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History of Classical Sanskrit Literature c19.s6: Section 6

History of Classical Sanskrit Literature c19.s6

Language
English

Section 6

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227.

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**Ravisena Acarya** composed his Padmapurāna in Nirvāṇa Samvat 1205 (678 A.D.) Jinasena in his Harivamśapurāṇa says

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कृतपद्मोदयोद्द्योता प्रत्यहं परिवर्तिता ।
मूर्त्तिः काव्यमयी लोके रखेरिख रखेः प्रिया ॥

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"Padmapurāṇa is the earliest complete Jain version of the Rāmāyaṇa unless the Prakrit work Paumachariya of Vimala Suri and another work of the same name by Svayambhūdeva which are said to bear on the same subject, really prove to be works of an earlier date, as is alleged. Later writers have all based their works dealing with this subject, on the book of Ravisenacharya. The incidents related in Padma-purana are said to have occurred during the period (Tirtha) of Santinatha, the 16th Tirthamkara. The story of Rama as narrated here differs in many material points from that of the Ramayana of Valmiki. Rama and Ravana are both claimed here to have followed Jain religion. Lakshmana is stated not to have been a full brother of Satrughna, but son of a fourth wife of Dasaratha, Suprabha by name. Sita was born from the human womb of the queen of Videha, Dasaratha did not die on account of the banishment of Rama; he is represented to have become disgusted with the ways of the world and he retired to the forest to practise penance. Bali, Sugriva and Hanuman were not of any monkey race, but were powerful rulers of the forest regions. Rama never killed Bali. The latter of his free will relinquished the throne in favour of his younger brother Sugriva and himself became an ascetic. Ravana was not a Brahmana, but a Kshatriya, and met his death not at the hands of Rama but those of his younger brother Lakshmana. The latter recovered from the effects of Ravana's Sakti not by life giving drug but by the presence of a virtuous lady Visalya, who afterwards became his wife. These are some of the points of difference. A comparative and critical study of the whole will be interesting."¹

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¹ Hiralal's, *Cat. C.P.* Int, xxi.

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**228.** To Jinasena are attributed² Harivamśapurāṇa³ and Aḍipurāṇa.⁴ The former was written in Saka 705 (783 A.D.) "when Indra Sri Vallabh the son of Krishna was reigning in the South, Vatsaraja at Avanti (Ujjain) and Varaha Vira in Saurya mandala. In the Mangalacharana, which Dr. Peterson has omitted to quote in full, Jinasena pays his tribute to Samantabhadra (the author of Jivasiddhi and Yuktyanusasana). Siddhaseana, Indra, Chandra, Arka and Deva (Devanandi) the grammarians. Vajra Suri, Mahasena (the author of Sulochana-katha). Ravishena (the author of Padma-purana), Varangacharita, Kumarasena, Virasena and Jinasena. The mention of the last two names has given rise to a controversy as to the relation between Jinasena, author of Harivamsapurāna, and Jinasena, author of Adipurana. It has been suggested that the reference above is to the author of Harivamsapurana and hence he is one with the author of Adipurana. But the difference in the dates of composition of the two works is at least 50 years which makes their authorship by the same person very improbable. Again, the genealogies of the two authors are different. The author of Harivamsa-purana was the pupil of Kirtisena who belonged to Punnatagan, while the author of Adi-purana was the pupil of Virasena who belonged to the Senagana. Also the manner in which Jinasena has been referred to in Harivamsa-purana shows that the author is referring to a person other than himself. The verse is:—

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² See para 5 *supra*.

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³ For an analysis and extract, see Mitra, VI, 74. *PR*, IV. 167-7.

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⁴ For an analysis, see *BR*, (1883-4).

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यामिताभ्युदये तस्य जिनेन्द्रगुणसंस्तुतिः ।
स्वामिनो जिनसेनस्य कीर्तिस्सङ्कीर्त्यत्यसौ ॥

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An author indulging in these terms in regard to himself would certainly be accused of being over presumptuous. But there arises another complication when we prove the two authors to be different. If we accept the date of the completion of the work as given by the author, the mention of Vīrasena and Jinasena cannot refer to the authors of Jayadhavala-tika and Ādi-purāṇa respectively, for they are known to have lived after the date of Harivamśa-purāṇa. To obviate this difficulty we must suppose that two other Acharyas of those names lived before the composition of Harivamśa-purāṇa.”

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Ādipurāṇa was left unfinished by Jinasena and was completed by his pupil Guṇabhdra,² under the name of Uttarapurāṇa. Guṇabhdra also wrote Jinadattacarita.³ Among poets praised in Ādi-purāṇa is Kaviparameśvara.

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² He is different from Guṇabhadra, author of Dhanyakumāracarita, *Cat. CP.* 1655.

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³ *Cat. CP.* 643. From the legend of Prince Jayakumāra in this work, Brahmakāmarāja wrote Jayakumāracarita (*Ibid l. c.*).

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229.

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**Jinaprabha** was the pupil of Jinasimha of Laghukharataragaccha. He was honoured by Emperor Sahi Muḥammad at Delhi. He was very prolix in poetry and there was no day where he did not compose new stotras, of which there are now 700, such as Gautamastotra, Pārśvanāthastava, Śrīvīrastava, Śāradāstotra, etc.⁴ His Dvyāśrayakāvya, like the one of that name of Hemacandra, describes the life of Śreṇika. It was composed in Sam. 1356 (1300 A.D.).⁵

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⁴ Printed, *Kāvyamālā*, VII. Bombay.

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⁵ See *Jes. Cat.*, 58. Hiralal, *loc. cit.*, xxiv.

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Kīrtirāja in his poem Nemināthamahākāvya in 12 cantos narrates the life of Neminātha who was a Bālabrahmacārin,⁶ with exquisite descriptions of the seasons, marriage, etc. Kīrtirāja wrote the Praśasti engraved in Parāvajinālaya in Jessalnir Mandir in Sam. 1473 (1417 A.D.).⁷

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⁶ Printed, Bhownagar, from a manuscript dated Sam. 1405 and written at Śrīyoginīpura (Delhi).

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⁷ This Praśasti is printed in *Jes. Cat.*, 64-5.

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Somakīrti of Nandiṭaṭagaccha was pupil of Bhīmasena. He wrote Saptavyasanacarita and Pradyumnacarita in 1474 A.D. and Yaśodharacarita in 1476 A.D.⁸

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¹ See Hiralal, *loc. cit.*, xxii.

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⁸ See Hiralal, *Cat. C.P. Int.* xxxvii.

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Padmasāgaragaṇi describes the life of his Guru Hīravijayasūri in his poem Jagadgurukāvya. It was composed in *Sam.* 1633 (1577 A.D.).¹

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¹ Printed, Benares. Hīravijaya was born in *Sam*, 1583. *PR*, IV. 26.

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Ratnacandra's Pradyumnacarita, a poem in 18 cantos, describes as a Jain version the story of Pradyumna and ends with the ascent of Kṛṣṇa and Balarāma to heaven and salvation of Nemi. It was composed in *Sam.* 1674 (1618 A.D.).²

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² *Bh. ORI*, 92. The epilogue mentions Jain priests honored by Emperor Akbar *See Mod. Rev. VII.*

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**230. Subhacandra** was the pupil of Vijayakīrti of Mūlasaṅgha. Besides PANDAVAPURĀṆA also called Bhārata composed in *Sam.* 1608, (1552 A.D.) he says he wrote Candranāthacarita, Padmanāthacarita, Manmathamahimā or Pradyumnacarita, Jīvakacarita and Nandīśvarakathā, etc.³

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³ *PR*, (1883-4), 113. *PR*, IV. 143, 149, 156. *PR*, V. list of authors.

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**231. Padmasundara** was the pupil of Padmameru of the Tāpagaccha.⁴ He was successful in a literary contest at the Court of Akbar and was honoured with gifts of villages, etc.⁵ He wrote his Rāyamallābhyudaya in Sam. 1615, (1559 A.D.) describing the lives of 24 Tīrthaṅkaras ending with Royamalla of the Agritaka,⁶ class. Same year later he wrote his Pārśvanātha Kāvya.⁷

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⁴ *PR*, IV. lxxv.

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⁵ *BR*, (1882-3), 43.

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⁶ *PR*, III, 255.

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⁷ *Bod. Cat*, 392.

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Śrīvallabha Pāṭhaka in Vijayadeva Māhātmya describes the life of Śrī Vijayadevasūri of Tāpagaccha in 21 cantos. He was born in Sam. 1634, and was honoured by Emperor Jehangir.⁸

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⁸ Printed Jaina-Sāhitya-Saṁśodhaka-Granthamālā, Ahmedabad.

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**232. Sakalakīrti** was a Bhaṭṭāraka of the Jain religion. His Dhanyakumāracarita,⁹ a poem in seven Adhikaras, describes the life of Dhanyakumāra, son of Dhanapāla, a Vaiśya of Ujjain, who by his devotion was regarded as a Saint. He wrote poems Sudarśanacarita,¹⁰ Śrīpālacarita,¹¹ and Vṛṣabhānucarita.¹² Mahāvīrapurāṇa is an extensive work.¹³

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⁹ *DC*, XXI. 8128.

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¹⁰ Printed, Bombay.

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¹¹ *Mys. OML*, 260.

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¹² *DC*, XX. 8103; *PR*, IV. 138.

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¹³ Printed, Bombay.

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**233. Vadirajasuri** *alias* Śaṇmukha, a Jaina ascetic, was called Dvādaśavidyāpati, probably on account of his proficiency in twelve arts. His Yaśodharacarita is a poem narrating the life of Yaśodhara, son of Yaśodhara and Candrāvatī of Ujjain, a saintly King of Jaina sect.¹ He also composed Pārśvanāthacarita.²

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¹ Printed, Bombay. *DC*, XXI. 8136. There is a commentary on it by Lakṣmaṇa. There is another poem of the same name by Kṣamākalyāṇa, printed in Bombay and composed in Sam. 1839 (1783 A.D.). *See Jes. Cat.* 42; *PR*, IV. 162.

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² Printed, Bombay.

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**234. Somacaritragani's** Guruguṇaratnākara describes the life of Lakṣmīsaragaṇi of Tapāgaccha. It was written in 1485 A.D. and is of great value of Gujrat history.³

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³ Printed, Benares. *Mys. Arch Rep.* (1924), 13. It mentions the Pragvāta dynasty.

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**235. Other Jain** poems are here collected :

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Pṛthvīcandracaritra of Śāntiśūri (*Sam.* 1225) ;⁴ Nemināthacarita of Ratnaprabha, pupil of Vāḍideva (*Sam.* 1233) ;⁵ Kuvalayamālākathā of Ratnaprabha, pupil of Paramānanda ;⁶ Puṇyasārakathānaka of Vivekasamudragaṇi, pupil of Jineśvara (*Sam.* 1334);⁷ Vijayacandracarita of Candraprabha (*Sam.* 1127) ;⁸ Harivikramacaritṛa of Jayatilaka, (about *Sam.* 1350) ;⁹ Ādināthacaritṛa of Vardhamānācārya, (about *Sam.* 1330) ;¹⁰ Vāsūpūjyacarita of Vardhamāna, pupil of Vijayasiṃha,¹¹ Pṛthvīcandracarita of Satyarājagaṇi ;¹² Pṛthvīcandracaritṛa of Jayasāgara, pupil of Jinarāja (*Sam.* 1503) ;¹³ Paramahaṃsacaritṛa by Nayaranga, pupil of Guṇaśekhara (*Sam.* 1624).¹⁴

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⁴ *Jes. Cat.*, 67. This was composed at Kumārapāla's Court.

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⁵ *Jes. Cat.*, 40.

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⁶ Printed Bombay. This is a Sanskrit rendering of Dākṣiṇyacaritrasuri's prakṛt work (*Jes. Cat.*, 43) composed about the middle of the 13th century A.D. He calls it a campu. He mentions earlier poets (now unknown) Pāṣalipta, Satparṇaka, Vimalāṅka, Devagupta, Prabhañjana. In *PR*, II. 28, Haribhadra is wrongly named as the author of this poem.

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⁷ *Jes. Cat.*, 56.

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⁸ *PR*, VI. List of authors.

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⁹ *Ibid.*, 1.

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¹⁰ *Ibid.*, 42.

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¹¹ *Ibid.*, 24. The manuscript was written in Sam. 1327.

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¹² *Ibid.*, 47. This contains many styles of poetry and prose.

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¹³ *Ibid.*, 56.

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¹⁴ *Ibid.*, 57.

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Abhayakumāracarita of Candraṭilaka, pupil of Jineśvara (*Sam.* 1312);¹⁵ Prabhāvakacarita of Prabhācandra (*Sam.* 1334);¹⁶ Kāvyamanohara of Maheśvara (*Saṁ.* 1504),¹ Vardhamānacarita of Asaga, pupil of Nāganandin (*Saṁ.* 1679),² Uktiratnākara of Sādhusundara *alias* Sādhuratna, pupil of Devasundara,³ Pārśvanāthacarita of Bhāvadeva,⁴ Jambūsvāmicarita of Jinadāsa,⁵ Pārśvastavana of Padmaprabhadeva,⁶ Mallicarita of Vinayacandra,⁷ Mīnaketūdaya of Devanātha, Jagadgurucarita of Suvarṇānanda, Śāntināthacarita of Munisundara and another of Bhāvacandra, Candraprabhāsvāmicarita of Devendra,⁸ Amāmasvāmicarita of Muniratnasūri,⁹ Upamitibhavaprapañcakathā of Siddharṣi,¹⁰ Sumitracaritra of Harṣakuñjaropādhyāya,¹¹ Pārśvacaritra of Devabhadra,¹² Śāntinātamahākāvya of Munibhadra.¹³

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¹⁵ Printed Bhownagar, *Jes. Cat.*, 4.

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¹⁶ Printed Bombay. There is another work of the same name by Candraprabhā (Printed Bombay).

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¹ *Int. to Apabhraṁśakāvayatrayī (GOS)*, 35.

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² *PR*, IV. 168; *DC*, XXI. 8198.

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³ He was author also of Yājitākalpavṛitti written in *Saṁ.* 1455. See *PR*, IV, V. xxvii, Klatt, *IA*, XI, 255.

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⁴ Printed Bombay. Probably composed at Avantī in *Saṁ.* 1412. (*PR*, IV. 106 XV. List of authors). He was also the author of Kālikācāryakathānaka (*PR*, I. *Ap.* 30).

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⁵ *Mys. OML*. 246; *PR*, V.

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⁶ *PR*, III. *Ap.* 212, with commentary by Muniśekhara.

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⁷ *PR*, IV. 144. His pupil Dharmadāsa was also a poet. He lived about *Saṁ.* 1286.

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⁸ Gough, 87, 95, 96, 106.

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⁹ *PR*, III. 37-39.

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¹⁰ *PR*, III. 42, 41 and *App.* 168; IV. 129 gives the year 962.

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¹¹ *Jes. Cat.* 54.

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¹² *Ibid.*, 37.

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¹³ Printed, Benares.

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Vīrollāsa of Bhruṣuṇḍi, and Nāgakumārakāvya of Malliṣeṇa,¹⁴ Munisuvratakāvya of Arhaddāsa,¹⁵ Pradyumnacarita (i) of Mahāsenācārya *alias* Pappadaguru, pupil of Cārukīrti,¹⁶ and (ii) of Yaśodhara,¹⁷ Bhadrabāhucarita of Ratnanandi,¹⁸ Candraprabhavijaya of Ravigupta,¹⁹ Neminirvāṇa of Vāgbhaṭa.²⁰

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¹⁴ *Mys. OML*, 247, 251. This latter work throws light on Nāga history. See *Mys. Arch. Rep.* (1924), 10.

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¹⁵ *Ibid.*, 252, *CAL*, II, 238 with commentary.

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¹⁶ Printed, Bhownagar. *TC*, IV. 5398. The same story is told in the play Arṭhapañcaka (*DC*, XXI, 83877) of unknown authorship.

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¹⁷ *DC*, XX. 793.

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¹⁸ *DC*, XX. 7940.

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¹⁹ *PR*, IV. civ. *PR*, I. *App.* 68.

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[Kumārasambhava of Jayaśekhara; Pārśvanāthacaritṛa of Bhāvadeva, Dhānyacarita of Jinakīrti; Prabhāvakacarita of Candraprabha, Bhaktāmarakathā of Royamalla, Malayasundarīkathā of Māṇikyasundara and Ratnacūḍakathā by Jñānasāgara];¹ Uḍitoḍayacarita of Śikhāmaṇi;² [Guruguṇaratnākara of Somacaritagaṇi (Sam. 1541),³ [Gadyapāṇḍavacarita of Devavijayagaṇi; Vijayacandrakevalicarita by Candraprabhamahattara, Rauhiṇeyacarita of Devamūrti, Ratnapālanṛpa-kathānaka by Somanandana, Kumāracaritra of Cāritrasundaragaṇi, and Mahāvīracarita of Nemicandra].⁴ Śreṇikacaritra by Gajādharlal and Jambūswāmicarita of Dīpacandra,⁵ Nāgakumāracarita of Ratnayogīndra,⁶ Padmacaritra of Vimala,⁷ Śrīpālacarita by Sakalakīrti.⁸

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¹ Printed, Bombay.

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² *Mys. OML. Sup.* 34.

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³ Printed, Benares.

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⁴ Printed, Bhownagar.

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⁵ Printed, Surat.

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⁶ *PR*, III. 125.

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⁷ *PR*, IV. 104, also called Rāmacaritra.

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⁸ *Mys. OML*, 260.

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Mṛgāṅkacaritra by Ṛddhicandra,⁹ Haribhadrasūricaritra by Harigovindadāsa,¹⁰ Mahāvīracarita by Nemicandra,¹¹ Campakaśreṣṭhikathānaka,¹² Śāntināthacarita (i) by Bhāvacandra¹³ and (ii) by Ajitaprabha.¹⁴

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⁹ Printed, Bhownagar.

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¹⁰ Printed, Benares.

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¹¹ *Ibid.*,

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¹² Printed, Benares.

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¹³ *Mys. OML*, 554.

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¹⁴ Printed, Calcutta.

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