| 232 | 7 | ,, *annihilationist for annhilationist.* |
| 233 | 22 | *Read Cunningham for Cunnigham.* |
| 235 | 22 | *Add after line 22: Jitaśatru 11.* |
| 236 | 34 | *Read Maṇu for Manu.* |
| 237 | 14 | *Add after line 14: Nāga 100.* |
| 239 | 2 | For a connected account about Śilāṅka see my article "श्रीशीलांकसूरि ते कोण?" published in *Jainasatyaprakāśa* (vol. VII, Nos. 1-3, pp. 117-119). |
| 247 | 40 | *Add: See p. 234.* |
| 251 | 6 | *Read Diṭṭhi(i)vāya for Diṭṭhivāya.* |

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the *Goths*, the *Vandals*, the *Suevi*, the *Burgundians*, the *Alani*, the *Huns*, the *Franks*, the *Saxons*, the *Thuringians*, the *Rugians*, and the *Heruli*. The names of these tribes are familiar to the reader, but their origin, their migrations, and their settlements are involved in the deepest obscurity. The most probable opinion is that they were all of German or Scythian extraction, and that they had been driven from their native seats by the pressure of the Huns, a formidable nation of Tartars, who had crossed the Volga and the Tanais, and were advancing with rapid strides towards the frontiers of the Roman empire.

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The first of these nations that crossed the Danube was the *Goths*. They were divided into two great branches, the *Visigoths* or Western Goths, and the *Ostrogoths* or Eastern Goths. The Visigoths, under the conduct of Fritigern, implored the protection of the emperor Valens, and were permitted to settle in the province of Thrace. But the perfidy of the Roman governors, and the insolence of the Roman soldiers, soon provoked them to rebellion. They defeated the imperial armies, and Valens himself perished in the battle of Hadrianople.

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The death of Valens was followed by the accession of Theodosius, who, by his wisdom and valour, restored the discipline of the Roman legions, and compelled the Goths to accept a peace, which was rather a truce than a permanent settlement. The Goths, however, remained in the heart of the empire, and their presence was a constant source of danger and alarm. They were no longer the rude barbarians who had first crossed the Danube; they had learned the arts of war and the policy of the Romans, and they were ready to take advantage of any opportunity to assert their independence.

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The reign of Theodosius was the last period of the glory of the Roman empire. After his death, the empire was divided between his two sons, Arcadius and Honorius. Arcadius reigned in the East, and Honorius in the West. The division was fatal to the interests of the state. The two brothers were weak and indolent, and they were governed by their ministers and favourites. The Goths, under the command of Alaric, took advantage of the weakness of the government, and invaded Italy. They besieged and took Rome, and the eternal city, which had for so many centuries been the mistress of the world, was plundered by the barbarians.

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The fall of Rome was a shock to the whole civilized world. It was the end of an era, and the beginning of a new and darker age. The Goths, after the death of Alaric, retired from Italy, and settled in Gaul and Spain, where they founded kingdoms which were destined to last for several centuries. The Vandals, under the command of Genseric, crossed into Africa, and established a powerful kingdom, which for a time threatened the security of the Mediterranean. The Franks, under the command of Clovis, conquered Gaul, and laid the foundations of the French monarchy. The Saxons, under the command of Hengist and Horsa, invaded Britain, and established the kingdoms of the Heptarchy.

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यह पुस्तक निम्नांकित तारीख तक वापिस करनी है । This book is to be returned on the date last stamped.

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Cites (51)