A History of Indian Literature v2.c19.s1.65

v2.c19.s1.65

³ The stūpa at Bharhut (Bharahut, Bharaut, Barāhat) was discovered by General A. *Cunningham* in the year 1874, and described by him in the work "The Stūpa of Bharhut," London, 1879. The inscriptions have been published and translated by E. *Hultzsch*, ZDMG 40, 1886, p. 58 ff. and Ind. Ant. 21, 1892, 225 ff., and B. M. *Barua*, Barhut Inscriptions, Calcutta, 1926. According to Cunningham, the inscriptions date from the period between 250 and 150 B.C. L. A. *Waddell* (JRAS 1914, p. 138 ff.) believes that most of the sculptures date from the 3rd century B.C., and that only the Eastern Gateway should be attributed to the 2nd or 1st century. The sculptures of the Sānchī stūpas have been described by F. C. *Maisey*, Sanchi and its Remains, London, 1892, and Sir J. H. *Marshall*, A Guide to Sanchi, Calcutta, 1918. G. *Bühler*, On the Origin of the Indian Brāhma Alphabet, p. 17, dates the stūpas of Bharhut and Sānchī in the 3rd century B.C. on palaeographic grounds (with repairs and additional buildings in the 2nd century). V. A. *Smith*, A History of Fine Art in India and Ceylon, Oxford, 1911, p. 73 ff. ascribes the Sānchī stūpas to the period between 150 and 100 B.C., but in his Early History (1924), p. 173, he speaks of them as "buildings of the Asokan period." See alse A. *Grünwedel*, Buddhistische Kunst in Indien, Berlin, 1900, 22 ff.; A. *Foucher*, The Beginnings of Buddhist Art, London, 1917, pp. 29 ff., 61 ff.; J. H. Marshall in Cambridge History, I, 618 ff., 627 ff. Only the earliest portions of the monuments, of which little has been preserved, go back to Aśoka's time. Cf. Grünwedel, l. c., p. 24; *Foucher*, l. c., p. 34 and Marshall, l.c., p. 627; Rapson in Cambridge History, I, p. 523.