A History of Indian Literature v1.c8.s8.76

v1.c8.s8.76

² The word *upaniṣad* occurs in the Upaniṣads themselves in three senses; it means:—(1) "mystic sense," *e g.*, the secret significance of the syllable Om; (2) "secret word," certain expressions and formulæ which are intelligible only to the initiated, as *tajjalan*, "in him growing, passing away, breathing," or *satyasya satyam*, "the truth of truth," as designation of the highest being; (3) "secret text," *i.e.*, "esoteric doctrine" and "secret knowledge," *cf.* Deussen, *loc. cit.*, pp. 16 f. [^3): According to Āśvalāyana-Gṛhyasūtra, I, 13, 1, certain rites connected with conception, procreation of male children, etc., are taught in an "Upaniṣad." The charm in Ṛv. I, 191 is called an "Upaniṣad" by Kātyāyana in his Sarvānukramaṇikā. In the manual of politics (Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra, XIV) all kinds of magic rites for the purpose of arson, assassination, blinding, etc., and in the manuals of erotics all sorts of secret prescriptions relating to sexual intercourse and to cosmetics are taught in an "Upaniṣadic chapter" (s. Kauṭilīya-Arthaśāstra, XIV; Vātsyāyana's Kāmasūtra, VII; and R. *Schmidt*, Beiträge zur indischen Erotik, Leipzig 1902, pp. 817 ff.). Rāmānuja (on Brahmasūtra II, 2, 43, s. SBE.; Vol. 48, p. 528) calls the Pāñcarātraśāstra "a great Upaniṣad."